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森林生态系统中的粗死木质残体及其功能 总被引:24,自引:0,他引:24
粗死木质残体(Coarse Woody Debris,CWD)是指所有地上和地下小头直径>2.5cm的死木质物,林分中CWD主要来源于个体的死亡和干扰所造成的死亡,在森林群落的生长发育过程中,CWD的数量变化呈“U”型,CWD的分解是动物和微生物吸收吸收养分,淋溶和自然破碎综合作用的结果,CWD的分解过程就是其发挥功能的过程,在此过程中各阶段都会有不同类型的生物群体利用其提供生境食物;CD具有吸收和释放养分的能力,是植物生长的营养库,是森林树木更新的良好介质;CWD是许多陆生生物和水生生物的食物来源,栖息地,避难所,哺育地,迁移通道等,在生物多样性保持方面发挥着不同替代的,在CWD的形成过程产生了林窗斑块,推动了森林生态系统的小循环,因此,CWD是森林生态系统中重要的结构性和功能性组成要素,在保持森林生态系统和水生生态系统的生物多样性及其生态过程完整性等方面起着不可替代的作用,应当给予了充分的重视。 相似文献
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粗死木质残体(Coarse Woody Debris, CWD)对森林生态系统的稳定性具有不可忽视的贡献.对广州3种森林CWD的储量与分解特征进行了调查分析,结果表明:(1)CWD储量及其与相应森林总生物量比值均表现为常绿阔叶林>针阔混交林>针叶林;枯立木与倒木为CWD的主要成分,其中,针叶CWD主要物种为马尾松(Pinus massonianai),阔叶CWD物种主要为荷木(Schima superba)与黄杞(Engelhardtia chrysolepis)等.(2)CWD径级主要集中在<10cm的范围内,存在状态主要为中级腐烂状态,干扰与竞争是3种森林CWD产生的主要因素.(3)针叶林、针阔混交林与常绿阔叶林CWD的分解常数k分别为0 0244、0.0407和0.0487,即分解速率为常绿阔叶林>混交林>针叶林;随着CWD的分解,N、P与木质素的含量逐渐升高,C、C/N与木质素/N呈降低趋势. 相似文献
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森林粗死木残体 (Coarse woody debris,CWD)在不同的文献中有不同的定义 ,没有通用而确切的概念用来描述 CWD,对研究结果的比较造成了很大障碍。 2 0世纪 90年代以来 ,随着景观生态学的发展 ,以及对 CWD生态功能的深入研究 ,国外的森林管理和研究机构 (例如 USDA Forest Service和 L TER)为了把 CWD放在区域以及景观尺度上进行比较 ,对 CWD的概念等进行了统一 ,将其直径标准由原来的≥ 2 .5 cm调整到≥ 10 cm,但是我国在此方面还没有与国际接轨 ,仍采用旧标准 (≥ 2 .5 cm ) ,这样的研究结果难于和国外进行比较 ,不利于我国 CWD的长期深入研究。另外 ,有关 CWD的分类一直以来也没有形成一个完整的分类系统 ,我国也缺少 CWD分类方法的介绍。鉴于以上情况 ,综合国内外近年来在 CWD方面的研究动态 ,综述了 CWD的概念和分类情况 ,并初步提出较综合的 CWD概念及其分类系统 ,以供相关研究者讨论和参考 ,为我国的 CWD研究起到推动作用 相似文献
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基于野外样点实测数据,分析了不同烈度火烧对大兴安岭呼中林区地上死木质残体碳储量的影响.结果表明:不同烈度的火烧会对地上死木质残体碳储量产生显著影响.兴安落叶松林和针阔混交林(落叶松与白桦)中死木质残体碳储量大小为重度火烧>轻度火烧>未火烧,而白桦林中死木质残体碳储量大小为重度火烧>未火烧>轻度火烧.火干扰能显著改变森林中死木质残体碳储量的组成百分比.随着火烧烈度的增加,枯立木比重显著增大,枯落物比重显著减小,而不同火烧烈度下倒木和树桩的碳储量比重变化不显著.不同烈度的火烧对死木质残体碳储量特征的影响不同,轻度火烧下死木质残体碳储量的空间变异性最高,重度火烧下空间变异性最弱.不同火烧烈度下大兴安岭森林死木质残体碳储量差异显著,在进行森林死木质残体碳储量估算时,需要充分考虑这种差异性. 相似文献
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粗木质残体(coarse woody debris,CWD)在天山雪岭云杉林生态系统中起着重要的结构性和生物地球化学作用,解释其储量特征是研究CWD的基础,但尚未有大尺度研究见诸报道。以天山雪岭云杉8 hm~2森林动态监测样地为研究对象,采用野外调查、室内试验以及数据分析相结合的方法,调查了样地内CWD的储量组成、径级以及分解等级分布格局等基本特征及其影响因子。结果表明:(1)天山雪岭云杉8 hm~2森林动态监测样地内共有直径≥10 cm的CWD 936株,CWD的密度、体积、储量分别为117株/hm~2,15.13 m~3/hm~2,4.52 t/hm~2;其中倒木是CWD的主要贡献者,占CWD总储量的52.21%;(2)样地内各径级CWD的数量呈典型的倒\"J\"型结构,直径30 cm的CWD个体占全部CWD的83%;(3)样地内CWD总体上处于以Ⅱ、Ⅲ分解等级为主的中度分解状态,CWD径级越大,分解程度越高;(4)林分密度、郁闭度和海拔是影响天山雪岭云杉林CWD储量特征的主要因素。研究可为天山雪岭云杉林的可持续发展与经营提供科学依据。 相似文献
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在3次样地调查的基础上对鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林内粗死木质残体的贮量、输入量进行了研究,并通过比较林窗范围内土壤养分含量,初步评述了粗死木质残体在森林生态系统养分循环中的作用。研究结果表明:1)季风常绿阔叶林粗死木质残体的贮量为25.278t·hm~(-2),立木、倒木、大枝所占的比例分别为32.02%、49.62%和18.36%;2)1994~1999年间群落的死亡率为24%·a~(-1),死亡个体以胸径小于5cm的为主,粗死木质残体的平均输入量为4.128t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1);3)倒木主体所在的样方土壤有机质和速效钾的含量较高。 相似文献
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对九龙江森林公园次生常绿阔叶林粗木质残体(CWD)进行量化研究,了解亚热带典型次生林CWD的本底数据。以九龙江森林公园典型天然次生林中的6个20m×20m的标准样地为对象,调查并分析样地内不同分解等级CWD的生物量、碳储量和养分特征变化。九龙江森林公园亚热带典型次生林的CWD储量在2.8—30.4t/hm~2之间,碳储量在6.10—6.75t/hm~2之间,大量营养元素(N、P、K、 Ca、 Mg)含量相对稳定,化学计量变化不显著,微量营养元素中Pb与Cd元素含量随着分解等级的增加而增加。九龙江森林公园亚热带典型次生林的CWD储量在亚热带常绿阔叶林中处于中等水平,CWD主要以分解中后期的倒木为主,反映出该次生林处于中幼龄林阶段,具有较高的碳储量,养分含量相对稳定,并表现出Pb与Cd在CWD中积累的现象,在中度分解和重度分解的CWD中Pb含量分别增加了62.65%和69.88%,Cd含量则分别增加了33.33%和100%,其内在机理有待进一步深入研究。研究结果有助于进一步了解CWD如何参与森林生态系统养分循环、重金属积累等生态过程,比较不同林分干扰历史下CWD储量、分布及养分特征的异质性... 相似文献
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西双版纳热带季节雨林粗木质物残体储量及其空间分布 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
粗木质物残体(CWD)在森林生态系统的物质循环和碳动态中发挥着重要作用,但目前国内对热带地区CWD储量与其空间分布关系上的研究还处于起步阶段。对西双版纳1hm2热带季节雨林样地调查发现,≥10cm的粗木质物残体占森林总凋落物量的68.02%,其中45.72%的CWD处于腐解中后期。由于多数大径级的CWD分布于15°~25°的坡地上,且其饱和持水力随腐解等级的增加而上升,因此,CWD将有助于改善坡地生境下的水肥条件。CWD的分布受风向和本地湿热环境的影响,但掉落指向则更倾向于随机过程。CWD产生和分布上的普遍性有可能对森林生境异质性和生物多样性产生重大影响。 相似文献
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Deadwood in tropical ecosystems represents an important but poorly studied carbon (C) pool. Biologically mediated decay of this pool occurs by both saprotrophic microbes and macro‐invertebrates, such as termites. The activity of these decay agents is influenced by abiotic conditions, especially water availability in tropical systems. While saprotrophic microbial activity is directly controlled by moisture, termites employ various morphological and behavioural modifications that should allow for continued activity in dry conditions. We therefore hypothesized that the relative role of termites would be enhanced in the dry season and a dry compared to a wet site. We deployed a novel wood bait (Pinus radiata) at two sites (rainforest and savanna), with or without access holes cut into termite‐excluding mesh. Mass loss from wood baits was measured after a dry season and after a full dry/wet annual cycle. Mass loss was higher at the rainforest site, demonstrating the overall role of moisture in driving wood decay. Counter to expectations, we found no evidence that the relative role of termites was higher at the dry site, nor during the dry season. However, the prevalence of termites was higher in the savanna compared to the rainforest. While termites clearly impact wood decay, these findings indicate that the relative importance of termites in the fate of deadwood may not reflect their mere presence within and across ecosystems. If moisture availability shifts under climate change, our results suggest similar functional responses between termites and saprotrophic microbes in driving C loss from deadwood. 相似文献
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We examined whether and how woody debris removal for domestic fuel affects carbon storage and soil properties in an Indian rainforest. Fuelwood removal reduced aboveground carbon stocks, increased soil bulk density, and possibly reduced soil phosphorus stocks. Equitably balancing this subtle trade-off between climate-regulating and vital, widely utilized provisioning functions, is a challenge for tropical forest research and management. 相似文献
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以小兴安岭典型阔叶红松林大面积固定样地(9hm2)为对象,分析不同地形下粗木质残体(CWD)的数量、存在形式、腐烂程度,探讨其与主要地形因子的相互关系.随着坡位的上升,CWD的密度和胸高断面积逐渐增加;从阴坡、半阴、半阳到阳坡,CWD的密度、胸高断面积和体积都呈现递减的趋势;CWD的数量分布随着样方坡度的增加没有呈现出明显的趋势.对不同地形下CWD的分布进行x2检验,各地形因子对CWD密度分布均差异显著,山脊、阴坡和坡度16~25°分别是CWD易发生的地形.在不同的地形中,CWD主要以干基折断、干中折断和枯立木3种形式存在.从谷地到山脊以拔根倒存在的CWD密度、胸高断面积和体积呈逐渐减少的趋势,而干中折断、根桩、枯立木和干基折断的密度大体上表现出增加的趋势;拔根倒的密度随坡度的上升逐渐减少,而枯立木则增加;由阳坡到阴坡枯立木的密度逐渐减少.不同存在形式的倒木,其树倒方向与坡向和风向均没有显著的相关性(p>0.05).不同地形下的各腐烂等级的CWD大致呈正态分布,且主要分布在2、3腐烂等级上,说明阔叶红松林不同地形的CWD输入和输出相对稳定. 相似文献
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Coarse woody debris (CWD) is often returned to rehabilitated areas after mining to provide specific habitat features for fauna that might otherwise take many decades to develop naturally. The CWD, typically constructed into log piles, is assumed to persist for comparable periods of time to fulfil their role. In the fire‐prone jarrah forest in Western Australia, these structures will be subject to recurrent wildfire, but there is little information on their survival. In January 2006, a wildfire burnt through 310 ha of rehabilitation at Alcoa’s Willowdale bauxite mine, 140 km south east of Perth, enabling the first estimates of the longevity of log pile fauna habitats to be made. Reductions in numbers of logs were greatest for small (<30 cm diameter) logs (48%), intermediate for large (>30 cm diameter) logs (37%) and least for stumps (17%). Assuming an exponential decay pattern, half‐lives of 1.1, 1.5 and 3.7 wildfires were calculated for small logs, large logs and stumps respectively, from which we estimate a useful ‘life’ of a typical log pile fauna habitat of 57–73 years. Increasing fire intensity was associated with greater reductions in the number of large logs, significantly greater surface charring and, at the highest intensity, significantly fewer crevices compared to unburnt log piles. Implications of these findings for the management of log piles in rehabilitation and CWD in the adjacent unmined forest, and of the role of prescribed fire, are discussed. 相似文献
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Sebastian Seibold Claus Bssler Petr Baldrian Simon Thorn Jrg Müller Martin M. Gossner 《Insect Conservation and Diversity》2014,7(6):533-542
- The availability of dead wood and ability to colonise these ephemeral structures are crucial for sustaining vital populations of saproxylic insects. These insects locate suitable resources mostly visually and via olfactory cues emitted by dead wood and/or wood‐decaying fungi.
- For the conservation of saproxylic species of Heteroptera, a poorly studied group with a high proportion of threatened species, it is crucial to know which dead‐wood structures are needed and how they are detected and colonised.
- In a field experiment, we exposed different amounts of dead‐wood logs and branches of the main tree species of montane beech forests (Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica) on sunny and shady forest plots. We sampled saproxylic heteropterans and sporocarps of wood‐decaying fungi in two consecutive years to test the hypothesis that early‐successional saproxylic heteropterans are more attracted to wood‐decaying fungi than to wood itself.
- The activity densities of saproxylic heteropterans measured with flight‐interception traps increased with increasing surface of coarse woody debris and was higher under sunny conditions. Tree species, fine woody debris and abundance of sporocarps had no significant effect.
- Our results suggest that during the early‐successional forest stage, dead wood provides more important cues than fungi in the search of saproxylic heteropterans for suitable hosts despite assumed close associations of the insects and certain fungal species. To improve habitats for saproxylic heteropterans, we recommend increasing the supply of dead wood of large diameter (>30 cm) in montane beech forests, particularly in sunny gaps. This can easily be realised during logging operations by gap felling.
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采用点格局分析方法对小兴安岭典型阔叶红松林9hm2(300m×300m)固定样地内粗木质残体(CWD)的空间分布格局进行了研究。结果表明:固定样地内CWD的总密度为368.8株/hm2,径级结构呈现明显的正态分布,各径级密度差别较大。花楷槭(27.8株/hm2)和枫桦(26.1株/hm2)是阔叶CWD的主要组成树种。红松(41.6株/hm2)是针叶CWD的主要组成树种,针叶树种CWD的数量随着径级的增大而增加,呈典型的J型分布。在150m的空间尺度内,CWD总体在较小尺度上表现为集群分布,在40m尺度上聚集强度最大(0.40),随着尺度的增加,CWD趋于均匀分布。不同径级组在不同规模尺度聚集,随着径级的增加,聚集强度呈下降趋势。不同物种CWD在各径级下的空间分布格局有所不同,具体表现为集群分布和由集群分布向随机分布发展两种形式。不同存在形式的CWD在研究尺度内随着尺度的增加,由集群分布向随机分布发展。随着CWD腐烂等级的增高,其聚集强度和聚集尺度均增大。CWD的空间分布格局是阔叶红松林群落与其自然环境长期作用的结果,从某种程度上也反映了该林型天然更新的格局和机制。 相似文献
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Ben S. Carlson Sally E. Koerner Vincent P. Medjibe Lee J. T. White John R. Poulsen 《Global Change Biology》2017,23(4):1648-1660
Deadwood is a major component of aboveground biomass (AGB) in tropical forests and is important as habitat and for nutrient cycling and carbon storage. With deforestation and degradation taking place throughout the tropics, improved understanding of the magnitude and spatial variation in deadwood is vital for the development of regional and global carbon budgets. However, this potentially important carbon pool is poorly quantified in Afrotropical forests and the regional drivers of deadwood stocks are unknown. In the first large‐scale study of deadwood in Central Africa, we quantified stocks in 47 forest sites across Gabon and evaluated the effects of disturbance (logging), forest structure variables (live AGB, wood density, abundance of large trees), and abiotic variables (temperature, precipitation, seasonality). Average deadwood stocks (measured as necromass, the biomass of deadwood) were 65 Mg ha?1 or 23% of live AGB. Deadwood stocks varied spatially with disturbance and forest structure, but not abiotic variables. Deadwood stocks increased significantly with logging (+38 Mg ha?1) and the abundance of large trees (+2.4 Mg ha?1 for every tree >60 cm dbh). Gabon holds 0.74 Pg C, or 21% of total aboveground carbon in deadwood, a threefold increase over previous estimates. Importantly, deadwood densities in Gabon are comparable to those in the Neotropics and respond similarly to logging, but represent a lower proportion of live AGB (median of 18% in Gabon compared to 26% in the Neotropics). In forest carbon accounting, necromass is often assumed to be a constant proportion (9%) of biomass, but in humid tropical forests this ratio varies from 2% in undisturbed forest to 300% in logged forest. Because logging significantly increases the deadwood carbon pool, estimates of tropical forest carbon should at a minimum use different ratios for logged (mean of 30%) and unlogged forests (mean of 18%). 相似文献
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Coarse woody debris (CWD) is generally considered as dead woody materials in various stages of decomposition,including sound and rotting logs,snags,and large branches.CWD is an important functional and structural component of forested ecosystems and plays an important role in nutrient cycling,long-term carbon storage,tree regeneration,and maintenance of heterogeneous environmental and biological diversity.However,the definition and classification of CWD have been the subject of a long debate in forest ecology.CWD has not been precisely defined.Recently,with the rapid development of landscape ecology in CWD,the USDA Forest Service and the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER)have provided a standardized definition and classification for CWD,which makes data comparison in landscape scale possible.Important characteristics of their definition include:(1) a minimum diameter (or an equivalent crosssection) of CWD≥10 cm at the widest point (the woody debris with a diameter from 1 to 10 cm should be defined as fine woody debris,and the rest is litterfall);and (2) sound and rotting logs,snags,stumps,and large branches (located above the soil),and coarse root debris (larger than 1 cm in diameter).This classification has greatly facilitated CWD studies.Therefore,it has been widely applied in some countries (particularly in North America).However,this classification has long been a source of confusion for forest ecologists in China.Furthermore,different definitions and criteria are still adopted in individual studies,which makes the interpretation and generalization of their work difficult.This article reviewed recent progress in classifying CWD,with an emphasis on introducing the classification system of the USDA Forest Service and the LTER.It is expected that this review will help facilitate the development of standardized definition and classification suitable to forest ecosystems in China. 相似文献
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粗木质残体(coarse woody debris,CWD)是森林生态系统中重要的结构性和功能性组成要素,是维护系统完整性和稳定性的关键。对CWD空间格局的研究将有助于深入探索种群格局的形成和森林生态系统的维持机制。采用g(r)函数对茂兰喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林1.28 hm~2固定样地内不同径级、不同腐烂等级、不同存在形式的CWD的空间分布格局及空间关联性进行了研究。结果表明:1)在40 m的空间尺度内,CWD总体在0—12 m尺度上表现为集群分布,随着尺度的增加格局强度降低,趋于随机分布,剔除生境异质性后,格局尺度降低至7 m。2)CWD径级格局表现为:小径级中径级大径级。拔根倒和干中折断在整个研究尺度上为随机分布,其他不同径级、不同腐烂等级、不同存在形式的CWD均在小规模尺度(2—8 m)表现为集群分布,随着尺度的增加聚集强度急剧变小,趋于随机分布或均匀分布。3)除了干中折断与树段之间、大径级与小径级之间的CWD在空间上相互独立,其他不同径级、不同腐烂等级或不同存在形式的CWD之间均在小规模尺度(2—8 m)上表现为显著的正相关,随着尺度的增加空间关联性降低。喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林CWD的分布格局可能是在小尺度内由密度制约、在大尺度内由生境过滤和个体自然衰老等生态学过程所形成,大径级对临近的小径级、先死亡对后死亡、站杆对倒下的个体具有一定的正向影响作用,在一定程度上揭示了该林型天然更新的作用和机制。 相似文献