可转化人工染色体文库的构建与鉴定

随着人类和植物基因组计划的实施,能容纳大片段的人工染色体载体发展迅速。而用YAC、BAC和PAC等基因组文库进行目的基因的筛选,在获得候选克隆后,通常要进行亚克隆,然后对每个亚克隆逐一进行基因功能互补试验,不仅工作量大,而且有遗漏目的基因的危险。TAC载体含P1质粒和Ri质粒的复制子,可直接转化植物,大大加速了工作进程。概括性的叙述了TAC载体的发展,TAC文库构建的程序及文库鉴定的问题。     

小麦—簇毛表6VS／6AL易位系可转化人工染色体（TAC）文库的构建

可转化人工染色体（Ｔｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ ｃｏｍｐｅｔｅｎｔ Ａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌ Ｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅ,ＴＡＣ）是具有克隆和转移大片段基因能力的新型载体,是植被基因克隆和转化的有效工具。为了克隆泪科抗白粉病基因和其它基因,本研究用ＴＣＡ载体ｐＹＬＴＡＣ１７构建了带有抗白粉病基因Ｐｍ２１的小麦＝簇毛麦６ＶＳ／６ＡＬ易位系的基因组ＤＮＡ文库。该文库包含２１０万个克隆平均插入征段３５ｌｂ,相当于     

YAC克隆的筛选及鉴定分析技术

人工酵母染色体（ＹＡＣ）技术是人类基因组分极及疾病相关基因的分离、克隆中的关键技术。在基因组ＹＡＣ文库基础上特定目的基因的分离克隆涉及ＹＡＣ克隆的筛选,嵌合体、缺失体和共转染克隆的检测与处理,插入片段的分离及及其结构特征的分析,亚克隆的快速构建等等。近年来,有关技术取得了重要进展,已趋于成熟,并正得到了广泛应用。     

YAC克隆的筛选及鉴定分析技术

人工酵母染色体（ＹＡＣ）技术是人类基因组分析及疾病相关基因的分离、克隆中的关键技术。在基因组ＹＡＣ文库基础上特定目的基因的分离克隆涉及ＹＡＣ克隆的筛选,嵌合体、缺失体和共转染克隆的检测与处理,插入片段的分离及其结构特征的分析,亚克隆的快速构建等等。近年来,有关技术取得了重要进展,已趋于成熟,并正得到广泛应用 。     

Y染色体特异DNA序列及应用

DNA文库的建立及其应用于基因定位的可能性首先在基因组较小的生物(如果蝇)中得到证实。近年来原位噬菌斑和克隆杂交,改进的λ克隆载体以及体外包装系统等的发展,对于较复杂的基因组(哺乳动物)也进行了基因文库的建立和筛选。对复杂基因组中富集某一特定部分的文库的建立开始于七十年代末,被克隆的特定染色体DNA顺序文库代表全部基因组信息的结构亚单位,比整个基因组定位具有显著的优点。     

用富集文库克隆人胰岛素基因组基因

通过构建可富集人胰岛素基因的λ噬菌体文库,克隆了人胰岛素基因组基因．首先从中国人血液白细胞中提取到人基因组ＤＮＡ,用ＥｃｏＲⅠ和ＢｇｌⅡ对基因组ＤＮＡ进行全酶切,经０．４％琼脂糖凝胶电泳,特异回收９．５ｋｂ左右的ＤＮＡ片段．将该片段与λＥＭＢＬ３／ＢａｍＨⅠ臂连接,构建成一个特殊的人基因组λ噬菌体文库（富集文库）,效价为２×１０４．同时采用ＰＣＲ方法及用引物Ⅰ：５′ＧＧＡＣＡＧＧＣＴＡＣＡＴＣＡＧＧＡＡＧＡＧＧ３′,引物Ⅱ：５′ＣＴＧＣＧＴＣＴＡＡＴＴＧＣＡＧＴＡＧＴＴＣ３′,从人基因组ＤＮＡ中扩增出一段含胰岛素基因的１．３６ｋｂＤＮＡ片段,做为放射性标记探针,对文库进行了噬菌斑原位杂交筛选,从１×１０４个噬菌斑中筛选到一个含人胰岛素基因组基因的阳性克隆,并进一步完成了亚克隆和该基因１７３２ｂｐＤＮＡ序列的测定．结果该基因的１７３２ｂｐＤＮＡ序列包括部分５′端和３′端与国外发表的人胰岛素α型等位基因的序列相同     

优良水稻品种“明恢63”BAC文库的构建

“明恢６３”是我国许多重要的水稻杂交组合中的恢复系。为了对其进行深入的遗传学研究以及克隆控制重要农艺性状的基因,以细菌人工染色体（ｐＢｅｌｏＢＡＣ１１）为载体,克隆经限制性内切酶消化后部分收集的“明恢６３”基因组ＤＮＡ,将连接混合物转化细菌ＤＨ１０Ｂ,构建了细菌人工染色体（ＢＡＣ）文库。该文库共有２６０００个转化子,插入片段为９０～２４０ｋｂ,平均大小为１５０ｋｂ。经计算该文库覆盖９倍水稻基因组。该文库正在用于构建几个基因所在区段的物理图谱,为图位克隆打下基础     

菜豆基因组微卫星DNA的分离与鉴定

从耐高温型菜豆（Ｐｈａｓｅｏｌｕｓ ｖｕｌｇａｒｉｓ Ｌ．）品种“Ｈａｉｂｕｓｈｉ”基因组分离微卫星ＤＮＡ,可以提供与耐热性ＱＴＬ（ｑｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅ ｔｒａｉｔ ｌｏｃｕｓ）连锁的多态遗传标记。为此,利用ｌａｍｂｄａ ＺＡＰⅡ载体构建了一个包含４００－８００ｂｐ插入片段的菜豆基因组文库。利用地高辛末端标记寡聚核苷酸（ＧＡ）１０和（ＣＡ）１０作为探针筛选该文库,并对部分阳性克隆进行测序分析,     

水稻第六染色体长臂亚端粒区遗传图与物理图的整合

生物染色体亚闰区域在物种翰经过程中是高度活跃的。为了认识水稻染色体亚端粒区域的组织结构,用水稻第六染色体长臂亚端料区的ＲＦＬＰ标记Ｇ３４２和Ｒ１１６７作探针筛选ＢＡＣ文库,以得到的阳笥ＢＡＣ克隆为起点进行染色体眇地,构建了覆盖这２个分子标记区约５００ｋｂ的ＢＡＣ跨叠克隆群,将这一区域的跗图和物理图进行了整合。对１４个ＢＡＣ克隆插入末端进行了亚克隆,鉴定的７个亚克隆 端为单考贝或抵考贝序列,其中５个     

人类特定染色体DNA文库的建立和利用

DNA文库的建立及其应用于基因定位的可能性首先在基因组较小的生物(如果蝇)中得到证实。由于近年来原位噬菌斑和克隆杂交,改进的λ克隆载体以及体外包装系统等的发展,对于具育较复杂的基因组的生物(包括哺乳动物)也进行了墓因文库的建立和筛选工作     

A phagemid vector library for cloning DNA with four-nucleotide 5' or 3' overhangs

A phagemid vector library for cloning DNA with four nucleotide 5' or 3' overhangs has been constructed. This library is based on the pT7T3 vector (Pharmacia) which is a modification of the phagemid pTZ18U vector. We have chosen pT7T3 as the parent vector because it can be used for Sanger's dideoxy sequencing and for the generation of RNA probes with either the T7 or T3 promoter. Each member of the cloning vector series pBM has recognition sites for both of the restriction enzymes BspM1 and BstX1 in addition to the basic multiple cloning sites. BspM1 recognizes the sequence 5'...ACCTGC NNNN/NNNN...3' whereas BstX1 recognizes the sequence 5'...CCAN NNNN/NTGG...3'. Thus these two sites can be overlapped, so that only 256 vectors (instead of 512 vectors) need be constructed to cover all the theoretical possible combinations of sites which give complementary cohesive ends for cloning DNA with four nucleotide 5' or 3' overhangs. This vector library can be used for amplification cloning of DNA in a tandem array by choosing appropriate vectors which have nonpalindromic sequences. We have obtained approximately 200 members of the 256 possible clones and have organized the vectors using a MacIntosh HyperCard program for easy retrieval.     

Yeast-based recombineering of DNA fragments into plant transformation vectors by one-step transformation

T-DNA binary vectors are often used in plant transformation experiments. Because they are usually very large and have few restriction sites suitable for DNA ligation reactions, cloning DNA fragments into these vectors is difficult. We provide herein an alternative to cloning DNA fragments into very large vectors. Our yeast-based recombineering method enables DNA fragments to be cloned into certain types of T-DNA binary vectors by one-step transformation without the requirement of specific recombination sites or precisely positioned restriction ends, thus making the cloning process more flexible. Moreover, this method is inexpensive and is applicable to multifragment cloning.     

Two new tools: multi-purpose cloning vectors that carry kanamycin or spectinomycin/streptomycin resistance markers

We have constructed two new multi-purpose cloning vectors, pJKKmf(-) and pJKSp/Smf(-), that carry resistance to kanamycin (Km) and spectinomycin/streptomycin (Sp/Sm), respectively. These plasmids are based on pGEM3Zf(-) and therefore contain a pUC-vector-derived multiple cloning site for 13 restriction sites flanked by T7 and SP6 RNA polymerase promoters, the alpha-peptide coding region of beta-galactosidase for blue/white colony screening and the bacteriophage f1 origin of replication for production of single-stranded DNA in the presence of a helper phage. We have used these vectors to reclone sequences from a maize genomic library, to produce radiolabeled RNA probes and to make single-stranded DNA.     

A family of lambda phage cDNA cloning vectors, lambda SWAJ, allowing the amplification of RNA sequences

This paper describes the construction and characterization of a family of lambda phage cDNA cloning vectors that allows high-efficiency directional cDNA cloning and selective amplification of either sense or antisense cRNA sequences. These vectors contain several unique restriction sites (EcoRI, XbaI, and SacI) positioned between two specific phage promoters, SP6 and T7. This system facilitates the in vitro preparation of single-stranded (ss) RNA molecules that should be useful in subtractive hybridization and in situ hybridization procedures. Using subtractive hybridization and this vector system, it should be possible to identify sequences present in one cDNA library and not another. In addition, it should be possible to construct subtracted cDNA libraries in these vectors and to generate high specific activity, ss, antisense cRNA probes directly from DNA prepared from the whole subtracted library or from individual clones.     

A Colony Multiplex Quantitative PCR-Based 3S3DBC Method and Variations of It for Screening DNA Libraries

A DNA library is a collection of DNA fragments cloned into vectors and stored individually in host cells, and is a valuable resource for molecular cloning, gene physical mapping, and genome sequencing projects. To take the best advantage of a DNA library, a good screening method is needed. After describing pooling strategies and issues that should be considered in DNA library screening, here we report an efficient colony multiplex quantitative PCR-based 3-step, 3-dimension, and binary-code (3S3DBC) method we used to screen genes from a planarian genomic DNA fosmid library. This method requires only 3 rounds of PCR reactions and only around 6 hours to distinguish one or more desired clones from a large DNA library. According to the particular situations in different research labs, this method can be further modified and simplified to suit their requirements.     

Cloning of the newt Pleurodeles waltlii chromosomal DNA

Pleurodeles waltlii genomic DNA has been cloned using several phage lambda vectors. We have isolated approx. 600 000 clones, which correspond to about 20% of the total DNA sequences of this organism. This constitutes the first large gene library of a Urodele. The low yield of cloning was attributable to the abundance of highly repetitive sequences, since recombinations in the bacterial host could lead to the loss of clones. Indeed, the existence of highly repetitive sequences was directly demonstrated by hybridization between recombinants and the total genome, and some of the cloned DNA was found to be unstable. We suggest new methods for cloning the highly repetitive sequences.     

Marked improvement of PAC and BAC cloning is achieved using electroelution of pulsed-field gel-separated partial digests of genomic DNA.

We describe a simple electroelution method for purifying large, gel-fractionated DNA molecules that alleviates the need for melting of the agarose and subsequent enzymatic agarose digestion. The method yields DNA that is visibly more intact than that purified from a standard agarose-digestion protocol and is more amenable to large-fragment cloning with PAC and BAC vectors. These findings are notable in that PAC and BAC library construction is a very labor-intensive and costly procedure, such that any net improvement in cloning efficiency is highly advantageous. This method also should prove useful towards other applications which require purification of very large DNA molecules, such as YAC cloning.     

大片段克隆载体研究进展

DNA克隆技术是分子生物学研究中一项重要的技术手段。自第一个质粒载体pSC1 0 1作为克隆载体以来 ,随着分子生物学技术的发展 ,克隆载体的整体结构、容载能力和转化效率都有了很大的改善。尤其是人类基因组计划的实施 ,产生了YAC和BAC克隆体系。随着植物基因组计划的进行 ,又产生了既能够克隆大片段DNA又能够将候选克隆直接通过农杆菌介导进行功能互补实验的载体。综述了几种常用大片段克隆载体YAC、BAC、BIBAC、PAC和TAC的特点及其应用 ,并对克隆载体的发展作了展望。     

A versatile bait vector allowing rapid isolation of prey vectors in Gal4-dependent yeast two-hybrid screens.

Two-hybrid screens have been widely used in recent years for identifying and isolating new interaction partners to known proteins. Current Gal4-dependent two-hybrid screens employ mostly bait and library vectors, which both have the ampicillin gene as a selection marker in bacteria. The isolation of the library plasmids takes several days, because library and bait plasmid cannot be separated easily. We have replaced the ampicillin gene by a kanamycin gene in a Gal4 DNA binding domain bait vector. This vector reduces four- to fivefold the time period required for the isolation of library plasmid DNA. In addition we have changed the multicloning site in the modified vector for easy cloning of cDNA inserts. This vector is advantageous not only in standard two-hybrid screens, but also in mass screens that require multiple screening rounds in order to characterize networks of protein-protein interactions.     

Full-length RecE enhances linear-linear homologous recombination and facilitates direct cloning for bioprospecting

Functional analysis of genome sequences requires methods for cloning DNA of interest. However, existing methods, such as library cloning and screening, are too demanding or inefficient for high-throughput application to the wealth of genomic data being delivered by massively parallel sequencing. Here we describe direct DNA cloning based on the discovery that the full-length Rac prophage protein RecE and its partner RecT mediate highly efficient linear-linear homologous recombination mechanistically distinct from conventional recombineering mediated by Redαβ from lambda phage or truncated versions of RecET. We directly cloned all ten megasynthetase gene clusters (each 10–52 kb in length) from Photorhabdus luminescens into expression vectors and expressed two of them in a heterologous host to identify the metabolites luminmycin A and luminmide A/B. We also directly cloned cDNAs and exactly defined segments from bacterial artificial chromosomes. Direct cloning with full-length RecE expands the DNA engineering toolbox and will facilitate bioprospecting for natural products.