腺病毒新型别的研究进展

腺病毒是DNA双链病毒,与人类的多种疾病相关。迄今为止,文献报道的人腺病毒已有60多个型别。52～67型腺病毒是基于全基因组测序和生物信息学分析被发现和划分的。与以往传统血清学方法确定的51个血清型在组成方式,致病性等方面都有所不同,这些新型腺病毒大部分是由同亚属的某两个或几个血清型同源重组而成,某些病毒重组后疾病谱发生了改变。虽然重组是病毒进化的一种方式,重组现象普遍存在于新型腺病毒中,但是重组发生的机制尚不清楚,是否对人类具有潜在的危险有待进一步的研究。总之,目前新型腺病毒正逐渐受到关注,本文就新型腺病毒研究的进展展开综述,了解人腺病毒属新型别的研究现状。     

HBV逆转录复制分子机制的研究进展

HBV感染是世界范围的公共卫生事件,我国尤为严重。理解和阐明HBV逆转录复制分子机制是优化治疗和处理耐药的基础。目前,通过生物化学及遗传学手段揭示了参与HBV逆转录过程的主要结构基础及顺式作用元件。在HBV逆转录复制过程中,主要经历了由P-ε结构介导的第一次模板转换、5E/3E及M介导的第二次模板转换和5′r/3′r介导的第三次模板转换,从而完成逆转录复制整个过程。本文对这一过程中所涉及的重要结构和顺式作用元件详细阐述,同时对相关研究进展加以概括说明,以期能够给出HBV逆转录过程的全貌。     

Donating Embryos to Stem Cell Research The “Problem” of Gratitude

This paper is based on linked qualitative studies of the donation of human embryos to stem cell research carried out in the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and China. All three studies used semi-structured interview protocols to allow an in-depth examination of donors’ and non-donors’ rationales for their donation decisions, with the aim of gaining information on contextual and other factors that play a role in donor decisions and identifying how these relate to factors that are more usually included in evaluations made by theoretical ethics. Our findings have implications for one factor that has previously been suggested as being of ethical concern: the role of gratitude. Our empirical work shows no evidence that interpersonal gratitude is an important factor, but it does support the existence of a solidarity-based desire to “give something back” to medical research. Thus, we use empirical data to expand and refine the conceptual basis of bioethically theorizing the IVF–stem cell interface.     

Updated Metal Compounds (MOFs, ?S, ?OH, ?N, ?C) Used as Cathode Materials for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have the potential to be as efficient and as widespread as lithium‐ion (Li‐ion) batteries, since sulfur electrode has high theoretical capacity (1672 mA h g_sul^?1) and this element is affordable. However, unlike their ubiquitous lithium ion (Li‐ion) counterparts, it is difficult to realize the commercialization of Li‐S battery. Because the shuttle effect of polysulfide inevitably results in the serious capacity degradation. Tremendous progress is devoted to approach this problem from the aspect of physical confinement and chemisorption of polysulfide. Owing to weak intermolecular interactions, physical confinement strategy, however is not effective when the battery is cycled long‐term. Chemisorption of polysulfide that derived from polar–polar interaction, Lewis acid–base interaction, and sulfur‐chain catenation, are proven to significantly suppress the shuttle effect of polysulfide. It is also discovered that the metal compounds have strong chemical interactions with polysulfide. Therefore, this review focuses on latest metal–organic frameworks metal sulfides, metal hydroxides, metal nitrides, metal carbides, and discusses how the chemical interactions couple with the unique properties of these metal compounds to tackle the problem of polysulfide shuttle effect.     

Critical issues in tumor microcirculation, angiogenesis and metastasis Fourth Annual Offering, Pittsburgh, PA, 5–9 June 1989

Course announcement

Critical issues in tumor microcirculation, angiogenesis and metastasis Fourth Annual Offering, Pittsburgh, PA, 5–9 June 1989     

猪流感病毒概述

猪流感(Swine influenza,SI)是由甲型流感病毒引起的猪急性呼吸道传染病,不仅给养猪业带来了极大的危害,还严重危害人类健康,因此引起全球公共卫生的关注。猪对哺乳动物流感病毒和禽流感病毒都易感,被认为是二者之间进行基因重配和跨种传播的重要中间宿主,也是产生引起人类流感大流行毒株的重要来源。目前全球猪群中流行的流感病毒以H1N1、H3N2以及H1N2亚型为主,但各地流行的猪流感病毒(Swine influenza viruses,SIVs)谱系或基因节段的来源均有差异。北美地区近期暴发的猪流感三源重配H3N2/H1N2亚型变异株感染人的事件再次提醒我们要密切关注SIV对公共卫生的威胁。因此,监测和研究甲型流感病毒在全球猪群中的流行动态对于大流行应对是非常重要的。     

Do Embryos Have Interests? Why Embryos Are Identical to Future Persons but Not Harmed by Death

Are embryos deserving of moral consideration in our actions? A standard view suggests that embryos are considerable only if they have interests. One argument for embryonic interests contends that embryos are harmed by death because they are deprived of valuable future lives as adult persons. Some have challenged this argument on the grounds that embryos aren’t identical to adults: either due to the potential for embryos to twin or because we do not exist until the fetus develops consciousness. These arguments fail to show that embryos do not have future adult lives. There is a better reason to think that embryos cannot have interests; namely, because they are not capable of having desires. Others have held this view but have not sufficiently justified it. The justification lies in the fact that the capacity for desires is necessary to make sense of the normativity of interests.     

A comparison of the substrate specificities of endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases from Streptomyces griseus and Diplococcus pneumoniae

The substrate specificities of the endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases from $\text{Diplococcus pneumoniae}$ and $\text{Streptomyces griseus}$ were compared and found to differ considerably. The enzyme from $\text{D. pneumoniae}$ released Asn-GlcNAc-Fuc-containing glycopeptides from exoglycosidase-treated acidic IgM glycopeptides but was limited in its capacity to hydrolyze ovalbumin glycopeptides larger than Asn(GlcNAc)₂(Man)₅. In contrast, the enzyme from $\text{S. griseus}$ hydrolyzed this and larger neutral oligosaccharides but could not hydrolyze the above fucose-containing IgM glycopeptides. Removal of the fucose residue, however, converted the latter to an active substrate for the $\text{S. griseus}$ enzyme, thus broadening its substrate range to encompass most of those substrates hydrolyzed by the $\text{D. pneumoniae}$ endoglycosidase.     

白蛉病毒属研究进展

白蛉病毒属病毒是单股负链RNA病毒,隶属布尼亚病毒科,基因组分为L、M和S三个片段,分别编码RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶、包膜糖蛋白和核蛋白。白蛉病毒是虫媒病毒,主要通过节肢动物传播,迄今为止,文献报道的白蛉病毒已有70多种,68个已知病毒种被分为白蛉热病毒组和乌库病毒组,其中某些白蛉热病毒组成员与人类疾病密切相关,而且最近又有新型白蛉病毒出现,本文就白蛉病毒属的分子特征、流行病学、诊断、治疗及新发现的白蛉病毒的概况展开综述。     

病毒性出血热实验室检测

病毒性出血热是一组临床症状主要表现为发热和出血的急性传染病,病死率高,主要由四个科的RNA病毒引起,包括布尼亚病毒科、黄病毒科、丝状病毒科和沙粒病毒科病毒。该类疾病发病初期的临床症状相似,因此,建立快速、简易的实验室检测方法对及时进行临床诊断救治、开展流行病学调查并最终控制其传播流行具有重要意义。本综述对病毒性出血热的实验室检测方面进行描述,主要内容包括病原学分类及病毒分离、核酸、抗原和抗体检测的相关技术,并结合新型检测方法提出展望。     

International symposium “Biological motility: From fundamental achievements to nanotechnologies” Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, May 11–15, 2010

Chronicles

International symposium “Biological motility: From fundamental achievements to nanotechnologies” Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, May 11–15, 2010