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1.
Goal and Background LCIA procedures that have been used in the South Africa manufacturing industry include the CML, Ecopoints, EPS and Eco-indicators
95 and 99 procedures. The aim of this paper is to evaluate and compare the applicability of these European LCIA procedures
within the South African context, using a case study.
Methods The five European methods have been evaluated based on the applicability of the respective classification, characterisation,
normalization and weighting approaches for the South African situation. Impact categories have been grouped into air, water,
land and mined abiotic resources for evaluation purposes. The evaluation and comparison is further based on a cradle-to-gate
Screening Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA) case study of the production of dyed two-fold wool yarn in South Africa.
Results and Discussion Where land is considered as a separate category (CML, Eco-indicator 99 and EPS), the case study highlights this inventory
constituent as the most important. Similarly, water usage is shown as the second most important in one LCIA procedure (EPS)
where it is taken into account. However, the impact assessment modelling for these categories may not be applicable for the
variance in South African ecosystems. If land and water is excluded from the interpretation, air emissions, coal usage, ash
disposal, pesticides and chrome emissions to water are the important constituents in the South African wool industry.
Conclusions In most cases impact categories and procedures defined in the LCIA methods for air pollution, human health and mined abiotic
resources are applicable in South Africa. However, the relevance of the methods is reduced where categories are used that
impact ecosystem quality, as ecosystems differ significantly between South Africa and the European continent. The methods
are especially limited with respect to water and land resources. Normalisation and weighting procedures may also be difficult
to adapt to South African conditions, due to the lack of background information and social, cultural and political differences.
Recommendations and Outlook Further research is underway to develop a framework for a South African LCIA procedure, which will be adapted from the available
European procedures. The wool SLCA must be revisited to evaluate and compare the proposed framework with the existing LCIA
procedures. 相似文献
2.
Elisabeth Hochschorner Göran Finnveden 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2006,11(3):200-208
Goal, Scope and Background
Procurement in public and non-public organisations has the potential to influence product development towards more environmentally
friendly products. This article focuses on public procurement with procurement in Swedish defence as a special case. In 2003,
public procurement in Sweden was 28% of the GDP. In the Swedish defence sector the amount was 2% of the GDP. The total emissions
from the sector were of the same order of magnitude as from waste treatment (2% of Sweden's emissions). According to an appropriation
letter from the Ministry of Defence in 1998, the Swedish Armed Forces (SAF) and the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration
(FMV) are required to take environmental issues into consideration during the entire process of acquiring defence materiel.
Environmental aspects are considered today, but without a life-cycle perspective.
- The aims of this article are to recommend suitable tools for taking environmental concerns into account, considering a product's
life-cycle, in the procurement process for defence materiel in Sweden; to make suggestions for how these tools could be used
in the acquisition process; and to evaluate these suggestions through interviews with actors in the acquisition process. The
procurement process does not include aspects specific to Swedish defence, and it is therefore likely to be comparable to processes
in other countries.
Methods
The method involved a study of current literature and interviews with various actors in the acquisition process. The life
cycle methods considered were quantitative Life Cycle Assessments, a simplified LCA-method called the MECO method and Life
Cycle Costing (LCC).
Results and Discussion
Methodology recommendations for quantitative LCA and simplified LCA are presented in the article, as well as suggestions on
how to integrate LCA methods in the acquisition process. We identified four areas for use for LCA in the acquisition process:
to learn about environmental aspects of the product; to fulfil requirements from customers; to set environmental requirements
and to choose between alternatives. Therefore, tools such as LCAs are useful in several steps in the acquisition process.
Conclusion
From the interviews, it became clear that the actors in the acquisition process think that environmental aspects should be
included early in the process. The actors are interested in using LCA methods, but there is a need for an initiative from
one or several of them if the method is to be used regularly in the process. Environmental and acquisition issues are handled
with very little interaction in the controlling and ordering organisation. An integration of environmental and acquisition
parts in these organisations is probably needed in order to integrate environmental aspects in general and life-cycle thinking
in particular. Other difficulties identified are costs and time constraints.
Recommendation and Perspective
In order to include the most significant aspects when procuring materiel, it is important to consider the whole life-cycle
of the products. Our major recommendation is that the defence sector should work systematically through different product
groups. For each product group, quantitative, traditional LCAs or simplified LCAs (in this case modified MECOs) should be
performed for reference products within each product group. The results should be an identification of critical aspects in
the life-cycles of the products. The studies will also form a database that can be used when making new LCAs. This knowledge
should then be used when writing specifications of what to procure and setting criteria for procurement. The reports should
be publicly available to allow reviews and discussions of results. To make the work more cost-effective, international co-operation
should be sought. In addition, LCAs can also be performed as an integrated part of the acquisition process in specific cases. 相似文献
3.
Kerwin Strauss Alan Brent Sibbele Hietkamp 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2006,11(3):162-171
Goal and Background Current Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) procedures have demonstrated certain limitations in the South African manufacturing
industry. The aim of this paper is to propose new characterisation and normalisation factors for classified mined abiotic
resource depletion categories in the South African context. These factors should reflect the importance of mined resources
as they relate to region-specific resource depletion. The method can also be applied to determine global factors.
Methods The reserve base (as in 2001) of the most commonly produced minerals in South Africa is used as basis to determine characterisation
factors for a non-renewable mineral resources category. The average production of these minerals from 1991 to 2000 is compared
to economically Demonstrated and Demonstrated Marginal Reserves (and not ultimate reserves) to obtain the characterisation
factors in equivalence units, with platinum as the reference mineral. Similarly, for a non-renewable energy resources category,
coal is used in South Africa as equivalent unit as it is the most important fossil fuel for the country. Crude oil and natural
gas resources are currently obtained from reserves elsewhere in the world and characterisation factors are therefore determined
using global resources and production levels. The normalisation factors are based on the total economic reserves of key South
African minerals and world non-renewable energy resources respectively. A case study of the manufacturing of an exhaust system
for a standard sedan is used to compare LCIA results for mined abiotic resource categories that are based on current LCIA
factors and the new South African factors.
Results and Discussion The South African LCIA procedure differs from current methods in that it shows the importance of other mined resources, i.e.
iron ore and crude oil, relative to PGMs and coal for the manufacturing life cycle of the exhaust system. With respect to
PGMs, the current characterisation factors are based on the concentrations of the metals in the ores and the ultimate reserves,
which are erroneous with respect to the actual availability of the mineral resources and the depletion burden placed on these
minerals is consequently too high.
Conclusions The South African LCIA procedure for mined abiotic resources depletion shows the significance of choosing a method, which
is inline with the current situation in the mining industry and its limitations.
Recommendations and Outlook It is proposed to similarly investigate the impacts of the use of other natural resource groups. Water, specifically, must
receive attention in the characterisation phase of LCIAs in South African LCAs. 相似文献
4.
Jeroen Guinée Gjalt Huppes José Potting 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2006,11(1):3-15
Goal, Scope and Background The importance of the social dimension of sustainable development increased significantly during the last decade of the twentieth
century. Industry has subsequently experienced a shift in stakeholder pressures from environmental to social-related concerns,
where new developments in the form of projects and technologies are undertaken. However, the measurement of social impacts
and the calculation of suitable indicators are less well developed compared to environmental indicators in order to assess
the potential liabilities associated with undertaken projects and technologies. The aim of this paper is to propose a Social
Impact Indicator (SII) calculation procedure based on a previously introduced Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) calculation
procedure for environmental Resource Impact Indicators (RIIs), and to demonstrate the practicability of the SII procedure
in the context of the process industry in South Africa.
Methods A framework of social sustainability criteria has been introduced for the South African process industry. The social sub-criteria
of the framework are further analyzed, based on project and technology management expertise in the South African process industry,
to determine whether the criteria should be addressed at project or technology management level or whether they should rather
form part of an overall corporate governance policy for new projects and technologies. Furthermore, the proposed indicators
for criteria that are considered appropriate for project or technology evaluation purposes are constrained by the type of
information that is available, i.e. the calculation methodology relies on the availability of regional or national social
information where the project will be implemented, as well as the availability of project- or technology-specific social information
during the various phases of the project or technology development life cycle. Case studies in the process industry and statistical
information for South Africa are subsequently used to establish information availability for the SII calculation procedure,
demonstrate the SII method together with the RII method, and determine the practical use of the SII method.
Results and Conclusion The case studies establish that social footprint information as well as project- and technology social data are not readily
available in the South African process industry. Consequently, the number of mid-point categories that can be evaluated are
minimal, which results in an impaired social picture when compared to the environmental dimension. It is concluded that a
quantitative social impact assessment method cannot be applied for project and technology life cycle management purposes in
industry at present.
Recommendation and Perspective Following the outcomes of the case studies in the South African process industry, it is recommended that checklists and guidelines
be used during project and technology life cycle management practices. Similar to the environmental dimension, it is envisaged
that such checklists and guidelines would improve the availability of quantitative data in time, and would therefore make
the SII procedure more practical in the future. 相似文献
5.
Goal and Background Current Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) procedures have demonstrated certain limitations in the South African manufacturing
industry context. The aim of this paper is to propose a modified LCIA procedure, which is based on the protection of resource
groups.
Methods A LCIA framework is introduced that applies the characterisation procedure of available midpoint categories, with the exception
of land use. Characterisation factors for land occupation and transformation is suggested for South Africa. A distanceto-target
approach is used for the normalisation of midpoint categories, which focuses on the ambient quality and quantity objectives
for four resource groups: Air, Water, Land and Mined Abiotic Resources. The quality and quantity objectives are determined
for defined South African Life Cycle Assessment (SALCA) Regions and take into account endpoint or damage targets. Following
the precautionary approach, a Resource Impact Indicator (RII) is calculated for the resource groups. Subjective weighting
values for the resource groups are also proposed, based on survey results from the manufacturing industry sector and the expenditure
trends of the South African national government. The subjective weighting values are used to calculate overall Environmental
Performance Resource Impact Indicators (EPRIIs) when comparing life cycle systems with each other. The proposed approaches
are evaluated with a known wool case study.
Results and Discussion The calculation of a RJI ensures that all natural resources that are important from a South African perspective are duly considered
in a LCIA. The results of a LCIA are consequently not reliant on a detailed Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) and the number of midpoint
categories that converge on a single resource group. The case study establishes the importance of region-specificity, for
LCIs and LCIAs.
Conclusions The proposed LCIA procedure demonstrates reasonable ease of communication of LCIA results. It further allows for the inclusion
of additional midpoint categories and is adaptable for specific regions.
Recommendations and Outlook The acceptance of the LCIA procedure must be evaluated for different industry and government sectors. Also, the adequate incorporation
of Environmental Performance Resource Impact Indicators (EPRIIs) into decision-making for Life Cycle Management purposes must
be researched further. Specifically, the application of the procedures for supply chain management will be investigated. 相似文献
6.
农业生命周期评价研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
作为评价产品系统全链条环境影响的有效工具,生命周期评价(LCA)方法已广泛用于工业领域。农业领域也面临着高强度的资源和环境压力,LCA在农业领域的应用应运而生。旨在综述已有农业LCA研究的基础上,鉴别农业LCA应用存在的问题,并为农业LCA未来的发展提出建议。目前农业LCA存在系统边界和功能单位界定不明晰、缺少区域清单数据库、生命周期环境影响评价模型(LCIA)不能准确反映农业系统环境影响、结果解释存在误区等方面的问题。为了科学准确地衡量农业系统的环境影响,促进农业系统的可持续发展,文章认为农业LCA应该从以下几个方面加强研究,即科学界定评价的参照系、系统边界的扩大及功能单位的合理选取、区域异质性数据库构建与LCIA模型开发、基于组织农业LCA的开发以及对于利益相关者行为的研究。 相似文献
7.
Wulf-Peter Schmidt 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2006,11(5):315-322
Background, Aim and Scope
Sustainability is a well recognised goal which is difficult to manage due to its complexity. As part of a series of sustainability
management tools, a Product Sustainability Index (PSI) is translating the sustainability aspects to the organization of vehicle
product development of Ford of Europe, thus allocating ownership and responsibility to that function. PSI is limiting the
scope to those key environmental, social and economic characteristics of passenger vehicles that are controllable by the product
development organisation.
Materials and Methods:
The PSI considers environmental, economic and social aspects based on externally reviewed life cycle environmental and cost
aspects (Life Cycle Assessment, Cost of ownership / Life Cycle Costing), externally certified aspects (allergy-tested interior)
and related aspects as sustainable materials, safety, mobility capability and noise. After the kick-off of their product development
in 2002, the new Ford S-MAX and Ford Galaxy are serving as a pilot for this tool. These products are launched in Europe in
2006. The tracking of PSI performance has been done by engineers of the Vehicle Integration department within the product
development organization. The method has been translated in an easy spreadsheet tool. Engineers have been trained within one
hour trainings. The application of PSI by vehicle integration followed the principle to reduce the need for any incremental
time or additional data to a minimum. PSI is adopted to the existing decision-making process. End of 2005, an internal expert
conducted a Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Costing (LCC) study for verification purposes using commercial software.
This study and the PSI have been scrutinized by an external review panel according to ISO14040 and, by taking into consideration
the on-going SETAC, work in the field of LCC.
Results:
The results of the Life Cycle based indicators of PSI as calculated by non-experts are fully in line with those of the more
detailed expert study. The difference is below 2%. The new Ford Galaxy and Ford S-MAX shows significantly improved performance
regarding the life cycle air quality, use of sustainable materials, restricted substances and safety compared to the previous
model Galaxy. The affordability (Life Cycle Cost of Ownership) has also been improved when looking at the same engine types.
Looking at gasoline versus diesel options, the detailed study shows under what conditions the diesel options are environmentally
preferable and less costly (mileage, fuel prices, etc.).
Discussion:
The robustness of results has been verified in various ways. Based also on Sensitivity and Monte-Carlo Analysis, case study-specific
requirements have been deduced defining criteria for a significant environmental improvement between the various vehicles.
Only if the differences of LCIA results between two vehicles are larger than a certain threshold are the above-mentioned results
robust.
Conclusions:
In general terms, an approach has been implemented and externally reviewed that allows non-experts to manage key environmental,
social and economic aspects in the product development, also on a vehicle level. This allows mainstream functions to take
ownership of sustainability and assigns accountability to those who can really decide on changes affecting the sustainability
performance. In the case of Ford S-MAX and Galaxy, indicators from all three dimensions of sustainability (environment, social
and economic) have been improved compared to the old Ford Galaxy.
Recommendations and Perspectives:
Based on this positive experience, it is recommended to make, in large or multinational organizations, the core business functions
directly responsible and accountable for managing their own part of environmental, social and economic aspects of sustainability.
Staff functions should be limited to starting the process with methodological and training support and making sure that the
contributions of the different main functions fit together. 相似文献
8.
Sustainability-a term originating from silviculture, which was adopted by UNEP as the main political goal for the future development
of humankind-is also the ultimate aim of product development. It comprises three components: environment, economy and social
aspects which have to be properly assessed and balanced if a new product is to be designed or an existing one is to be improved.
The responsibility of the researchers involved in the assessment is to provide appropriate and reliable instruments. For the
environmental part there is already an internationally standardized tool: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Life Cycle Costing
(LCC) is the logical counterpart of LCA for the economic assessment. LCC surpasses the purely economic cost calculation by
taking into account hidden costs and potentially external costs over the life cycle of the product. It is a very important
point that different life-cycle based methods (including Social Life Cycle Assessment) for sustainablity assessment use the
same system boundaries. 相似文献
9.
10.
Ingo A. Stinnes Daan C. Page Günter Fleischer 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1996,1(2):110-112
This article investigates the possibilities for and potential applications of Life Cycle Assessments (LCA’s) and specifically of Life Cycle Inventories (LCI’s) in developing countries (e.g. South Africa). The situation in South Africa is compared to that prevailing in Germany, a highly developed country. Although South Africa is unique concerning the different degrees of development within the industry, most of the principles discussed in this article can be applied similarly to other developing countries. No significant full LCI studies have yet been performed in South Africa. Although the immediate local needs for the South Africa enonomy are solving labour problems, creating jobs, building houses, the industries should seriously consider performing LCA and related studies for their products. The concept of quality should be extended to include the environmental performance of a product, process or service. 相似文献
11.
Andreas Ciroth Marcel Hagelüken Guido W. Sonnemann Francesc Castells Günter Fleischer 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2002,7(5):295-300
Goal and Background Geographical and technological differences in Life Cycle Inventory data are an important source for uncertainty in the result
of Life Cycle Assessments. Knowledge on their impact on the result of an LCA is scarce, and also knowledge on how to manage
them in an LCA case study.
Objective Goal of this paper is to explore these differences for municipal solid waste incinerator plants, and to develop recommendations
for managing technological and geographical differences.
Methodology The paper provides a definition of technological and geographical differences, and analyses their possible impacts. In a case
study, the differences are caused intentionally in ‘games’, by virtually transplanting incineration plants to a different
location and by changing parameters such as the composition of the waste input incinerated. The games are performed by using
a modular model for municipal solid waste incinerator plants. In each case, an LCA including an Impact Assessment is calculated
to trace the impact of these changes, and the results are compared.
Conclusions The conclusions of the paper are two-fold: (1) reduce the differences in inventory data where their impact on the result is
high; where it is possible reducing them to a great extent, and the effort for performing the change acceptable; in the case
of incineration plants: Adapt the flue gas treatment, especially a possible DeNOx step, to the real conditions; (2) make use
of modular process models that allow adapting plant parameters to better meet real conditions, but be aware of possible modelling
errors. The paper invites the scientific community to validate the model used for a waste incinerator plant, and suggest putting
up similar models for other processes, preferably those of similar relevance for Life Cycle Inventories. 相似文献
12.
Joule A. Bergerson Adam Brandt Joe Cresko Michael Carbajales‐Dale Heather L. MacLean H. Scott Matthews Sean McCoy Marcelle McManus Shelie A. Miller William R. Morrow I. Daniel Posen Thomas Seager Timothy Skone Sylvia Sleep 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2020,24(1):11-25
Life cycle assessment (LCA) analysts are increasingly being asked to conduct life cycle‐based systems level analysis at the earliest stages of technology development. While early assessments provide the greatest opportunity to influence design and ultimately environmental performance, it is the stage with the least available data, greatest uncertainty, and a paucity of analytic tools for addressing these challenges. While the fundamental approach to conducting an LCA of emerging technologies is akin to that of LCA of existing technologies, emerging technologies pose additional challenges. In this paper, we present a broad set of market and technology characteristics that typically influence an LCA of emerging technologies and identify questions that researchers must address to account for the most important aspects of the systems they are studying. The paper presents: (a) guidance to identify the specific technology characteristics and dynamic market context that are most relevant and unique to a particular study, (b) an overview of the challenges faced by early stage assessments that are unique because of these conditions, (c) questions that researchers should ask themselves for such a study to be conducted, and (d) illustrative examples from the transportation sector to demonstrate the factors to consider when conducting LCAs of emerging technologies. The paper is intended to be used as an organizing platform to synthesize existing methods, procedures and insights and guide researchers, analysts and technology developer to better recognize key study design elements and to manage expectations of study outcomes. 相似文献
13.
14.
Prado Valentina Cinelli Marco Ter Haar Sterre F. Ravikumar Dwarakanath Heijungs Reinout Guinée Jeroen Seager Thomas P. 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2020,25(12):2393-2406
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment - Weighting in life cycle assessment (LCA) incorporates stakeholder preferences in the decision-making process of comparative LCAs. Research... 相似文献
15.
Francart Nicolas Widström Torun Malmqvist Tove 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2021,26(11):2109-2126
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment - Previous life cycle assessments (LCAs) of buildings and building components show a broad range of values for the impact of maintenance and... 相似文献
16.
Sabrina Spatari Michael Betz Harald Florin Martin Baitz Michael Faltenbacher 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(2):81-84
The growing availability of software tools has increased the speed of generating LCA studies. Databases and visual tools for
constructing material balance modules greatly facilitate the process of analyzing the environmental aspects of product systems
over their life cycle. A robust software tool, containing a large LCI dataset and functions for performing LCIA and sensitivity
analysis will allow companies and LCA practitioners to conduct systems analyses efficiently and reliably. This paper discusses
how the GaBi 3 software tool can be used to perform LCA and Life Cycle Engineering (LCE), a methodology that combines life
cycle economic, environmental, and technology assessment. The paper highlights important attributes of LCA software tools,
including high quality, well-documented data, transparency in modeling, and data analysis functionality. An example of a regional
power grid mix model is used to illustrate the versatility of GaBi 3. 相似文献
17.
Goal, Scope and Background Assessing future energy and transport systems is of major importance for providing timely information for decision makers.
In the discussion of technology options, fuel cells are often portrayed as attractive options for power plants and automotive
applications. However, when analysing these systems, the LCA analyst is confronted with methodological problems, particularly
with data gaps and the requirement of an anticipation of future developments. This series of two papers aims at providing
a methodological framework for assessing future energy and transport systems (Part 1) and applies this to the two major application
areas of fuel cells (Part 2).
Methods To allow the LCA of future energy and transport systems forecasting tools like, amongst others, cost estimation methods and
process simulation of systems are investigated with respect to the applicability in LCAs of future systems (Part 1). The manufacturing
process of an SOFC stack is used as an illustration for the forecasting procedure. In Part 2, detailed LCAs of fuel cell power
plants and power trains are carried out including fuel (hydrogen, methanol, gasoline, diesel and natural gas) and energy converter
production. To compare it with competing technologies, internal combustion engines (automotive applications) and reciprocating
engines, gas turbines and combined cycle plants (stationary applications) are analysed as well.
Results and Discussion Principally, the investigated forecasting methods are suitable for future energy system assessment. The selection of the best
method depends on different factors such as required ressources, quality of the results and flexibility. In particular, the
time horizon of the investigation determines which forecasting tool may be applied. Environmentally relevant process steps
exhibiting a significant time dependency shall always be investigated using different independent forecasting tools to ensure
stability of the results.
The results of the LCA (Part 2) underline that principally, fuel cells offer advantages in the impact categories which are
typically dominated by pollutant emissions, such as acidification and eutrophication, whereas for global warming and primary
energy demand, the situation depends on a set of parameters such as driving cycle and fuel economy ratio in mobile applica-tions
and thermal/total efficiencies in stationary applications. For the latter impact categories, the choice of the primary en-ergy
carrier for fuel production (renewable or fossil) dominates the impact reduction. With increasing efficiency and improving
emission performance of the conventional systems, the competition regarding all impact categories in both mobile and stationary
applications is getting even stronger.
The production of the fuel cell system is of low overall significance in stationary applications, whereas in automotive applications,
the production of the fuel cell power train and required materials leads to increased impacts compared to internal combustion
engines and thus reduces the achievable environmental impact reduction.
Recommendations and Perspectives The rapid technological and energy economic development will bring further advances for both fuel cells and conventional energy
converters. Therefore, LCAs at such an early stage of the market development can only be considered preliminary. It is an
essential requirement to accompany the ongoing research and development with iterative LCAs, constantly pointing at environmental
hot spots and bottlenecks. 相似文献
18.
Guido W. Sonnemann Anne Solgaard Konrad Saur Helias A. Udo de Haes Kim Christiansen Allan Astrup Jensen 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(6):325-333
On August 30, 2001, the first in a series of planned global workshops on Life Cycle Management was organized in Copenhagen by UNEP in cooperation with dk-TEKNIK. The workshop provided an international forum to share experiences on LCM. The specific purpose of the workshop was to define the focus of a possible UNEP programme on Life Cycle Management under the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative. Life Cycle Management has been defined by the SETAC Europe Working Group on LCM as an integrated framework of concepts, techniques and procedures to address environmental, economic, technological and social aspects of products and organizations to achieve continuous environmental improvement from a life cycle perspective. Life Cycle Management has been requested as an additional component for the Life Cycle Initiative by business organizations as well as governments in order to provide practical approaches for management systems in this area. The breakout groups of the workshop focussed on the role of integrating environmental management practices, concepts and tools in a life cycle perspective, on the integration of socio-economic aspects of sustainability in life cycle approaches, including the definition of adequate indicators for these aspects, on the communication strategies to promote life cycle thinking, and on the demand side of LCA. The workshop closed with a consensus that the UNEP/ SETAC Life Cycle Initiative should really include a programme on Life Cycle Management with the proposed areas of work. UNEP in cooperation with SETAC should function as a global catalyser of knowledge transfer and cooperation on life cycle approaches. The key issue behind all activities would be the promotion of Life Cycle Thinking since all break-out groups mentioned the importance of well-prepared communication strategies. Another interesting outcome of the workshop is the clear interest of different stakeholders in the consideration of social and institutional effects of products, in addition to environmental and economic impacts, i.e. a sustainable development perspective. 相似文献
19.
Goal, Scope and Background The Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) system has been installed at the biggest lignite-fired power generation plant in Thailand
to reduce the large amount of SO2 emission. In order to understand the costs and benefits, both in ecological and economic terms, the lignite-fired plant was
studied both before and after the installation of the FGD system. The focus of this study is to consider not only the Life
Cycle Assessment (LCA) outcome but also the Life Cycle Costing (LCC) factors. The results can provide valuable information
when selecting appropriate technologies to minimize the negative impact that lignite-fired power plants have on the environment.
Methods The Life Cycle Assessment - Numerical Eco-load Total Standardization (LCA-NETS) system was used to evaluate the impact on
the environment of both the lignite-fired plant and the FGD system. Life Cycle Costing (LCC) was used to provide a comparison
between alternative before and after installation of FGD. LCC, a powerful analytical tool, examines the total cost, in net
present value terms, of a FGD system over its entire service lifetime.
Results and Discussion The results of the study are shown in the eco-load values over the entire life cycle of the lignite-fired plant. Comparative
models of the power plant, before and after the installation of the FGD system, are evaluated using the LCA-NETS system. The
results indicate that the installation of the FGD system can reduce the acidification problem associated with lignite-fired
plants by approximately 97%. The LCC estimation shows the major costs of the FGD system: capital investment, operating and
maintenance, and miscellaneous costs. The LCC provides the decision-making information when considering the cost of the FGD
system in terms of protecting the environment.
Conclusion and Outlook LCA is an important decision-making tool for environmental policies, especially with regard to the selection of pollution
control equipment for lignite-fired plants. Green coal technologies and strategies to reduce the negative impact on the environment
are essential to produce more environmentally-friendly power plants with a sustainable future. 相似文献
20.
Syndhia Mathe 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2014,19(8):1506-1514