毛乌素沙地南缘沙丘生物结皮对凝结水形成和蒸发的影响

在水分极度匮乏的荒漠生态系统,凝结水是除降雨之外最重要的水分来源之一,它对荒漠生态系统结构、功能和过程的维持产生重要的影响。为探明半干旱沙区生物结皮表面的凝结水形成和蒸发特征,采用自制的微型蒸渗计(直径7 cm、高5 cm的PVC管)实验观测了不同类型地表(裸沙、浅灰色藻类结皮、黑褐色藻类结皮和苔藓结皮)对凝结水形成和蒸发的影响。结果表明:(1)观测期间共有20次凝结水形成记录,除降雨天气外,几乎每天都能观测到水分凝结现象;(2)不同类型地表凝结水总量依次为(1.998±0.075),(2.326±0.083),(2.790±0.058)和(3.416±0.068) mm,生物结皮表面的凝结水总量显著大于裸沙(P < 0.05);随生物结皮的发育,不同类型生物结皮表面的凝结水总量呈增加的趋势,凝结水总量之间差异显著(P < 0.05);观测期间不同类型地表日平均凝结水量依次为(0.100±0.003),(0.116±0.004),(0.140±0.002)和(0.171± 0.003) mm,不同类型地表日平均凝结水量之间差异极显著(P < 0.01);(3)凝结水形成过程的观测结果显示,凝结水19:00开始形成,23:00-凌晨1:00形成不明显,1:00-7:00继续形成,除浅灰色藻类结皮外,太阳升出后在黑褐色藻类结皮和苔藓结皮表面继续形成少量的凝结水;凝结水7:30开始蒸发,10:30到11:00之间结束蒸发,凝结水在裸沙和浅灰色藻类结皮中的保持时间显著大于黑褐色藻类结皮和苔藓结皮中的保持时间(P < 0.05);(4)凝结水的形成受大气温度、地表温度、空气相对湿度和大气地表温度差等气象因素的影响,但其形成过程不与某一个气象因素呈简单的线性关系。     

Morphologic changes in the pineal gland of rats exposed to continuous darkness

We examined the pineal structure of rats exposed to constant darkness (DD) at light microscopic level. Two groups of rats were exposed to 12:12 light/dark cycle (LD) or DD from their prenatal ontogenesis and then for 3 months after birth. The gland structure of DD rats was observed to have an active appearance. Some of the observed pinealocytes with light nuclei from DD rats were determined to contain double nucleoli. Nuclear area and perimeter of both dark and light types were greater in rats kept in DD than in LD. Rats exposed to DD had more cells with light nuclei and lesser cells with dark ones than rats kept in LD. No significant differences in nuclear characteristics of intermediate type were found between rats kept in LD and those kept in DD. The activity of mammalian pineal can be altered by light conditions to which the animal is exposed.     

光照和生长阶段对菖蒲根系泌氧的影响

以自然湖泊沉积物为研究基质,利用微型电机控制溶氧微电极实现纵向精确微位移,在照光与遮光条件下,对典型湿地植物菖蒲幼苗、成株根系根基部起总根长1/4处(根1/4)、根系中部(根1/2)、从根基部起总根长3/4处(根3/4)及根尖(根1)处根系微界面径向溶氧浓度变化进行原位精确测定。结果表明:无论有无光照,菖蒲幼苗、成株根系不同部位均存在从根表面至沉积物氧饱和度由高到低的氧扩散层,其厚度0.18—0.68 mm;根1/2、3/4、1处氧扩散能力菖蒲成株较幼苗显著增强(P<0.01),根1/4处二者则无显著差异(P>0.05);光照对菖蒲幼苗、成株根系不同部位氧扩散能力的影响存在差异,光照对菖蒲幼苗根1/2及菖蒲成株根1/2、根3/4处影响显著(照光组显著高于遮光组,P<0.01),而对菖蒲幼苗根1/4、根3/4、根1及菖蒲成株根1/4、根1处无显著影响(P>0.05);从根系泌氧空间差异上看,照光条件下菖蒲幼苗、成株分别表现为根1/2>根3/4≈根1≈根1/4(P<0.01,P>0.05)和根1/2>根3/4>根1>根1/4(P<0.01),遮光条件下菖蒲幼苗、成株分别表现为根1/2≈根3/4≈根1≈根1/4(P>0.05)和根1/2>根3/4≈根1>根1/4(P<0.01,P>0.05)。     

高寒沙区生物土壤结皮覆盖土壤碳通量对模拟降水的响应

生物土壤结皮作为干旱半干旱地区重要的地表覆盖类型和景观特征之一,其自身具备的光合与呼吸能力对荒漠生态系统地表与大气界面中的碳交换与循环产生了重要影响。水分是干旱半干旱地区许多生态过程中的主要限制因子,能够影响生物土壤结皮的光合与呼吸过程,进而影响生物土壤结皮覆盖土壤的碳通量规律。针对高寒沙区藓类和藻类结皮为主的生物土壤结皮覆盖土壤,设置了1、2、5、10mm以及0(对照)的模拟降水梯度,利用LI-8100土壤碳通量测定系统,对模拟降水后结皮覆盖土壤的碳通量进行测定,以探讨不同结皮种类和不同强度降水对碳通量的影响。结果表明:(1)降水对生物土壤结皮覆盖土壤的净碳通量、暗呼吸均有激发作用,使碳通量在极短时间内到达峰值且与对照差异显著,但各降水量之间差异不显著。两种不同结皮覆盖类型相比,藓类结皮覆盖土壤在降水后的碳通量峰值和受降水激发的有效时间均显著高于藻类结皮。(2)两种结皮覆盖土壤在模拟降水后的48h累积碳释放随降水量的增加而增加且与对照差异显著。同时藓类结皮覆盖土壤累计碳释放显著高于藻类结皮覆盖土壤。(3)两种生物土壤结皮覆盖土壤的碳通量和土壤水分体现出显著的相关性,净碳通量和暗呼吸均随水分的增加而增加。因此,在降水条件下生物土壤结皮覆盖土壤表现出明显的碳源效应,其碳通量以及碳释放量都有显著的改变,在研究干旱半干旱地区碳交换规律时应该考虑不同生物结皮的覆盖和降水事件的影响。     

Light conditions affect the measurement of oceanic bacterial production via leucine uptake

The effect of irradiance in the range of 400 to 700 nm or photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) on bacterial heterotrophic production estimated by the incorporation of 3H-leucine (referred to herein as Leu) was investigated in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea and in a coastal North Atlantic site, with Leu uptake rates ranging over 3 orders of magnitude. We performed in situ incubations under natural irradiance levels of Mediterranean samples taken from five depths around solar noon and compared them to incubations in the dark. In two of the three stations large differences were found between light and dark uptake rates for the surface most samples, with dark values being on average 133 and 109% higher than in situ ones. Data obtained in coastal North Atlantic waters confirmed that dark enclosure may increase Leu uptake rates more than threefold. To explain these differences, on-board experiments of Leu uptake versus irradiance were performed with Mediterranean samples from depths of 5 and 40 m. Incubations under a gradient of 12 to 1,731 micromol of photons m(-2) x s(-1) evidenced a significant increase in incorporation rates with increasing PAR in most of the experiments, with dark-incubated samples departing from this pattern. These results were not attributed to inhibition of Leu uptake in the light but to enhanced bacterial response when transferred to dark conditions. The ratio of dark to light uptake rates increased as dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations decreased, suggesting that bacterial nutrient deficiency was overcome by some process occurring only in the dark bottles.     

Photoperiodic long-day control of sporophyll and hair formation in the brown alga Undaria pinnatifida

Two photoperiodic responses, the development of sporophylls and hairs, havebeen quantified in sporophytes of the brown alga Undaria pinnatifida. In a finalexperiment, the algae were cultivated in outdoor, 2000-L seawater tanks in agreenhouse for up to 12 weeks, and daylength was regulated by automatic blindsmounted on top of the tanks. Vegetative young sporophytes were treated undershort-day (SD; 8 h light per day) or long-day conditions (LD; 16 h light perday), at 12 h light per day or in a night-break regime (NB; 8 h light per day,7.5 h dark, 1 h light, 7.5 h dark). The earliest sporophyll development wasobserved 6, 7 or 9 weeks under LD, NB or SD conditions, respectively. After 12 weeksthe sporophylls were significantly longer and wider under LD or NB conditions than inthe SD regime, and only half of the experimental algae had formed sporophyllsunder SD conditions, but all algae under LD or NB conditions. In a foregoing 7-weekculture experiment performed in 300-lL indoor tanks, enhanced sporophyll formationhad also been observed under LD and not under SD conditions (NB omitted). In bothexperiments, blade elongation rates remained high until the end of theexperiments in SD, but declined during sporophyll initiation in LD, NB or at 12 hlight per day. Another difference caused by photoperiod was observed in regard to thedevelopment of surface hair spots which occurred in both experiments on the bladesin LD, NB or at 12 h light per day with identical densities, but were completelylacking under SD conditions. It is concluded that U. pinnatifida is afacultatative long-day plant in regard to reproduction forming vigorously sporophyllsin long days, and an obligate long-day plant in regard to hair formation.     

Thermal advantage of pale coloured morphs of the snail Arianta arbustorum (Helicidae, Pulmonata) in alpine habitats

In alpine grasslands pale colour morphs of the snail Arianta arbustorum are more frequent than dark ones As pale morphs absorb less solar radiation, they may forage for longer in sunlight and/or have a lower mortality risk from overheating This hypothesis was tested Equal numbers of pale and dark morphs were kept in enclosures in an alpine meadow During the day, more pale morphs were seen than dark ones, the latter obviously remaining hidden The difference was not significant in enclosures set up in a nearby forest, confirming that the inequality in behaviour depends on the amount of sunlight Dark snails are on average warmer than pale ones
Experiments were also conducted in grassland on a mountain slope at altitudes between 1200 and 2000 m Snails were marked with a paint which fades in light, and released When recaptured several days later, the marks were more faded in pale morphs than in dark, suggesting that they had been more exposed to sunlight, supporting our hypothesis The difference in fading was more pronounced at high than at low altitude     

金沙江干热河谷典型林草地植物根系对土壤优先流的影响

为了明确土壤优先流形态特征以及植物根系对其形成的影响,以金沙江干热河谷元谋县苴那小流域典型植被类型银合欢人工林地和扭黄茅荒草地为研究对象,基于染色示踪法并结合Photoshop CS5和Image-Pro Plus 6.0图像处理技术,分析了2种植被下的土壤优先流形态特征和分布特征,并探究了植物根系对其的影响。结果表明: 林地和荒草地的土壤优先流染色面积具有明显差异,林地染色面积比总体随土壤深度的增加而减小,但部分地方表现出增大现象;荒草地染色面积比随土壤深度增加呈单调递减,林地优先流发生程度高于荒草地。根系对优先流的形成具有重要影响,根径0≤d≤5 mm和d>10 mm范围内,林地根长密度随着土层深度的增加呈单调递减趋势,5 mm<d≤10 mm根系根长密度在30～40 cm土层出现较大波动;荒草地各级根系根长密度均与土壤深度呈负相关关系。林地染色面积比与3 mm<d≤5 mm根径范围内的根长密度呈极显著相关,荒草地染色面积比与d≤3 mm范围的根长密度呈极显著相关;2种地类染色面积比均与1 mm<d≤3 mm范围的根重密度及d≤1 mm的根表面积呈极显著相关,与d>5 mm根径的根长密度、根重密度、根表面积的相关性不显著。研究区2种地类的土壤优先流染色面积总体变化趋势为随土壤深度的增加而减小,植物根系与土壤优先流的形成关系密切,其中,细根能显著促进土壤优先流的形成,粗根对优先流的形成具有局限性。     

Electron microscope study of the changes in the pyriform neurocytes in the mouse cerebellum during protein-calorie deficiency

The changes in the distribution of dark, light and intermediate pyriform neurocytes (Purkinje's cells) in the cerebellum of mice which developed under the conditions of protein-caloric deficiency were assayed from the 10th to the 40th day of mouse life. In the control animals, the number of dark cells was 7 +/- 3%, of intermediate 44 +/- 7%, and that of light ones 49 +/- 7%. Under malnutrition the number of dark cells rose to 26 +/- 5% (P less than 0.01), that of intermediate cells fell to 33 +/- 6% (P less than 0.01), and the number of light cells changed insignificantly (41 +/- 6%, P less than 0.1). Electron microscopy of the ultrastructure of dark cells has disclosed dystrophic and destructive changes in the nucleus and in the main organelles of the cytoplasm. Pronounced astroglial reaction was not infrequently observed around dark cells.     

Light Conditions Affect the Measurement of Oceanic Bacterial Production via Leucine Uptake

The effect of irradiance in the range of 400 to 700 nm or photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) on bacterial heterotrophic production estimated by the incorporation of ³H-leucine (referred to herein as Leu) was investigated in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea and in a coastal North Atlantic site, with Leu uptake rates ranging over 3 orders of magnitude. We performed in situ incubations under natural irradiance levels of Mediterranean samples taken from five depths around solar noon and compared them to incubations in the dark. In two of the three stations large differences were found between light and dark uptake rates for the surfacemost samples, with dark values being on average 133 and 109% higher than in situ ones. Data obtained in coastal North Atlantic waters confirmed that dark enclosure may increase Leu uptake rates more than threefold. To explain these differences, on-board experiments of Leu uptake versus irradiance were performed with Mediterranean samples from depths of 5 and 40 m. Incubations under a gradient of 12 to 1,731 μmol of photons m⁻² s⁻¹ evidenced a significant increase in incorporation rates with increasing PAR in most of the experiments, with dark-incubated samples departing from this pattern. These results were not attributed to inhibition of Leu uptake in the light but to enhanced bacterial response when transferred to dark conditions. The ratio of dark to light uptake rates increased as dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations decreased, suggesting that bacterial nutrient deficiency was overcome by some process occurring only in the dark bottles.     

Diadinoxanthin cycle of the bottom ice algal community during spring in McMurdo Sound,Antarctica

Using the ice algal community growing at the bottom of the annual sea ice in McMurdo Sound Antarctica, the response of the photoprotective diadinoxanthin (DD)-cycle to exposure to light was investigated. Changes in pigment concentration were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography. A light mixing simulator (LMS) was developed and used to simulate the pigment response to mixing in the upper water column. No DD-cycle was detected under the sea ice under natural light conditions. The DD-cycle was activated after exposure to surface natural light conditions and artificial light conditions. The first-order kinetic rates of the DD-cycle under constant artificial irradiance, natural irradiance and simulations with the LMS were found to be similar to other studies suggesting that ice algae do not vary the rate of deepoxidation depending on light history. Simulations under natural light using the LMS demonstrated that the response of the DD-cycle to static incubations and when subject to vertical mixing was not similar, and that static incubations overestimate DD-cycle activity over the long term. Algae in a simulated vertically mixed environment were able to increase the pool of xanthophyll pigments compared to static conditions where the pool remained the same or decreased. The recovery of DD in the dark or under low light was found to be significantly faster than in temperate algal communities. These results suggest that ice algae at the sea ice bottom can activate the photoprotective DD-cycle to regulate excess thermal energy. Unlike temperate species of diatoms, ice algae can rapidly reconstruct the pigment pool under low light or in the dark and is likely a particular adaptation to the unique light environment in Antarctica.     

岩溶洞穴叠层石

岩溶洞穴叠层石系藻类等生物在洞穴弱光带富含钙质的岩溶水中,通过粘结捕获或同化作用沉淀碳酸盐面形成。油穴叠层石均显示双层叠置构造,即背光浅色层和向光深色层,并由细密纹层组成,。向光深色层疏松多孔,表面粗糙可见生物体;背光浅色层致密,表面光滑。因生长微环境的变化,其形态可分为３类：倾斜型,直立型和坝型。     

用管式光生物反应器培养螺旋藻的研究

微藻大规模培养主要有敞开式大池培养和封闭式光生物反应器培养两种主要方式。管式光生物反应器是封闭式光生物反应器的主要类型之一。与其它类型相比,管式光生物反应器放大较易,成本较低。国外关于管式光生物反应器已有不少研究［１～３］但关于管式光生物反应器产率与光强和光暗比的关系等方面的研究尚未得出明确的结论。国内管式光生物反应器的研究较少［４］,尚未见有关管式光生物反应器中微藻悬浮液流变特性基础参数和产率影响因素的报道。螺旋藻是丝状体蓝藻,螺旋藻蛋白质含量高,其蛋白质所含必需氨基酸丰富,是国内外大规模商业…     

Combination of the mutation process with the sensitization and repair processes leading to increased frequencies of mutations in algal populations

The possibility of using a combination of the mutation process with the induction of the repair processes has been studied to increase the mutation frequencies in algal populations after UV-treatment. From this study it follows that the repair process induced by visible light is much more effective than the dark repair processes in the chlorococcal algae used. In these algae, visible light perhaps does not induce only those repair processes which affect their DNA, but probably also some recovery ones which affect their damaged structures and physiological functions. A suitable combination of the sensitization of algal cells by a DNA-base analogue before UV-treatment and the induction of the light repair and recovery processes resulted in a rather high increase of viable mutations in chlorococcal algae. These findings may be useful in the breeding of chlorococcal algae, which have no possibility of hybridization (except somatic).     

半荒漠藻结皮中藻类的种类组成和分布

对宁夏沙坡头半荒漠藻结皮中22种藻(其中蓝藻10种,绿藻4种,硅藻6种,裸藻2种)进行了分离、鉴定;利用土壤磨片和电子探针揭示了藻体与基质间的结合方式;通过光镜、扫描电镜观察,从8个层次研究了藻类在结皮中的分布,并发现它们在微米间也呈"层片"分布规律,藻结皮由表及里依次为无机矿物质保护层(ca.0.02mm)、富藻层(ca.0.02～2.5mm)及疏藻层(2.5～5.0mm);藻丝通过胶鞘中多糖、蛋白质与粘土矿物质直接结合,或直接伸入矿物质内而网络、粘结着砂粒和土粒.     

半荒漠藻结皮中藻类的种类组成和分布

对宁夏沙坡头半荒漠藻结皮中２２种藻（其中蓝藻１０种,绿藻４种,硅藻６种,裸藻２种）进行了分离、鉴定;利用土壤磨片和电子探针揭示了藻体与基质间的结合方式;通过光镜、扫描电镜观察,从８个层次研究了藻类在结皮中的分布,并发现它们在微米间也呈“层片”分布规律,藻结皮由表及里依次为无机矿物质保护层（ｃａ．０．０２ｍｍ）、富藻层（ｃａ．０．０２～２．５ｍｍ）及疏藻层（２．５～５．０ｍｍ）;藻丝皮由表及里依次为     

广东亚热带森林木本植物幼苗生长特性研究

研究了广东亚热带42种木本植物幼苗的生长及其与物种的生态特性、生活型、种子大小的相互关系.较强光下(H,66.8 μmol m-2s-1)乔木幼苗的茎高和茎生物量显著高于灌木幼苗的相应值,但在较低光下(L,33.7 μmol m-2s-1)两者无显著差异.而阳性植物、耐阴植物和中间型植物之间,茎高和茎生物量无显著差别.乔木幼苗的叶面积和叶生物量比灌木幼苗大,但灌木幼苗的叶片数较乔木幼苗多.大种子种和小种子种幼苗之间,阳性植物、耐阴植物和中间型植物幼苗之间的叶片数和叶面积一般无显著差异.阳性植物幼苗比耐阴植物幼苗侧根数多.乔木幼苗的根生物量和根/茎比显著高于灌木幼苗在较高光下,阳性植物幼苗的根/茎比较耐阴植物幼苗高,但在较低光下无明显差异.45 d幼苗的根生物量与种子重量呈显著的正相关,而90 d幼苗无明显的相关.乔木幼苗个体生物量显著高于灌木幼苗.幼苗相对生长率和叶面积比的大小呈现如下顺序阳性植物＞中间型植物＞耐阴植物,但只有阳性植物和耐阴植物之间有显著差异.阳性植物、中间型植物和耐阴植物幼苗之间的单位叶率无显著差异.     

岷江上游不同植被下土壤团聚体特征分析

以岷江上游卧龙自然保护区内不同植被条件下土壤为对象,研究了暗针叶林、针阔混交林、暗针叶林林窗下箭竹林、高山栎4种植被土壤的团聚体数量特征.结果表明,湿筛法得到的4种植被类型土壤团聚体服从对数正态分布,其几何平均直径与标准差之间存在负相关关系.其中,针阔混交林和高山栎林土壤具有较大的团聚体直径.土壤的分维数范围在2.40～2.78之间,＜0.25mm团聚体含量越高,土壤团聚体分形维数越大,暗针叶林土壤的第2层和暗针叶林窗箭竹林土壤的第3层的分形维数最大.土壤团聚体的保存机率以3～1mm、1～0.5mm粒径级团聚体为大,遭到破坏的可能性小;＞10mm、0.5～0.25mm粒径级的团聚体的保存机率小,容易遭到破坏.对团聚体稳定性指数进行剖面加权平均发现,针阔混交林土壤的稳定性指数最高,其次为高山栎林土壤、暗针叶林林窗下箭竹林和暗针叶林土壤,说明针阔混交林和高山栎林有利于土壤团聚体的稳定.团聚体的3个数量特征之间具有密切联系,均可用于说明土壤团聚体稳定性的大小.     

Effects of Light and Dark on the Ultrastructure of Lichen Algae

Quantitative ultrastructural observations have been made onthe algal cells (Trebouxia) in two lichens, Parmelia sulcataand P. laevigata, stored for 48 h in the dark or under a light/darkregime. The response of the alga was found to differ in theselichens. In P. sulcata the dark treatment caused a decreasein starch grains, lipid-rich pyrenoglobuli and peripheral cytoplasmicstorage bodies and an increase in pyrenoid and chloroplast proteinbodies. The algae in P. laevigata contained little starch andno chloroplast protein bodies. However, after dark treatment,starch, cytoplasmic storage bodies and pyrenoid dimensions sometimesdeclined, while pyrenoglobuli numbers increased. Some of theseapparent changes depended upon the units used for calculatingthe cross-sectional areas of structures, e.g. absolute units,percentage of cell wall, protoplast or chloroplast cross-sectionalarea. Chloroplast area increased in the dark (as a % of cellwall area) in both species while mitochondria were larger inthe dark in P. sulcata but not in P. laevigata. Ultrastructuralchanges were not clearly correlated with changes in photosyntheticand respiratory rates. These results directly support the suggestionthat some intra-cellular structures are energy-generating reservesthe dimensions of which can rapidly change. Parmelia sulcata, Parmelia laevigata, lichen algae, light and dark storage, starvation, reserve substances, organdie dimensions     

Effect of Light Quality on the Circadian Expression of Nitrate Reductase in the Red Macroalga Gracilaria tenuistipitata

A circadian rhythm in the activity of nitrate reductase (NR: EC 1.6.6.1) isolated from the marine red algae Gracilaria tenuistipitata is shown to be attributable to the daily oscillation of protein levels. The experiments reported here indicate that light quality has differential effects over NR expression. In extracts of algae grown under white light : dark, red light : dark and blue light : dark cycle, the activity of NR peaks during photophase, as does photosynthesis. Staining with a monoclonal antibody (NR10), raised against NR purified from Porphyra yezoensis, shows that the amount of protein changes by a factor of about 20, with a maximum occurring during photophase when algae are submitted to white and blue light. Red light changes the circadian rhythm of NR protein levels and also inhibits its night degradation. Illumination with blue light is able to restore the NR activity as well as its protein levels only when the light irradiance was the same of the white light. Surprisingly, the red light promoted 40% induction on NR activity under the same conditions.