泰国本地猪种概述

泰国猪种是亚洲猪种的一个重要组成部分,其品种形成与独特的生产性能对我国开展猪种保护和利用有一定的参考价值。本文对泰国的地方猪种的品种类型、地理分布、体尺与外貌特征、生长发育情况与主要生产性能作了概述,并进行了综合评价。     

安徽省家畜分布与土地利用类型关系的研究

本文采用灰色系统理论与方法,研究了安徽省及其各畜牧区的家畜(禽)分布随土地利用类型及人口密度的变化规律,建立了家畜(禽)分布密度的灰色静动态模型。结果表明,安徽省由北向南旱地面积从54％下降到2％;林地则由5.5％上升到62％;水田和水面主要分布在江淮丘陵和沿江平原区。人口密度对各类畜禽的分布密度有较大的影响,关联度为0.65—0.83;旱地比率是影响草食动物分布密度的最主要因素,并联度高达0.9以上;水面的比重对家禽密度的影响高于其它因子。用土地利用类型因子及人口密度所建立的模型,对家畜的实际分布密度及其变化规律的拟合误差在2％左右。     

山西省农业生态类型分区的研究

农业生态系统是一个多元综合性概念。它是由地貌、气候、土壤、水文、植被等自然环境要素和人类活动干预形成的农业生物群落两大部分组成。其组成部分及诸要素多重联系,相互作用,在一定的结构中共同实现系统功能。进行农业生态类型分区是为农业生态系统总体结构的优化研究提供科学依据。从而对     

基质类型对两种沉水植物种间关系的影响

以外来种伊乐藻与土著种苦草为实验生物,通过室外受控实验研究了基质类型对2种水生植物种间关系的影响.结果表明:伊乐藻在2种不同营养水平的基质中均具有明显竞争优势.植物竞争(混栽伊乐藻)对低密度苦草的生长影响不明显,对密度高苦草抑制显著,然而基质类型对低密度苦草的生长影响显著,对高密度苦草无明显影响.同样,植物竞争(混栽苦草)对低密度伊乐藻的生长无明显影响,对密度高伊乐藻抑制显著,然而,无论种植密度高低,基质类型对伊乐藻的生长均有极大影响.本文还对伊乐藻与苦草的种间竞争关系机理进行了探讨,其研究结果对分析外来种入侵后水生植被的演变规律以及湖泊水生植被的管理有一定参考价值.     

猪GH基因部分突变位点对生产性能的影响

本试验利用PCR－RFLPs技术,用MspⅠ,ApaⅠ两种限制酶,检测了猪生长激素基因＋206－＋711位共506bp片段中[ 295- 300, 563- 566]2处突变位点,分析各多态位点在姜曲海猪中的分布及其与生产性能的关系。发现：姜曲海猪中,MspⅠ酶切突变位点中的G1G2基因型和G2G2基因基因型个体的生产性能没有差异,不同日龄体重在两组间变化没有规律。ApaⅠ酶切突变位点G4G4基因型个体的20个日龄体重、45日龄体重高于G3G3／G3G4基因型个体,但差异不显。G4G4基因型个体的70日龄体重极显高于G3G3／G3G4基因型个体（P＜0．01）。G4G4基因型个体的0－70日龄日增重也极显高于G3G3／G3G4基因型个体（P＜0．01）。这些结果显示GH基因有可能作为数量性状基因座的侯选基因。     

草原地区不同生态类型的植物生理特性的比较研究

比较研究了４种不同水分生态型植物在不同水分胁迫下的光合作用、叶片含水量和气孔阻力等生理指标的反应。结果表明,不同水分生态型植物抵御干旱的机制是不同的。中生植物主要是通过增加气孔阻力限制蒸腾失水,而旱生植物则依靠高浓度的细胞原生质减少水分的散失,后者保水效率远高于前者。植物从中生种到旱生种,生理特性亦显示出规律性的种间差异,叶片含水量和气孔阻力水平降低,而单位叶面积的净光合速率增加。     

敦化南北不同景观生态类型鸟类群的比较研究

敦化县位于吉林省东部,长白山系的北段。北处张广才岭的东翼,与黑龙江省为邻;南隔牡丹岭与延边的安图、抚松县相望。 关于鸟类分布研究的文章甚多,大多是以植被为界限。并参考鸟类的分布规律对鸟类群进行划分。植被是影响鸟类分布的因素,但全面研究鸟类群生态地理规律,仅考虑植被因素的影响往往是不够的。笔者依据敦化南北部所进行的工作,试图选取一种综合     

池塘浮游植物生态种组的研究

本文在对池塘浮游植物生物量研究的基础上发现:池塘浮游植物根据它们对环境的适应方式可划分为四个生态种组,生态种组A是一个环境适应能力强,但竞争力弱的类群;生态种组B的动态变化过程与水体中无机氮的含量密切相关;而生态种组C的动态变化过程受水体无机氮含量影响较小;生态种组D是与生态种组A和B相抗衡的一个类群。     

牦牛生态类型的分类

为进一步弄清中国牦牛的遗传资源及其类型划分,利用微卫星DNA、随机扩增多态性（RAPD）、扩增片断长度多态性（AFLP）等3种分子遗传标记技术研究了麦洼牦牛、九龙牦牛、大通牦牛和天祝白牦牛的分类;并结合作者对牦牛染色体和血液蛋白多态性的研究结果探讨了中国牦牛类群的分类.结果：①根据微卫星位点的等位基因频率进行聚类分析,表明麦洼牦牛和九龙牦牛的遗传距离最大（1.506）,麦洼牦牛2个群体之间的遗传距离最小（1.062）.5个牦牛群体被聚为两大类,四川九龙牦牛单独成一大类,其他牦牛群体聚为一类.②根据RAPD和AFLP两种分子遗传标记的分析,表明天祝牦牛和大通牦牛的遗传距离最小（0.0336）,九龙牦牛和天祝牦牛的遗传距离最大（0.0414）,4个牦牛品种被聚为两大类,九龙牦牛品种聚为一类,其它3个牦牛品种聚为一类.大通牦牛和天祝白牦牛在较近的水平上首先聚为一类,然后在较远处与麦洼牦牛聚为一大类.③根据染色体特征和血液蛋白位点的基因频率进行聚类的结果与微卫星DNA、RAPD、AFLP的聚类结果相似.中国牦牛可分为以九龙牦牛和麦洼牦牛为代表的两个类群（型）.这与蔡立等将中国牦牛分为“青藏高原型”和“横断高山型”的结果是一致的.而与其他学者的分类结果有较大的差异.结合中国牦牛品种（群体）的地理分布、生态条件、育成史及其分化的实际情况,作者认为中国牦牛分为两个大的生态类型是合理的.     

The studies of ecological environmental quality assessment in Anhui Province based on ecological footprint

Under the dual pressures of the socio-economic development and the increase in population density, the ecological environmental quality issues in Anhui Province have become increasingly prominent, which seriously handicap the sustainable development of regional economy, and it is more important to evaluate ecological environmental quality. By using the data of ecological environment, society, economy and population in Anhui Province, this paper measures ecological footprint, ecological environmental carrying capacity and ecological deficit and surplus in Anhui Province based on ecological footprint. The results show that ecological environmental quality in Anhui Province is not in the best state of the coordinated development, and the relationship between the supply and the demand of per ecological footprint almost is not in balance.     

不同生长阶段舜皇山土猪肠道微生物组成与多样性

目的 挖掘肠道微生物在舜皇山土猪耐粗饲及抗病等方面的作用,为舜皇山土猪的饲养与保护以及益生菌的开发提供理论依据。 方法 采集3个生长阶段的舜皇山土猪粪便样品,各4~5组,进行16S rDNA V3-V4区基因高通量测序,分析其微生物的组成及多样性。 结果 舜皇山土猪肠道微生物主要由拟杆菌门(Bacteroides)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes )组成,但这两个主要门类的丰富度在各生长阶段有较大差异,且哺乳猪肠道的变形菌门(Proteobacteria)丰富度明显高于其他生长阶段。舜皇山土猪肠道内的Firmicutes/Bacteroides(F/B)比例较低,具有较高的瘦肉率的潜力,但并未表现出很高的瘦肉率,推测与其自身生长缓慢有关。不同生长阶段舜皇山土猪肠道微生物中的优势菌属有所不同,但普氏菌、考拉杆菌属、瘤胃菌科是它们的共性菌,这与商品化猪肠道的优势属(主要是乳杆菌、链球菌等)存在明显差异。考拉杆菌属在肠道微生态的动态平衡方面起着至关重要的作用,并且在含致病菌较少的保育猪中丰富度较高,推测其在舜皇山土猪抗病特性方面具有重要作用。与其他两个生长阶段的猪相比,哺乳猪丰富度差异显著的细菌菌属有23种,保育猪12种,育肥猪27种,但它们含有较多的益生菌,如SCFAs产生菌、木聚糖降解菌、纤维降解菌等,推测与其耐粗饲料特性相关。 结论 舜皇山土猪的发育状态以及饮食习惯影响其肠道微生物的组成。舜皇山土猪的瘦肉率受肠道内F/B比例的影响,同时其自身生长速率也有可能影响其瘦肉率。考拉菌属可能在舜皇山土猪抗病特性方面具有重要作用。舜皇山土猪肠道内的木聚糖降解菌、纤维降解菌等微生物是其耐粗饲的主要原因。     

生态育苗池中的桡足类与河蟹苗产量的关系

探讨了辽宁盘锦辽河三角洲地区中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)生态育苗池中出现的近亲真宽水蚤(Eurytemor affinis)和细巧华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus tenellus)与中华绒螯蟹幼体的关系.结果表明：近亲真宽水蚤和细巧华哲水蚤都严重地影响Ⅰ期中华绒螯蟹溞状幼体的成活率,其密度越大,Ⅰ期溞状幼体的成活率就越低(P＜0.01); Ⅲ期中华绒螯蟹溞状幼体可捕食桡足类无节幼体,且捕食量随着无节幼体密度增加而变大(P＜0.01);Ⅴ期中华绒螯蟹溞状幼体和大眼幼体容易捕食到近亲真宽水蚤而很难捕食到细巧华哲水蚤;蟹苗池中大眼幼体的产量与育苗初期池塘中桡足类的数量呈负相关关系,且不同桡足类密度下大眼幼体收获量差异极显著(P＜0.01).提出了控制和利用蟹苗池中桡足类的措施.     

福建省生态足迹和生态承载力的动态变化

利用生态足迹理论,计算分析了福建省1999～2003年5年间的生态足迹变化过程.结果表明,福建省人均生态足迹由1999年的1.428 hm²上升至2003年的1.658 hm²,人均生态承载力由1999年的0.683 hm²减少到2003年的0.607 hm²,生态赤字逐年提高,生态足迹与生态承载力之间的矛盾加剧,生态环境处于不安全状态.生态足迹供需结构分析表明,福建省人均生态足迹供需存在严重的不平衡,其需求以草地和化石燃料为主,两者占总量的55.74%～63.43%,而供给以耕地为主,草地仅占人均生态承载力的0.77%～0.82%,化石燃料的供给几乎为零.5年间万元GDP生态足迹总体上呈下降趋势,表明福建省的资源利用率不断提高.与此同时,结合福建省经济发展现状和资源分布特点,提出了减少区域生态赤字的对策.     

Genome‐wide association study identifies quantitative trait loci affecting hematological traits in an F2 intercross between Landrace and Korean native pigs

Changes affecting the status of health and robustness can bring about physiological alterations including hematological parameters in swine. To identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with eight hematological traits (one leukocyte trait, six erythrocyte traits and one platelet trait), we conducted a genome‐wide association study using the PorcineSNP60K BeadChip in a resource population derived from an intercross between Landrace and Korean native pigs. A total of 36 740 SNPs from 816 F₂ progeny were analyzed for each blood‐related trait after filtering for quality control. Data were analyzed by the genome‐wide rapid association using mixed model and regression (GRAMMAR) approach. A total of 257 significant SNPs (P < 1.36 × 10^?6) on SSC3, 6, 8, 13 and 17 were identified for blood‐related traits in this study. Interestingly, the genomic region between 17.9 and 130 Mb on SSC8 was found to be significantly associated with red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Our results include the identification of five significant SNPs within five candidate genes (KIT, IL15, TXK, ARAP2 and ERG) for hematopoiesis. Further validation of these identified SNPs could give valuable information for understanding the variation of hematological traits in pigs.     

土著发酵床对商品猪生产性能和血液生化指标的影响

目的采集徐州当地土著微生物作为原始菌株制作发酵床,考察土著发酵床对商品猪生产性能及血液生化指标的影响。方法选择60头杜×长×大三元配套系仔猪进行实验,仔猪断奶日龄为21 d。实验组商品猪饲喂于发酵床猪舍,对照组饲喂于水泥地面猪舍。每组设3个重复,每个重复随机选取健康仔猪10头。仔猪饲喂125 d后考察土著发酵床对商品猪生产性能和血液生化指标的影响。结果土著发酵床具有一定提高商品猪日增重的效果,并可显著降低料重比（P〈0.05）,但对猪酮体品质未产生显著影响。在血液生化指标方面,实验组商品猪血液中的总蛋白、白蛋白、碱性磷酸酶含量均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论土著发酵床可以提高猪的生长性能和免疫机能。     

Prediction of genetic growth curves in pigs

Genetic growth curves of boars in a test station were predicted on daily weight records collected by automated weighing scales. The data contained 121 865 observations from 1477 Norwegian Landrace boars and 108 589 observations from 1300 Norwegian Duroc boars. Random regression models using Legendre polynomials up to second order for weight at different ages were compared for best predicting ability and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) for both breeds. The model with second-order polynomials had best predictive ability and BIC. The heritability for weight, based on this model, was found to vary along the growth trajectory between 0.32-0.35 for Duroc and 0.17-0.25 for Landrace. By varying test length possibility to use shorter test time and pre-selection was tested. Test length was varied and compared with average termination at 100 kg, termination of the test at 90 kg gives, e.g. 2% reduction in accuracy of estimated breeding values (EBV) for both breeds and termination at 80 kg gives 5% reduction in accuracy of EBVs for Landrace and 3% for Duroc. A shorter test period can decrease test costs per boar, but also gives possibilities to increase selection intensity as there will be room for testing more boars.     

Implementation of advanced Optimum Contribution Selection in small-scale breeding schemes: prospects and challenges in Vorderwald cattle

Vorderwald cattle are a regional cattle breed from the Black Forest in south western Germany. In recent decades, commercial breeds have been introgressed to upgrade the breed in performance traits. On one hand, native genetic diversity of the breed should be conserved. On the other hand, moderate rates of genetic gain are needed to satisfy breeders to keep the breed. These goals are antagonistic, since the native proportion of the gene pool is negatively correlated to performance traits and the carriers of introgressed alleles are less related to the population. Thus, a standard Optimum Contribution Selection (OCS) approach would lead to reinforced selection on migrant contributions (MC). Our objective was the development of strategies for practical implementation of an OCS approach to manage the MC and native genetic diversity of regional breeds. Additionally, we examined the organisational efforts and the financial impacts on the breeding scheme of Vorderwald cattle. We chose the advanced Optimum Contribution Selection (aOCS) to manage the breed in stochastic simulations based on real pedigree data. In addition to standard OCS approaches, aOCS facilitates the management of the MC and the rate of inbreeding at native alleles. We examined two aOCS strategies. Both strategies maximised genetic gain, while strategy (I) conserved the MC in the breeding population and strategy (II) reduced the MC at a predefined annual rate. These two approaches were combined with one of three flows of replacement of sires (FoR strategies). Additionally, we compared breeding costs to clarify about the financial impact of implementing aOCS in a young sire breeding scheme. According to our results, conserving the MC in the population led to significantly (P < 0.01) higher genetic gain (1.16 ± 0.13 points/year) than reducing the MC (0.88 ± 0.10 points/year). In simulation scenarios that conserved the MC, the final value of MC was 57.6% ± 0.004, while being constraint to 58.2%. However, reducing the MC is only partially feasible based on pedigree data. Additionally, this study proves that the classical rate of inbreeding can be managed by constraining only the rate of inbreeding at native alleles within the aOCS approach. The financial comparison of the different breeding schemes proved the feasibility of implementing aOCS in Vorderwald cattle. Implementing the modelled breeding scheme would reduce costs by 1.1% compared with the actual scheme. Reduced costs were underpinned by additional genetic gain in superior simulation scenarios compared to expected genetic gain in reality (+4.85%).     

福建不同生态类型鸭种（群）的遗传多样性研究

用40个10碱基随机引物对福建2个生态类型的7个地方鸭种的基因组池DNA进行了RAPD分析,从扩增产物表现为多态的引物筛选出9个特异性强的引物进行个体DNA的RAPD分析,并利用Shannon指数估算了2个生态区域鸭群的遗传多样性,探讨了它们与生态环境之间的关系及其变化规律．结果表明,福建境内的地方鸭种具有较高的遗传多样性,闽东沿海地区鸭群有67．97％的遗传变异来自群体内,32．03％来自于群体间;闽西山地丘陵地区鸭群有59．05％的遗传变异来自群体内,40．95％来自于群体间;闽东地区鸭群的遗传变异明显高于闽西地区鸭群．同时,用非加权组平均法(UPGMA)对各种群的聚类分析表明,闽西地区的连城白鸭、泰宁麻鸭、龙岩山麻鸭和三明麻鸭归为一类;闽东地区的龙海金定鸭和莆田黑鸭聚为一类．不同生态区域内鸭群的遗传变异与地理位置存在一定的相关性．