长江口杭州湾鸻形目鸟类群落季节变化和生境选择

在长江口南岸杭州湾北岸滨海滩涂进行了鸻形目鸟类的资源调查,以及鸟类栖息地选择模式分析,2004年3月至2005年1月共统计到鸟类25种,春季优势种为大缤鹬(Calidris tenuirostris)、尖尾缤鹬(Calidris alpine)和红颈滨鹬(Calidris ruficollis);夏季为环颈(Charadrius alexandrinus)、青脚鹬(Tringa nebularia)和蒙古沙(Charadrius mongolus),秋季为环颈、红颈滨鹬和青脚鹬,冬季为黑腹滨鹬(Calidris alpina)、环颈和泽鹬(Tringa stagnatilis),鸟类总体数量呈春季>秋季>冬季>夏季,海堤外(自然滩涂)和堤内(人工湿地)鸟类种数四季大致相等,但鸟类平均密度季节差异显著。通过对样点内鸟类与环境因子进行多元分析,初步总结出堤外滩宽和光滩宽是影响鸟类栖息的最关键因子,海三棱草(Scirpus× mariquete)覆盖比例和潮上坪宽度的影响程度次之。堤内浅水塘比例和裸地比例是影响形目鸟类分布的关键因子,海三棱草覆盖比例也起正向作用。而人类干扰大、芦苇(Phragmites communis)/互花米草(Spartina alternifloral)密植和高水位的区域不利于鸟类利用。     

黄河三角洲自然保护区鸻形目鸟类研究

通过对黄河三角洲自然保护区 (以下简称保护区 )内的形目鸟类 (以下称鹬类 )的种类组成、生态分布、受危原因等方面的系统研究 ,首次从量的角度证实了保护区在国际湿地保护上的重要地位 ,表明该地区是东北亚———澳洲鹬类迁徙路线中间地带的重要环节 ,证实有 17种鹬类超过 1%国际标准 ,发现小杓鹬(Numeniusborealis)、小青脚鹬 (Tringaguttifer)等鸟类集中栖息地。该地区生态环境优越 ,是鹬类理想的栖息地 ,但人类威胁有进一步加剧的可能。     

九段沙湿地鸻形目鸟类迁徙季节环境容纳量

根据对九段沙湿地2005年春、秋季食物资源调查来计算迁徙期鸻形目鸟类的环境容纳量。结果表明,九段沙湿地春季食物总量为4541．20kgAFDW（去灰分干重）,秋季为2279．64kgAFDW,按鸻形目鸟类有效栖息生境计算,春季鸟类可利用食物资源量为3429．03kgAFDW,秋季为1700．92kgAFDW。通过鸟类体型类群分类（根据去脂净重、基础代谢率和体长）和能量消耗模型可以得出,九段沙湿地迁徙季节总食物量理论上可维持的鸻形目鸟类最大数量约为春季350万只,秋季175万只。按有效生境计算,春季约为260万只,秋季约为130万只。考虑到食物取入率的影响,九段沙湿地实际可容纳约13～26万只鸟类。根据地理信息分析可知,高潮位期有效栖息地的缺乏可能是限制鸟类数量达到估计上限的主要原因,建议在不危害保护区生态安全的前提下,开辟一些隐蔽性强的裸地和浅水塘,以提高鸻形目鸟类对九段沙湿地资源的利用率。     

渤海湾春秋迁徙期鸻形目鸟类多样性及石油污染的影响

本文报道了春秋迁徙期渤海湾鸻形目鸟类的生境、种类和密度,对各样区的多样性指数和均匀度指数进行了计算和分析,并对石油污染的影响进行了探讨。     

鸻形目鸟类线粒体基因组测序策略

鸻形目(Charadriiformes),全世界约有384个物种,分属于19科94属,种类繁多、分布广泛,是研究迁徙和觅食行为的良好材料。近年来,线粒体基因组的研究快速发展,由于样品难以收集,缺乏系统的测序策略,鸻形目鸟类线粒体基因组的研究相对滞后。引物设计对聚合酶链式反应(PCR)至关重要,一个成功的PCR实验依赖于高质量的特异性引物,本研究拟设计一套用于鸻形目鸟类线粒体基因组扩增的通用引物。对GenBank中现有的鸻形目物种线粒体基因组进行多重比对,发现若干个保守性区域,本研究在该区域设计13对扩增鸻形目鸟类线粒体基因组的通用引物,扩增的目的片段长度均在1.5 kb左右。我们选取4个物种,即灰头麦鸡(Vanellus cinereus)、丘鹬(Scolopax rusticola)、白腰草鹬(Tringaochropus)和针尾沙锥(Gallinagostenura),进行PCR扩增验证,设计的引物在4个物种中均能顺利扩增、测序,该引物在鸻形目鸟类线粒体基因组扩增中的具有普遍适用性。本研究设计的13对通用引物在扩增鸻形目物种线粒体全基因组中具有较强的应用价值,将为鸻形目的系统发育关系、种群遗传学和生物地理学研究提供珍贵的资源。     

鸻形目15种鸟类线粒体ND6基因序列差异及其系统进化关系

采用PCR和质粒克隆测序方法,首次获得鸻形目l5种鸟类线粒体基因组的ND6基因全长522bp的序列。经对位排列,序列间末见有插入和缺失,共有216个变异位点,种间序列差异为5．17％—19．92％。以白鹤为外群,用NJ法构建15种鸟类的进化关系树。研究结果表明：构建的系统树将鸻形目15种鸟类分为2个支系：第1支系包括蒙古沙鸻、环颈鸻、灰斑鸻和反嘴鹬。第2支系包括红脚鹬、林鹬、青脚鹬、翘嘴鹬、翻石鹬、大滨鹬、尖尾滨鹬、斑尾塍鹬、中杓鹬、大杓鹬和白腰杓鹬,其中鹬属的3个种和杓鹬属的3个种分别组成一个单系;翘嘴鹬和翻石鹬、大滨鹬和尖尾滨鹬分别聚为姊妹群,表现出较近的亲缘关系;斑尾塍鹬独立分支出来。分子证据提示：鹬科中的塍鹬属、鸻科中的斑鸻属应提升为亚科分类阶元;反嘴鹬与鸻科鸟类亲缘关系较近,组成一个单系,将其归入鸻科下属的一个类群更为合理,与核型研究结果及Sibley新分类体系的观点相一致。     

鸟类核型研究XⅣ.鸻形目14种

本文报道了(行鸟)形目14种鸟的核型,并发现该目种类间染色体数目变异很大,由石(行鸟)的2n=40至沙锥的2n=98不等。这种变异是由原始的2n=80核型通过两种方式形成的:在(行鸟)小目中,小染色体相互融合而造成染色体数目的减少;在鹬小目中,大染色体的着丝点分离而造成染色体数目的增加。     

山西省鹤形目鸟类的研究

本文作者于1980—1984年,在山西省对鹤形目鸟类的生物学进行了研究,其内容包括季节迁徙、鹤类组成、数量分布、食性分析,并对其有关繁殖的种类进行了探讨。     

鸟类核型研究集形目9种

本文报道了蜂鹰、鸢,苍鹰、雀鹰、松雀鹰、普通鸷、鹊鹞、燕隼和猎隼9种鸟类的核型。鹰科鸟类具有与其它鸟类截然不同的核型。其特点为多而短的大染色体,长度匀称的棱型。谜种匀称的核型是由一般鸟类不匀称核型的大染色体发生了一系列着丝点分裂而形成     

我国的Xiao形目鸟类

中国Xiao形目鸟类包括草Xiao科（Tytonidae）3种和鸱Xiao科（Strigidae）28种。介绍了中国Xiao形目鸟类的分布,形态特征、生态行为和分类学方面的一些最新进展。     

Piping plover habitat selection and nest success on natural,managed, and engineered sandbars

Loss of breeding habitat and nest predation have contributed to the decline of many shorebird species. The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) initiated a piping plover (Charadrius melodus) habitat creation and augmentation program on the Missouri River in the summer of 2004. The USACE increased unvegetated sandbar habitat by depositing dredged material (engineered sandbars) and by clearing vegetation from existing sandbars (managed sandbars). We evaluated the effects of this increase in nesting and foraging habitat on habitat selection and nest daily survival rate (DSR) of piping plovers on Lewis and Clark Lake and the Gavins Point Reach of the Missouri River from 2005 to 2007 (n = 623 nests). Piping plovers selected engineered sandbars more often than expected based on area and selected natural and managed habitats less than expected based on area. Daily survival rate on engineered sandbars was significantly higher than on natural or managed sandbars (log odds: 2.50, 95% CI: 1.05–5.94). Thus, plovers' habitat selection may have increased their nesting success. Our results suggest that habitat augmentation may stave off declines in piping plover populations limited by insufficient habitat and low nesting success. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.     

Modeling foraging behavior of piping plovers to evaluate habitat restoration success

Habitat restoration projects are often deemed successful based on the presence of the target species within the habitat; however, in some cases the restored habitat acts as an ecological trap and does not help to improve the reproductive success of the target species. Understanding wildlife–habitat relationships through precise measurements of animal behavior can identify critical resources that contribute to high quality habitat and improve habitat restoration practice. We evaluated the success of a restored piping plover (Charadrius melodus) breeding habitat in New Jersey, USA. We identified the major factors influencing foraging rates, compared foraging activity budgets over 3 yr at restored and natural habitats, and explored the potential of artificial tidal ponds as a viable restoration alternative. Adult foraging rates were higher in artificial pond and ephemeral pool habitats, during low tide, and after breeding activity ended. Adult foraging rates were impeded by the presence of people and vehicles within 50 m. Chick foraging rates were highest at artificial ponds and bay shores and lowest in dunes and on sand flats. Chick foraging rates were strongly hindered by the presence of corvids and the number of people within 50 m. In addition, at artificial tidal ponds, piping plovers spent more time foraging and less time engaged in defensive behaviors (vigilance, crouching, and fleeing) compared to other potential habitats. Our findings support the hypothesis that artificial tidal ponds are a valuable, perhaps superior, foraging habitat. Future beach restoration projects should include this feature to maximize habitat quality and restoration success. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.     

2002年北戴河林栖迁徙鸟类环志

2002年4月1日～10月31日,共环志林栖迁徙鸟类7目、20科、84种12244只,环志数量超过100只的鸟有23种。春季性别鉴定16种1224只,雌雄比例约为1：1．1;秋季鉴定20种1656只,雌雄比例约为1．4：1。春秋两季大致3d一个迁徙高峰,春季的迁徙曲线高峰斜度较秋季的大,秋季的迁徙高峰比较平缓。     

基于MaxEnt模型的雅砻江冬麻豆生境适宜性评价

雅砻江冬麻豆（Salweenia bouffordiana）是近年发现的西南特有冬麻豆属新濒危种,主要分布于四川新龙县的雅砻江河谷。开展其生境适宜性评价及其影响因素分析是对其有效保护的前提和基础。基于2015年8月在雅砻江河谷调查获得的55个分布点,结合24个环境变量数据,利用最大熵模型分析影响雅砻江冬麻豆生境的主要环境因子及其适宜生境预测。结果表明：（1）AUC（曲线下面积）值高于0.9,模型具有较高的准确度,适宜于雅砻江冬麻豆的生境适宜性预测和评估;（2）年均温、最湿月降水、昼夜温差月均值和距河流距离是影响雅砻江冬麻豆生境的最主要环境变量,其最适生境环境变量组合为年均温7.9℃、最湿月降水120-124 mm、昼夜温差月均值13.8℃以及距河流距离33 m;（3）雅砻江冬麻豆的潜在适宜和次适宜生境面积分别约为4.83×10³ hm²和2.37×10⁴ hm²,但仅约7.56×10² hm²的潜在适宜生境和3.28×10³ hm²的潜在次适宜生境位于现有自然保护区管辖范围内。雅砻江冬麻豆的潜在适生区主要沿雅砻江河谷呈狭长的条带状分布,现存区受人类活动影响大,未有生物学地位定级,应尽快确定其生物学保护地位,建立保护小区或社区保护地进行就地保护。     

白洋淀流域大鸨越冬栖息地的适宜性评价

基于大鸨越冬期生境选择的相关研究成果,结合专家意见和近年来白洋淀流域大鸨的分布点记录,选择3项一级指标和13项二级指标,用以表征影响大鸨越冬生境选择的关键因子,并通过构建适宜性评价模型,对白洋淀流域大鸨越冬生境的质量进行了评价.结果表明:2005年,白洋淀流域内大鸨越冬适宜栖息地面积11907.25 km2,占流域总面积的34.1%;其中,最适宜生境面积4596.25 km2,仅占流域总面积的13.2%.研究区最适宜生境的空间分布相对集中,主要位于流域东部的白洋淀自然保护区及其周边(I区)和流域西南部的行唐、曲阳2县(II区).I区和II区中最适宜生境面积之和达2803.55 km2,占流域内最适宜生境面积的61.0%.为保护流域内大鸨的越冬生境,须重点针对上述2个区域的特点,分别采取适当措施加以保护.     

Toward community predictions: Multi‐scale modelling of mountain breeding birds' habitat suitability,landscape preferences,and environmental drivers

Across a large mountain area of the western Swiss Alps, we used occurrence data (presence‐only points) of bird species to find suitable modelling solutions and build reliable distribution maps to deal with biodiversity and conservation necessities of bird species at finer scales. We have performed a multi‐scale method of modelling, which uses distance, climatic, and focal variables at different scales (neighboring window sizes), to estimate the efficient scale of each environmental predictor and enhance our knowledge on how birds interact with their complex environment. To identify the best radius for each focal variable and the most efficient impact scale of each predictor, we have fitted univariate models per species. In the last step, the final set of variables were subsequently employed to build ensemble of small models (ESMs) at a fine spatial resolution of 100 m and generate species distribution maps as tools of conservation. We could build useful habitat suitability models for the three groups of species in the national red list. Our results indicate that, in general, the most important variables were in the group of bioclimatic variables including “Bio11” (Mean Temperature of Coldest Quarter), and “Bio 4” (Temperature Seasonality), then in the focal variables including “Forest”, “Orchard”, and “Agriculture area” as potential foraging, feeding and nesting sites. Our distribution maps are useful for identifying the most threatened species and their habitat and also for improving conservation effort to locate bird hotspots. It is a powerful strategy to improve the ecological understanding of the distribution of bird species in a dynamic heterogeneous environment.     

评估动物栖息地适宜性的两种方法比较:以大相岭山系大熊猫种群为例

采用景观因索赋值法（方法Ⅰ）和主成分分析法（方法Ⅱ）对大相岭山系大熊猫栖息地进行评价,结果表明。方法Ⅰ的结果中中等适宜、适宜等级和最适宜等级所占的面积分别为94．62、45．46和0．21km^2,分别占总面积的4．17％、2．00％和0．01％;而方法Ⅱ的结果中,中等适宜和适宜等级所占的面积分别为623．03和170.27km^2,分别占总面积的27.49％和7．51％。结合实际调查数据和景观因素,发现2种方法均能对大相岭山系大熊猫生境进行评价。但差异较大。方法Ⅰ评判因索较少。各因素所占比重较大,因索对整个评价结果影响很大,评价结果不精确,但所需人力、物力较少;方法Ⅱ所需评判因素较多,野外搜集所需资料困难,累计贡献率很难达到95％。而且需要大量的人力、物力。因此。为了减少评估误差。应将2种方法结合对动物生境进行评估。     

基于生态位的山地农村居民点适宜度评价

为了农村居民点优化布局和公共服务资源优化配置,运用复合生态位对农村居民点适宜性进行评价。根据栖霞市山地特点以及农村居民点用地特征,基于生态位理论,从生态条件、生产条件和生活条件3方面选取相关指标,选取地形位、坡向、水源影响度、地质灾害作为生态条件的评价指标;生产条件选取工商业用地比例、工商业用地可达性、耕地和园地面积、耕地和园地可达性作为评价指标;生活条件选取农村居民点规模、城镇中心可达性和道路通达度作为生活条件评价指标。采用可达性测算、聚类分析、适宜性评价等定量分析和定性分析相结合的方法,确定适宜性等级,并与提取出的农村居民点用地相叠加,将农村居民点分为重点发展型、适度发展型、限制扩建型和优先整治型4种类型,分别占总规模的35.19%、35.10%、20.29%和9.42%。重点发展型地理位置优越,交通便捷,基础设施较完善,建议有序调整内部结构促进集约利用;适度发展型村庄处于起步阶段,受闲散地较多、土地利用方式粗放的限制,建议盘活存量用地,循环利用旧宅基地和闲置宅基地;限制扩建型受地形复杂、农业生产生活条件较差的限制,建议维持现状,引导人口外迁,推动宅基地腾退;优先整治型受地势较高、生态环境脆弱、离水源较远,交通不便,易发灾害限制,建议村庄搬迁。最后结合研究区山地农村居民点特点提出了不同类型居民点相应的调控模式。研究能够揭示农村居民点的现状和适宜性,为当前农村居民点优化布局提供理论基础,同时丰富了生态位理论在不同领域中的应用,对农村居民点优化布局具有一定的指导意义。     

亚洲象生境长时序变化及其对人象冲突的影响——基于融合MaxEnt与HSI模型的生境适宜性评价方法

生境变化直接关系到物种种群维持与人类安全,揭示其长期变化规律及其对人类的影响,可为物种保护与生境恢复提供科学支撑。但因受物种活动点数据获取与位置精度的局限,鲜见濒危、危险物种的长时序生境变化研究。以人象冲突频发的西双版纳勐海—普洱澜沧地区亚洲象种群(勐海—澜沧象群)活动区为例,提出融合MaxEnt与HSI模型的亚洲象长时序生境适宜性评价方法,即基于荟萃分析筛选出的15个亚洲象生境评价因子,结合近期有限的物种活动点监测数据,利用MaxEnt得到生境评价因子的贡献率,再运用HSI模型计算生境适宜性指数;利用该方法制作出研究区1988—2020年逐年时序的亚洲象生境适宜性图,以分析亚洲象生境的时空变化,将其与亚洲象肇事数据结合,进而分析人象冲突与生境变化的关联。结果表明：(1)基于物种生境偏好不变的前提,融合MaxEnt模型与HSI模型的生境适宜性评价方法可应用于物种的长时序生境评价,且基于亚洲象活动点数据从动物对生境利用的生态学视角定量获取亚洲象对各生境评价因子的偏好程度,使生境评价结果具有良好的生态可解释性;(2)目前亚洲象适宜生境面积占研究区面积三分之一(4039.76 km^...     

A simple non-parametric GIS model for predicting species distribution: endemic birds in Bioko Island, West Africa

Species mapping is a useful conservation tool for predicting patterns of biological diversity, or identifying geographical areas of conservation significance. Mapping can also improve our understanding of the appropriateness of habitat areas for individual species. We outline a computer-based methodology, PREDICT, for the analysis of the habitat requirements of species in a combined GIS-statistical programming environment. The paper details the statistical background to the approach adopted, the program structure and input file information and then applies these techniques to bird data from Bioko Island, West Africa. It produces images and statistics that assess the potential of unstudied areas for wildlife for which presence/absence data and basic habitat information are available. Suitability for target species is determined within surveyed and non-surveyed squares by a form of weights of evidence. The program measures the degree of association between habitat factors and presence/absence of target species by means of ² tests. The overall suitability weighting of each square, as the sum of all individual habitat factor weightings, is finally displayed in maps depicting areas of highly suitable, suitable, unsuitable and highly unsuitable habitat. Statistical relations between vegetation, rainfall and landscape features on Bioko Island and the location of 9 endemic bird taxa are presented herein. Final confirmation of the accuracy of predictions of the studied bird taxa will ensue from future field observations. However, in a series of misclassification tests of the program, actual distribution detection rate was in excess of 90%. The use of PREDICT can guide investigations of little known species in remote areas and provide a practical solution to identify areas of high rare species diversity in need of conservation.