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1.
科尔沁沙地景观结构特征对沙漠化过程的生态影响   总被引:12,自引:3,他引:12  
采用方差分析(ANOVA)、相关分析和回归分析,从时间和空间2个尺度对科尔沁沙地景观结构特征对沙漠化的生态影响进行了研究.结果表明,任何单一景观结构对沙漠化的影响都不明显.多因子PCA分析表明,景观结构对沙漠化有明显作用,它是景观承载了自然和人为作用后的景观要素组合对沙漠化的二次作用,是自然与人为作用的结果反馈.在时间尺度上,第一和第二分量占总信息量的90.26%,说明在过去40年中景观结构对沙漠化的影响相对简单,只有一个峰值.在空间尺度上,第一和第二分量占总信息量的80.20%,景观结构对沙漠化的驱动作用相对复杂,有2个峰值.这表明景观结构特征对沙漠化的影响在空间尺度上要比时间尺度上更为复杂.  相似文献   

2.
大量研究表明多样性的农业景观格局能够影响蚜虫及寄生蜂的分布。本文利用并设计了两种尺度的麦田农业景观格局,依据麦蚜种群发生特点,分为迁入期、增长期与高峰期三个时期,论述了不同尺度下农业景观元素对麦蚜及寄生蜂系统的影响,通过逐步回归筛选了不同时期麦蚜及寄生蜂分布的关键景观元素,最后通过CANOCO软件模拟了麦蚜及寄生蜂的分布排序格局。结果表明不同景观因子对麦蚜及寄生蜂种群影响不同,迁入期两种尺度下裸地最有利于两种有翅蚜的迁飞入田,塑料大棚对有翅蚜种群的入田有抑制作用。增长期草地与林地生境对麦蚜种群增长率促进最大,塑料大棚同样抑制了麦蚜的种群增长率;但塑料大棚、草地与林地对蚜茧蜂的种群增长率有促进作用,非麦类作物生境对蚜茧蜂种群增长率抑制作用最大;草地与林地有利于重寄生蜂的种群增长率;高峰期裸地比例大的农业景观下麦蚜的最大种群密度较大,草地与林地对蚜茧蜂与重寄生蜂的最大种群密度均有促进作用。两种尺度下的研究结果一致。不同麦物种的对不同景观元素反应与形态学与生活史特征有关,而且景观结构中特定的植物种类、非作物植物的密度与物候期都可能影响寄生蜂群落的多样性与功能。  相似文献   

3.
3S技术在哈尔滨市郊景观生态规划中的应用   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
利用哈尔滨市遥感数据资料,在RS、GIS 和GPS技术支持下,获取哈尔滨市郊景观格局现状及哈尔滨数字高程模型(DEM).选取平均斑块面积、景观优势度、平均坡度、平均海拔和破碎度因子对其进行综合分析,并借助 DEM 模型进行景观生态规划.结果表明,3S技术为典型景观类型的确定提供了科学依据;建立了市郊景观类型数据库,并生成景观类型专题图;土地利用现状和景观空间分布以及地形地貌和土地利用类型相结合.DEM和遥感影像的叠加,从大尺度上定性刻画市郊的景观生态规划,而景观生态规划和DEM 的叠加,更加直观地反映了市郊的景观结构,为提高区域生态功能,促进城乡一体化的健康发展提供科学依据.  相似文献   

4.
Question: Is demographic performance of Primula vulgaris correlated with habitat characteristics of the small landscape elements in which it occurs? Can we use this species as an indicator for species‐rich semi‐natural habitats? Location: Flanders, Belgium. Methods: To capture differences in demographic traits and habitat characteristics, both within and between populations, a two‐level survey was carried out. Population size and structure of 89 P. vulgaris populations in different types of small landscape elements was recorded in 1999. At plot level, densities of different life stages were determined and these were related to edaphic conditions and vegetation structure and composition. Results: Three different population types were distinguished: (1) dynamic populations, characterized by seedling and juvenile proportions, (2) normal populations with relatively more adults, but with considerable numbers of seedlings and juveniles and (3) senescent populations, mainly consisting of adults. Senescent populations were significantly smaller than populations with a dynamic demographic structure. At plot level, comparison of demographic characteristics between different management regimes revealed that recruitment rates and total plant density of P. vulgaris were highest in plots that received a regime that included mowing and clearing of ditch banks whereas densities were lower along forest edges. For these plots, it was shown that nutrient levels were higher. Densities of adults as well as juvenile and seedling densities were negatively correlated with vegetation height. Conclusions: Local disturbance and heterogeneity may mask the relationship between unfavourable conditions and demographic characteristics at population level, but it is clear that in small populations recruitment needs to be lifted to guarantee its persistence. Performance of P. vulgaris in small landscape elements can be a first indication of plant species diversity in small landscape elements.  相似文献   

5.
南京市城市景观的特征尺度   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
郁文  刘茂松  徐驰  陈奋飞  安树青 《生态学报》2007,27(4):1480-1488
在RS技术支持下,采用分辨率为10m的SPOT-5遥感影像为数据源,分别应用Haar、Morlet、Mexican Hat 3种基小波,对南京市江北城郊、主城区和东南城郊3种不同景观类型进行了特征尺度研究。结果表明,Modet基小波最适于进行城市景观的特征尺度检测,Mexican Hat基小波对粒级嵌套结构检测效果稍差,而Haar基小波不适于对连续型数据源的景观进行特征尺度检测。Morlet基小波的一维小波分析结果表明,南京市江北城郊和东南城郊都存在1个对应于各自农田斑块平均粒径的特征尺度,分别为362m和446m,而主城区则检测出存在3个特征尺度,即:292、835m和2200m,分别对应于建筑小区、小型街区和大型街区的平均粒径,显示主城区存在具有等级结构特征的“建筑小区-小型街区-大型街区”的粒级嵌套结构,揭示了城区具有比城郊复杂得多的粒级结构特征。  相似文献   

6.
1 引  言景观生态学的产生与发展 ,给传统生态学与地理学带来了活力与许多新思想 .其研究方法与成果为资源开发和环境生态保护提供了新的科学方法和决策依据 .景观异质性是景观生态学的核心概念之一 .景观格局是景观异质性的表现[2 ,3 ,5,9] .景观格局分析是景观生态学研究任务之一 ,是定量研究斑块在景观中的分布规律 .空间格局分析的目的是从无序的景观上发现潜在的有意义的秩序和规律[5] .而景观格局分析是因为景观格局对其中元素流产生影响 ,不同景观格局或景观格局动态演变导致区域景观功能发生变化[7] ,景观格局会影响到物种的丰度…  相似文献   

7.
In this study, an ecological vulnerability assessment indicator system was constructed using the “exposure–climate sensitivity–adaptive capacity” framework according to the theory of ecological vulnerability. An improved ecosystem service value calculation model was proposed based on empirical parameters. Using Yancheng Nature Reserve in China as an example, we employed remote sensing data to conduct an empirical analysis of the changes in the spatiotemporal pattern, ecological vulnerability, and ecosystem services of typical landscape types over the period from 1987 to 2013. The statistical results derived from landscape pattern indices (LPIs) showed that during the investigation period, three natural wetland landscape types (i.e., Spartina alterniflora, Suaeda glauca, and Phragmites australis) showed gradually increased fragmentation in the study area. The ecological vulnerability scores of the major landscape types (in descending order) were P. australis (0.053), farmland (0.047), S. alterniflora (0.042), S. glauca (0.031), and bare mud flat (0.002). The results derived from the ecosystem service value fluctuation index (ESVFI) showed that from 1987 to 1997, the value of the ecosystem services provided by S. glauca and P. australis wetlands decreased, whereas that of S. alterniflora wetlands increased continuously. From 2002 to 2013, the value of the ecosystem services provided by all three types of natural wetland showed a downward trend. In conclusion, the combined effects of human and natural factors, including the expansion of farmland and the invasion of S. alterniflora, and changes in seawater erosion and deposition led to changes in the landscape patterns, ecological vulnerability, and ecosystem services of the Yancheng Nature Reserve during the investigation period. The results indicate that a “dual adaptive” management system based on natural succession and supplemented by appropriate manual intervention should be implemented, and the management efficiency and flexibility should be improved to meet the common needs of biodiversity conservation and economic development.  相似文献   

8.
Two distribution-free permutation techniques are described for the analysis of ecological data. These methods are completely data dependent and provide analyses for the commonly-encountered completely-randomized and randomized-block designs in a multivariate framework. Euclidean distance forms the basis of both techniques, providing consistency with the observed distribution of data in many ecological studies.Abbreviations MRPP= Multiresponse permutation procedure - MRBP= Ibid, randomized block analog  相似文献   

9.
Minimizing the ecological impact of land development is a fundamental principle of sustainable development. Ecological suitability assessment is the key to realizing sustainability and is also significant for optimizing spatial patterns of territorial development. Especially in mountainous areas where the ecosystem is both vulnerable and important, quantitative evaluation of ecological suitability for land development is particularly important and urgent given current development strategy of urban construction in mountainous areas in China. Taking Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, a representative urban construction zone in a mountainous area in Yunnan Province, China, as a study area, and based on the fundamental theory of structural and functional dynamics from landscape ecology, this study has explored the integrated ecological resistance (IER) conceptual model and constructed an index system with aspects of ecological elements, ecological importance, and ecological resilience. The results showed that: (1) the ecological suitability level was higher in the north than in the south and higher in the east than in the west, as well as higher in the Bazi region than in mountainous areas. Dali City, Binchuan County, and Xiangyun County had large ecological suitable zones for development and construction. Foci of ecological resistance having strong ecological constraints were mainly concentrated in Heqing County and in various other places; (2) by combining the integrated ecological resistance and arable land distributions, the study area was zoned into five regions: prior development zone, moderate development zone, potential development zone, restricted development zone, and forbidden development zone. Moderate, potential, and restricted development zones occupied most of the area, accounting for 28.89%, 24.69%, and 21.40%, respectively, whereas prior development zones accounted for only 8.91%; (3) based on the areal proportions of ecological suitability zoning, the 12 counties of Dali Prefecture can be grouped into three categories: prior areas for conservation, comprehensive development areas, and prior areas for development. Xiangyun County and Binchuan County should be regarded as key areas of Dali Prefecture for urban construction in mountainous areas. This research has explored an ecological suitability evaluation system from the perspective of landscape ecology and made fully understanding of ecological suitability factors in the study area, which provided a good reference to ecological suitability evaluation for mountainous area development in the worldwide.  相似文献   

10.
Copper and iron play important roles in a variety of biological processes, especially when being chelated with proteins. The proteins involved in the metal binding, transporting and metabolism have aroused much interest. To facilitate the study on this topic, we constructed two databases (DCCP and DICP) containing the known copper- and iron-chelating proteins~ which are freely available from the website http://sdbi.sdut.edu.cn/en. Users can conveniently search and browse all of the entries in the databases. Based on the two databases, bioinformatic analyses were performed, which provided some novel insights into metalloproteins.  相似文献   

11.
In literature, an effective method enabling the classification, based on a single indicator, of habitats that need a priority protection intervention has not been identified yet. Moreover, the excessive number of landscape metrics, used to quantify integrity of habitats, can cause confusion, often providing redundant and inconsistent results.The aim of this work is to develop a method for evaluating the ecological vulnerability of the habitats in sites of high biodiversity conservation interest. In the first phase, we selected and analyzed, by using principal component analysis (PCA) and fuzzy logic, the landscape metrics, in order to obtain the map of the intrinsic ecological vulnerability index. In the second step, the result of this intrinsic vulnerability was connected, through another fuzzy model, to anthropogenic impacts, obtaining the integrated ecological vulnerability index. We developed specific spatial indicators (landscape metrics), which can examine the mutual position and morphology of the habitats present, along with indicators of human pressure, related to the type and intensity of use of the anthropic territory, with reference to the habitat itself as well as to the areas immediately adjacent. The developed fuzzy models are innovative, compared to the current ecological studies, and examine landscape metrics as well as the impact of human activities.The case study is the “Val Basento-Ferrandina Scalo” Site of Community Importance, Ferrandina-SCI (Basilicata Region, Southern Italy). The results allowed us to build a rank of the habitats based on their intrinsic and integrated ecological vulnerability. Moreover, the results show that, in the Ferrandina-SCI, the most important source of concern is not human activities, but rather the inherent risk of ecological fragility caused by geographical and landscape features of the different patches of habitats themselves.This model aims to be a tool for decision support in sustainable landscape management. It is easy to use and to apply on other regions, although it should always be accompanied by a sensitivity analysis to reduce the subjectivity.  相似文献   

12.
Conservation networks, such as the European Natura 2000, are sets of designated reserves, the persistence of which requires the contribution of the non-protected territory in terms of connectivity. For that reason, the European Union´s Habitats Directive urges the improvement of its ecological coherence. This work reports a spatial modelling methodology to complete the existing Natura 2000 network in the Basque Country with elements of ecological connectivity. It is based on cost surfaces built for a set of target species associated with the dominant habitats of the region. Least-cost paths were then used to identify zones of probable connection between reserves. The final network is made of core areas, link corridors, link areas and buffer zones, all with an explicit spatial allocation. The regional government of the Basque Country subsequently incorporated this ecological network as a reference for the evaluation of regional development plans in 2005.  相似文献   

13.
A biotinylated mannotriose (Man3-bio) was dispersively immobilized in the matrix of biotinylated lactose (Gal-Glc-bio) on a streptavidin-covered, 27-MHz quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), and binding kinetics of concanavalin A (Con A) to Man3-bio in the Gal-Glc-bio matrix could be obtained from frequency decreases (mass increases) of the QCM. Association constants (Ka) and binding and dissociation rate constants (kon and koff) could be determined separately as the 1:1 and 1:2 bindings of Con A to Man3-bio on the surface. When Man3-bio was immobilized with content of 1 to 5 mol% in the matrix, the 1:1 binding of Con A to Man3-bio was obtained as Ka = (4 ± 1) × 106 M−1, kon = (4 ± 1) × 104 M−1 s−1, and koff = (12 ± 2) × 10–3 s−1. On the contrary, when Man3-bio was immobilized with content of 20 to 100 mol% in the matrix, the 1:2 binding of Con A to Man3-bio was obtained as Ka = (14 ± 2) × 106 M−1, kon = (14 ± 2) × 104 M−1 s−1, and koff = (7 ± 2) × 10–3 s−1. Thus, Ka for the 1:2 binding was 10 times larger than that for the 1:1 binding, with a three times larger binding rate constant (kon) and a three times smaller dissociation rate constant (koff). This is the first example to obtain separate kinetic parameters for the 1:1 and 1:2 bindings of lectins to carbohydrates on the surface.  相似文献   

14.
M J Sillanp?? 《Heredity》2011,106(4):511-519
Population-based genomic association analyses are more powerful than within-family analyses. However, population stratification (unknown or ignored origin of individuals from multiple source populations) and cryptic relatedness (unknown or ignored covariance between individuals because of their relatedness) are confounding factors in population-based genomic association analyses, which inflate the false-positive rate. As a consequence, false association signals may arise in genomic data association analyses for reasons other than true association between the tested genomic factor (marker genotype, gene or protein expression) and the study phenotype. It is therefore important to correct or account for these confounders in population-based genomic data association analyses. The common correction techniques for population stratification and cryptic relatedness problems are presented here in the phenotype–marker association analysis context, and comments on their suitability for other types of genomic association analyses (for example, phenotype–expression association) are also provided. Even though many of these techniques have originally been developed in the context of human genetics, most of them are also applicable to model organisms and breeding populations.  相似文献   

15.
Background: Since biological systems are complex and often involve multiple types of genomic relationships, tensor analysis methods can be utilized to elucidate these hidden complex relationships. There is a pressing need for this, as the interpretation of the results of high-throughput experiments has advanced at a much slower pace than the accumulation of data.Results: In this review we provide an overview of some tensor analysis methods for biological systems.Conclusions: Tensors are natural and powerful generalizations of vectors and matrices to higher dimensions and play a fundamental role in physics, mathematics and many other areas. Tensor analysis methods can be used to provide the foundations of systematic approaches to distinguish significant higher order correlations among the elements of a complex systems via finding ensembles of a small number of reduced systems that provide a concise and representative summary of these correlations.  相似文献   

16.
The genotyping of highly polymorphic multigene families across many individuals used to be a particularly challenging task because of methodological limitations associated with traditional approaches. Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) can overcome most of these limitations, and it is increasingly being applied in population genetic studies of multigene families. Here, we critically review NGS bioinformatic approaches that have been used to genotype the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) immune genes, and we discuss how the significant advances made in this field are applicable to population genetic studies of gene families. Increasingly, approaches are introduced that apply thresholds of sequencing depth and sequence similarity to separate alleles from methodological artefacts. We explain why these approaches are particularly sensitive to methodological biases by violating fundamental genotyping assumptions. An alternative strategy that utilizes ultra‐deep sequencing (hundreds to thousands of sequences per amplicon) to reconstruct genotypes and applies statistical methods on the sequencing depth to separate alleles from artefacts appears to be more robust. Importantly, the ‘degree of change’ (DOC) method avoids using arbitrary cut‐off thresholds by looking for statistical boundaries between the sequencing depth for alleles and artefacts, and hence, it is entirely repeatable across studies. Although the advances made in generating NGS data are still far ahead of our ability to perform reliable processing, analysis and interpretation, the community is developing statistically rigorous protocols that will allow us to address novel questions in evolution, ecology and genetics of multigene families. Future developments in third‐generation single molecule sequencing may potentially help overcome problems that still persist in de novo multigene amplicon genotyping when using current second‐generation sequencing approaches.  相似文献   

17.
Following human arrival, Madagascar suffered well-documented megafaunal extinctions and widespread deforestation. Although humans are widely considered to be the primary cause of the extinctions, the relative contributions of climate change and human activities to this ecological transformation remain uncertain. Reconstructing the habitats of the giant lemurs of Madagascar can provide key information for understanding the evolutionary mechanisms involved in their extinction. In this study, I present a faunal analysis of the subfossil assemblage from Ankilitelo Cave, southwestern Madagascar. This assemblage documents the latest known occurrence of five species of extinct giant lemur, in association with abundant well-preserved small mammal remains. I compared the small mammal fauna at Ankilitelo with 27 extant Malagasy mammal communities spanning the range of Madagascar's habitat types. Similarities in species composition between modern communities and Ankilitelo were assessed using cluster analysis. Ecological similarities were examined by assigning each species to dietary, locomotor, activity pattern, and body size categories. Multiple discriminant analysis was then used to classify Ankilitelo relative to modern habitat types in Madagascar, based on the ecological structure of the subfossil fauna. Results indicate that the habitat surrounding Ankilitelo during the late Holocene was similar to the succulent woodlands of modern southwestern Madagascar. This suggests that approximately 500 yr BP, these semi-arid habitats supported a subfossil lemur community that included the highly-suspensory Palaeopropithecus, and deliberate slow-climber Megaladapis, as well as Archaeolemur, Pachylemur, and Daubentonia robusta. In such environments, these giant lemurs would likely have been highly vulnerable to increasing human pressure in southwestern Madagascar.  相似文献   

18.
Heavy disturbance-induced mortality can negatively impact forest biota, functions, and services by drastically altering the forest structures that create stable environmental conditions. Disturbance impacts on forest structure can be assessed using structural sustainability⿿the degree of balance between living and dead portions of a tree population⿿s size-class distribution⿿which is the basis of baseline mortality analysis. This analysis uses a conditionally calibrated reference level (i.e., baseline mortality) against which to detect significant mortality deviations without need for historical references. Recently, a structural sustainability index was developed by parameterizing results of this analysis to allow spatial and temporal comparisons within or among forested landscapes. The utility of this index as a tool for forest health monitoring programs and triage decisions has not been examined. Here, we investigated this utility by retrospectively analyzing the structural sustainability of a mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae)-impacted, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta)-dominated landscape annually from 2000 to 2006 as well as among watersheds. We show that temporal patterns of structural sustainability at the landscape-level reflect accumulating beetle-induced mortality as well as beetle-lodgepole pine ecology. At the watershed-level, this sustainability spatially varied with 2006 beetle-induced mortality. Further, structural sustainability satisfies key criteria for effective indicators of ecosystem change. We conclude that structural sustainability is a viable tool upon which to base or supplement forest health monitoring and triage programs, and could potentially increase the efficacy of such programs under current and future climate change-associated disturbance patterns.  相似文献   

19.
Fifteen different flax cultivars and breeding lines (E‐68, Baltu?iai, Belinka, Vega 2, Ilona, Elise, Kasty?iai, Evelin, 1963‐3, Ariane, Hermes, 01057‐12, 1698‐13a, 2017‐3, 1864‐24) were cultivated, harvested, water‐retted, scutched and resulting fibres passed through pin frames to produce representative samples for each variety. The aim of this investigation was to develop rapid techniques for assessing quality of fibre obtained from a comparative agronomical trial. The fibres produced were then assessed using visible and near infrared spectroscopy (Vis–NIRS), thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy and airflow method for measuring fibre fineness. The relationships between agronomical characteristics, fibre fineness, thermal and spectral results were assessed using principal component analysis and partial least squares regression methods. The micrographs of the samples revealed the presence of residual pectic and cuticular tissues on all fibres, and significant differences between the 15 fibre samples were not observed. A significant relationship of the differences in fibre fineness of the test samples as measured by airflow method and Vis–NIR spectra was observed with an R2 of 0.97 and standard error of calibration (SEC) of 1.69 dtex, and the former parameter also correlated with the measured thermal combustion parameters showing an R2 of 0.91 and SEC of 2.86 dtex, indicating that the two rapid techniques could be used for the assessment of fibre quality of selected plants from the breeding programme. The advantages of using the two instrumental techniques compared with the existing airflow method are briefly discussed.  相似文献   

20.
An earlier reported method for revealing latent periodicity of the nucleotide sequences has been considerably modified in a case of small samples, by applying a Monte Carlo method. This improved method has been used to search for the latent periodicity of some nucleotide sequences of the EMBL data bank. The existence of the nucleotide sequences' latent periodicity has been shown for some genes. The results obtained have implied that periodicity of gene structure is projected onto the periodicity of primary amino acid sequences and, further, onto spatial protein conformation. Even though the periodic structure of gene sequences has been eroded, it is still retained in primary and/or spatial structures of corresponding proteins. Furthermore, in a few cases the study of genes' periodicity has suggested their possible evolutionary origin by multifold duplications of some gene's fragments.  相似文献   

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