反义寡核苷酸的化学修饰

反义寡核苷酸的功能在很大程度上取决于其稳定性、生物利用度及与靶基因结合或反应的特性．通过特定的化学修饰可以改变这些物理、化学特性,从而增加其抗病毒、抗肿瘤及对其他特定基因的表达抑制活性．     

植物反义寡核苷酸的研究进展

本文介绍了近年来植物中反义寡核苷酸的研究现状,它包括反义ＤＮＡ、反应ＲＮＡ和Ｒｉｂｏｚｙｍｅ。反义寡核苷酸能特异地拮抗内源或外源基因表达,这为研究某特定基因功能提供了更有效的方法,此外也为培育抗病植株,建立植物反向筛选系统,次生代谢调控及农艺性状改良提供了可能途径。     

植物反义寡核苷酸的研究进展

本文介绍了近年来植物中反义寡核苷酸的研究现状,它包括反义ＤＮＡ、反义ＲＮＡ和Ｒｉｂｏｚｙｍｅ。反义寡核苷酸能特异地桔抗内源或外源基因的表达,这为研究某特定基因功能提供了更为有效的方法。此外也为培育抗病植株、建立植物反向筛选系统,次生代谢调控及农艺性状改良提供了可能途径。     

反义寡核苷酸的抗病毒作用及其研究进展

根据靶核酸序列设计的具有一定长度的反义寡核苷酸可与靶核酸特异结合,从而发挥调节基因表达的功能。本文涉及反义寡核苷酸及其类似物的抗病特性、抗病毒机理、反义寡核苷酸的毒性和药物动力学以及未来的发展前景。     

内皮素-1前体基因反义寡核苷酸对正常和高血压大鼠血流动力学的影响

我们筛选出针对内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）前体基因反义硫代寡核苷酸片断（ＥＴＡＳＯＤＮ）,已证明ＥＴＡＳＯＤＮ能显著抑制培养内皮细胞ＥＴ－１的生成,本应用该片断,对下沉和腹主动脉狭窄－高盐摄入型高血压大鼠侧脑室进行注射,记录注射前后血流动力学指标、注射后侧脑室周围组织中ＥＴ－１的含量及分布,ＥＴＡＳＯＤＮ对正常和高血压大鼠的影响,发现高血压大鼠脑干ＥＴ－１含量明显高于正常大鼠;ＥＴＡＳＯＤＮ能降低高血压     

反义寡核苷酸递送方法研究进展

如何将反义寡核苷酸 (AS ODNs)有效递送进入细胞是反义核酸领域面临的一大难题。近年来 ,出现了多种寡核苷酸 (ODNs)的递送方法。在培养细胞中 ,使用的递送方法包括阳离子载体包裹、特异受体的配体导向、ODNs偶联修饰、细胞膜辅助穿透以及利用逆转录病毒载体转染等 ,其应用有效增强了AS ODNs的作用效果 ,大幅度降低了AS ODNs的使用浓度 ;在体内 ,由于临床使用裸露AS ODNs连续给药能达到一定的反义效果 ,而使递送方法的研究和应用尚处于初步尝试和探索之中 ,迄今报道的递送方法有脂类和非脂类两类。     

吗啉反义寡核苷酸在基因功能研究中的应用

吗啉反义寡核苷酸属于第三代反义寡核苷酸,主要通过阻断mRNA的剪接过程来抑制目的基因的功能。吗啉反义寡核苷酸技术现已广泛应用于发育过程中基因功能的研究;鉴于吗啉反义寡核苷酸能与病毒特异mRNA结合,形成的双链物可有效阻断病毒RNA的转录,从而抑制病毒的复制,所以该技术已应用于医学研究,如治疗病毒感染、癌症、肌营养不良症和早老综合症等疾病。主要阐述了吗啉反义寡核苷酸的结构特点、作用机制、与其它反义技术的比较,以及该技术的应用与展望。     

反义脱氧寡核苷酸的抗SRS病毒活性

本文研究了合成的反义脱氧寡核苷酸片段,包括修饰的和非修饰的,同聚的和异聚的脱氧寡核苷酸对SRS病毒感染细胞的增殖,细胞群落形成,xc融合细胞产生和逆转录酶活性的抑制作用。结果表明上述寡聚物对病毒都有抑制活性。小鼠急性毒性试验在高剂量下未见毒性。各种寡聚物的作用机制不同。     

显微注射外源DNA在早期胚胎中的命运

应用显微注射法制备转基因动物时,外源DNA早期在胚胎的命运比较复杂,但对一些基本问题已有所了解。外源DNA在早期胚胎中发生着一系列的事件:染色体外重组,最终以线性DNA的形式整合入宿主基因组内;不同的细胞周期进行的微注射决定整合的频率及嵌合的比例,整合事件发生于第一个细胞周期S期,大多数呈现非嵌合现象。     

反义寡核苷酸在动脉平滑肌细胞和内皮细胞研究中的应用

动脉粥样硬化、再狭窄和高血压发展中都存在着动脉壁细胞增殖,反义寡核苷酸在抑制基因过量表达进而抑制细胞增殖方面取得了重要进展。现已从干预平滑肌细胞、内皮细胞生长因子的分泌、癌基因的过量表达、细胞同架蛋白的合成等方面广泛地运用了反义寡核苷酸技术。     

Microinjection of mRNA and Morpholino Antisense Oligonucleotides in Zebrafish Embryos.

An essential tool for investigating the role of a gene during development is the ability to perform gene knockdown, overexpression, and misexpression studies. In zebrafish (Danio rerio), microinjection of RNA, DNA, proteins, antisense oligonucleotides and other small molecules into the developing embryo provides researchers a quick and robust assay for exploring gene function in vivo. In this video-article, we will demonstrate how to prepare and microinject in vitro synthesized EGFP mRNA and a translational-blocking morpholino oligo against pkd2, a gene associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), into 1-cell stage zebrafish embryos. We will then analyze the success of the mRNA and morpholino microinjections by verifying GFP expression and phenotype analysis. Broad applications of this technique include generating transgenic animals and germ-line chimeras, cell-fate mapping and gene screening. Herein we describe a protocol for overexpression of EGFP and knockdown of pkd2 by mRNA and morpholino oligonucleotide injection.     

Peptide Conjugates of Oligonucleotides As Enhanced Antisense Agents

The use of synthetic oligonucleotides and their analogs to block gene expression by binding the complementary RNA sequences in cells, the antisense principle, has been limited by poor uptake of the agents by cells in culture. This review describes attempts to harness by chemical conjugation the ability of certain peptides that may cross membranes to enhance the cellular uptake of oligonucleotides. These include fusogenic and hydrophobic peptides, nuclear localization signals, receptor targeting and translocating peptides, and various combinations. We also outline briefly some popular methods of peptide–oligonucleotide conjugation. Finally, we review the use of noncovalent peptide additives and the recent studies of conjugates of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) with peptides.     

以胰岛素样生长因子受体1基因为靶的反义寡核苷酸体内外抗肿瘤研究

以胰岛素样生长因子受体－1基因为靶筛选抗肿瘤药物.根据IGF1RmRNA的二级结构设计了9条反义寡核苷酸药物,以脂质体介导进行转染,MTT染色计算细胞生长抑制率,从中筛选出一条序列并对之进行优化,最后以最佳序列进行体外作用持续时间及体内细胞生长抑制率分析.结果表明该序列在体内外具有良好的抗肿瘤活性,具有剂量依赖性关系,且对荷瘤裸鼠无明显的毒性.IGF1R可作为肿瘤治疗的新靶点.     

反义寡核苷酸prop5在A549细胞内具有抗流感病毒活性

目的：研究硫代反义寡核苷酸prop5在细胞水平的抗流感活性及其作用机制。方法：cy3标记prop5用于考查人肺腺癌细胞A549对硫代反义寡核酸的摄取;利用实时荧光定量PCR检测流感病毒RNA拷贝数,Western印迹检测prop5对PDCD5蛋白表达和caspase-3蛋白剪切的抑制;利用间接免疫荧光和Western印迹检测prop5对病毒核糖核蛋白复合体（RNP）出核的影响;利用TUNEL检测prop5对流感病毒引起细胞凋亡的抑制作用。结果：流感病毒感染促进A549细胞摄取prop5;prop5下调感染病毒的A549细胞中PDCD5蛋白的表达,并能抑制流感病毒的复制;prop5抑制流感病毒引起的A549细胞的凋亡;prop5抑制病毒RNP出核。结论：prop5在细胞水平具有抗流感病毒活性,其作用机制可能同抑制RNP出核有关;本研究为进一步探讨宿主-病毒相互作用和抗流感药物开发奠定了基础。     

反义技术及其在G蛋白研究中的应用

反义技术至少包括反义寡核苷酸技术、反义RNA技术和核酶技术.在G蛋白研究中,反义技术在G蛋白受体及受体亚型研究、G蛋白转导信号特异性研究方面及对G蛋白耦联信号传导途径与其他信号传导途径之间“cross talk”认识方面的研究中,有着广泛的应用.     

反义c－fos和c－jun抑制IL－1诱导阿片肽分泌

白细胞介素-1(IL-1)及阿片肽作为神经调质参与了神经细胞兴奋性毒性作用.以大鼠大脑皮层神经细胞为研究对象,探讨了IL-1、阿片肽和c-fos、c-jun表达产物之间的关系.结果表明,IL-1β能诱导大脑皮层神经细胞c-fos、c-jun mRNA瞬时短暂表达,15min增高,30min达高峰,c-fos mKNA 2h回至基线水平,c-jun mRNA 8h回至基线水平;联合应用c-fos、c-jun反义寡核苷酸能部分抑制IL-1诱导的大脑皮层神经细胞脑啡肽及β-内啡肽分泌增加,呈一定量效关系,相应意义寡核苷酸无抑制作用.提示IL-1促进大脑皮层神经细胞脑啡肽及β-内啡肽分泌作用部分受Fos和Jun蛋白调控.     

Micromanipulation of Gene Expression in the Adult Zebrafish Brain Using Cerebroventricular Microinjection of Morpholino Oligonucleotides

Manipulation of gene expression in tissues is required to perform functional studies. In this paper, we demonstrate the cerebroventricular microinjection (CVMI) technique as a means to modulate gene expression in the adult zebrafish brain. By using CVMI, substances can be administered into the cerebroventricular fluid and be thoroughly distributed along the rostrocaudal axis of the brain. We particularly focus on the use of antisense morpholino oligonucleotides, which are potent tools for knocking down gene expression in vivo. In our method, when applied, morpholino molecules are taken up by the cells lining the ventricular surface. These cells include the radial glial cells, which act as neurogenic progenitors. Therefore, knocking down gene expression in the radial glial cells is of utmost importance to analyze the widespread neurogenesis response in zebrafish, and also would provide insight into how vertebrates could sustain adult neurogenesis response. Such an understanding would also help the efforts for clinical applications in human neurodegenerative disorders and central nervous system regeneration. Thus, we present the cerebroventricular microinjection method as a quick and efficient way to alter gene expression and neurogenesis response in the adult zebrafish forebrain. We also provide troubleshooting tips and other useful information on how to carry out the CVMI procedure.     

反义核酸在肿瘤研究中的应用

反义核酸研究已活跃于肿瘤研究及基因治疗领域,反义核酸通过碱基配对待异性地抑制基因表达,因此为研究肿瘤中癌基因和生长因子的功能及癌基因突变检测提供了更为有效的手段,并为肿瘤的基因治疗提供了可能途径.文章综述了反义核酸在基因治疗中所面临的问题及部分解决办法.     

Hybridization of Antisense Oligonucleotides with α‐Sarcin Loop Region of Escherichia coli 23S rRNA

Binding of complementary oligonucleotides (ONs) with α‐sarcin loop region (2638–2682) of Escherichia coli 23S rRNA was investigated. Four of the tested pentadecanucleotides efficiently bound to target sequences with association rate and equilibrium constants ～ 10³ M^? 1s^? 1 and 10⁷ M^? 1, respectively. ON S5 (CGAGAGGACCGGAGU) complementary to the sequence 2658–2672 displayed the highest affinity to the target. Activation energy for binding of ON S5 was measured to be 11 kcal/mol; this value corresponds to ～ 10% of the calculated enthalpy of the local RNA structure unfolding in the presence of this oligonucleotide. The activation energy value is evidence for the heteroduplex formation to occur via strand displacement pathway; the initiation of heteroduplex formation requires disruption of 1–2 base pairs in RNA hairpin.     

Microinjection of in vitro transcribed RNA and antisense oligonucleotides in mouse oocytes and early embryos to study the gain- and loss-of-function of genes

Mouse oocytes have proven useful in experiments aimed at studying gene function. They have been used to analyze the gain-of-function acquired after microinjection of RNA transcribed in vitro from specific gene constructs, and for establishing loss-of-function mutation obtained by injecting in vitro transcribed antisense RNA and/or synthetic oligonucleotides. This article presents protocols utilized in these studies. Specifically, the acquisition of mouse oocytes and/or embryos, the genesis of the necessary DNA and/or RNA to be used, and procedures for microinjection.