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关键捕食者在生态系统中对饵料生物的数量波动、丰富度和空间分布等都起到重要的调控作用。本研究基于在海州湾进行的5个航次的渔业资源底拖网调查资料及胃含物分析数据,通过对传统SURF指数进行改进,甄选海州湾鱼类群落中的关键捕食者。结果表明: 星康吉鳗、长蛇鲻、大泷六线鱼、小眼绿鳍鱼和小黄鱼为海州湾鱼类群落中的关键捕食者,这5种鱼类不但具有较高的连接数,还是多种生物的主要捕食者,在物种连接中具有较强的聚集效应,它们的数量波动会对生态系统能量流动和食物网结构产生较大的影响。通过本方法对关键捕食者进行甄选,不仅考虑了物种间的摄食比例,还将捕捞量及物种的资源量作为重要影响因素,与传统方法相比,具有较大的改进,为关键捕食者的甄选提供了一种新的方法。本研究还发现,物种之间的强相互作用在维护食物网的结构与功能中起着重要作用,加强对关键捕食者的保护,有利于维持生物群落的稳定性和物种多样性,在实施基于生态系统的管理时,要优先保护这些关键物种。星康吉鳗和小黄鱼作为重要的经济鱼种,承受的捕捞压力较高,尤其需要加强保护和管理。 相似文献
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互利关系和植物多样性对节肢动物群落不同营养级的影响路径和强度 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
食物网中的上行效应和下行效应对于群落的动态和生态系统功能有十分重要的影响,旨在探讨互利关系和植物多样性对节肢动物群落中食物网不同营养级之间的影响。通过随机裂区试验方法,分别设置了3种蚂蚁-紫胶虫互利关系处理(有互利关系、无互利关系和自然对照)以及3种植物多样性处理(单一种植、2树种混植和3树种混植),于2016年8月和9月分两次用手捡法、网扫法和震落法采集试验地寄主植物上所有的节肢动物,并按照不同营养级将其分类。利用结构方程模型分析方法对不同营养级之间的相互作用的路径和强度进行了比较,结果显示:1)互利关系对捕食者和消费者均有显著的下行作用,有互利关系处理下蚂蚁对捕食者的路径强度要强于自然对照组,互利关系对捕食者的影响要强于对消费者的影响。2)植物多样性会通过影响植物的生物量而对消费者和捕食者产生显著的上行效应影响,这种影响会随着营养级的升高而显著减小。3)消费者主要受植物多样性的上行效应影响,而捕食者主要受互利关系的下行效应影响。有互利关系的食物网结构更加复杂,营养级之间的相互作用更为显著。探讨了以蚂蚁-紫胶虫互利关系为核心作用的紫胶林生态系统中互利关系和植物多样性对节肢动物食物网中... 相似文献
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海洋生态系统的营养动力学是决定渔业生产力的主要因素,也是实施基于生态系统的渔业管理的重要基础。为了评估生物因子和非生物因子对海州湾5种关键饵料生物被摄食的影响,本研究基于2011和2018年秋季在海州湾及其邻近海域进行的渔业资源底拖网调查和胃含物分析数据,构建了Delta-GAMMs模型,选择细螯虾、日本鼓虾、枪乌贼、小黄鱼和口虾蛄5种关键饵料生物作为研究对象,基于出现频率百分比和捕食压力指数筛选其主要捕食者,基于方差膨胀因子和全子集回归筛选影响5种关键饵料生物被摄食的关键因子。结果表明:5种关键饵料生物在捕食者食物中的出现频率范围为8.5%~42.2%,重量百分比范围为4.2%~40.9%。Delta-GAMMs二项模型和正态模型的平均偏差解释率分别为16.1%和23.8%。捕食者体长、捕食者种群密度和底层水温是影响饵料生物-捕食者相互作用的重要因素。其中,捕食者体长是最重要的影响因素,关键饵料生物的被摄食率和被摄食量均随捕食者体长的增加呈上升趋势,关键饵料生物的被摄食率和被摄食量随着捕食者种群密度的增加而下降。此外,底层水温、水深、纬度和底层盐度等环境因素对种间营养关系的影响,因饵... 相似文献
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武夷山茶园动物群落的组成结构和多样性 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
2004~2005年对武夷山茶园动物群落进行系统调查.结果表明,茶园动物隶属于3门、8纲、31目、252科、1188种.其中,植食者450种(占总物种数的37.88%)、捕食者323(占27.19%)、寄生者133种(占11.20%)、腐食者230种(占19.36%)、杂食者52种(占4.38%).在茶园动物群落中,同翅目、疥螨目、柄眼目、鞘翅目为生态优势类群,而柄眼目、直翅目和鳞翅目则为资源优势类群.98.99%的动物物种为稀有种或偶见种,而90.9l%的物种为资源次要种.动物群落及植食者、捕食者、寄生者和腐食者的种一多度关系同时符合对数正态分布和对数序列分布,而杂食者的种一多度关系则符合对数序列分布.动物群落及各营养类群的多样性、丰盛度及均匀性都呈现明显的季节消长规律,且其多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数)都与物种丰富度和均匀度一致.多样性指数的大小依次为:捕食性类群>寄牛性类群>总群落>杂食性类群>植食性类群>腐食性类群;均匀度大小则依次为:寄生性类群>杂食性类群>捕食性类群>总群落>植食性类群>腐食性类群.植食者和腐食者作为空间食物种类资源均能够显著促进群落容纳较多的天敌物种,天敌对这两类群的空间数量跟随效应强,而且捕食者、植食者和腐食者的多样性相互促进. 相似文献
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在寒温带地区,针叶树种子因其油脂和蛋白含量高,成为许多动物的重要食物来源。在针叶林中,针叶树种子捕食者主要存在2种捕食方式,即传播前捕食和传播后捕食。通常,动物捕食种子的过程被认为是树种实现更新的重要途径。种子为躲避捕食者会形成相应的防御策略,种子的大小、营养、纤维含量、次级代谢产物等特征,通常也是植物种子防御捕食者捕食的策略。同样,这些防御策略一方面会影响种子捕食者的种群动态和取食行为,另一方面也可促使种子捕食者形成反对种子防御的适应对策。因此,研究种子捕食者捕食针叶树种子模式对于进一步认识针叶林中动物取食行为具有重要意义,同时,研究针叶树种子的防御及种子捕食者对其防御的适应策略,将有助于了解动植物之间相互作用。 相似文献
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筑巢独栖蜂包括捕食者和传粉者,在生态系统中具有重要的生态功能。巢管法用于研究筑巢蜂的生物学、生活史、多样性和生态学特性,但此前较少用于研究亚热带森林中的独栖蜂。经过在生物多样性-生态系统功能实验(BEF-China)新岗山样地5年的长期定点监测和实验样本积累,我们发现了独栖蜂的主要类群和发生规律。巢管法共获得128个物种,隶属于3目25科。其中传粉者占全部独栖蜂的26.6%,共2科12种,主要为分舌蜂和切叶蜂;捕食者约占全部独栖蜂的73.4%,有4科44种,以蜾蠃、蛛蜂、泥蜂和方头泥蜂为主;独栖蜂寄生者有19科72种,主要类群是麻蝇、蜂虻、青蜂、钩腹蜂和姬小蜂。独栖蜂物种组成中传粉者多样性显著低于捕食者。同时独栖蜂中普遍存在着雌雄羽化异律现象,即雄性先羽化,并在越冬个体中更明显。切叶蜂科和方头泥蜂科的发生时间比蜾蠃亚科和蛛蜂科的发生时间更集中。此外,通过构建独栖蜂及其寄生者的互作网络,我们发现寄生者多度和多样性受较低营养级寄主的上行控制效应调节。上述结果揭示了对中国亚热带森林地区独栖蜂及其寄生者多样性,有利于更好地保护野生独栖蜂资源,发挥其生态服务功能。 相似文献
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为探究不同猎物鱼个性的种间差异及其捕食者效应, 实验以乌鳢(Channa argus)为天然的捕食者, 选取自然界通常形成混合种群的高体鳑鲏(Rhodeus ocellatus)和麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)作为猎物鱼, 设置有捕食者和无捕食者处理组开展同质园实验; 之后, 分别测定了经历捕食环境处理的两种猎物鱼的探索性、活跃性和勇敢性3类个性特征, 分析两种猎物鱼个性特征的种间差异及其环境依赖性。结果发现: (1)高体鳑鲏和麦穗鱼个性存在显著的种间差异, 不管是否经历捕食者处理, 高体鳑鲏的探索性、活跃性和勇敢性均显著强于麦穗鱼(P<0.05); (2)捕食者处理导致高体鳑鲏和麦穗鱼探索性和勇敢性有增强的趋势, 但对二者的活跃性均无显著影响(P>0.05); (3)捕食者处理弱化了高体鳑鲏和麦穗鱼不同个性特征的种间差异, 强化了各自不同个性特征的偶联。结果提示: 两种猎物鱼个性特征的种间差异显著且均具有捕食者效应, 有捕食者环境下两种猎物鱼个性特征的种间差异变小, 表现出趋同化适应的趋势。 相似文献
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E A Nechaev I D Kosachev V I Kocherovets M V Epifanov 《Antibiotiki i khimioterapii͡a》1990,35(10):21-24
Purulent wounds in 88 victims of the Armenian earthquake with the syndrome of long-term squeezing were examined microbiologically and the experience with using antimicrobial drugs for their treatment was analyzed. In all the cases microbial associations were detected, coliform and nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli, enterococci, anaerobes and yeast-like fungi being isolated from 80, 20, 15 and 25 per cent of the patients respectively. 130 bacterial strains were studied in detail. 80 to 100 per cent of the bacterial isolates were resistant to the antibiotics routinely used in surgical practice, i.e. benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, levomycetin, kanamycin, cephalothin and cefazolin and highly sensitive to new antimicrobial drugs belonging to ureidopenicillins (mezlocillin), quinolones (ciprofloxacin) and cephalosporins of the 3rd generation (cefoperazone and ceftazidime). Retrospective estimation of the antibiotic therapy revealed its inadequacy in 55.7 per cent of the patients for the most part because of the isolates resistance. The 19 variants of the antibiotic use prescribed by the physicians mainly included penicillins, aminoglycosides and their combinations (in 67.2 per cent of the cases). The use of the highly efficient drugs of the groups of ureidopenicillins and quinolones was extremely rare which was likely due to lacking of information on the drugs. 相似文献
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T L Marshak M Sh Avrushchenko 《Biulleten' eksperimental'no? biologii i meditsiny》1986,102(10):477-479
The changes in the size of Purkinje cell (PC) nucleolus in the lateral and medial cerebellum zones were studied in dogs with different degree of neurologic status recovery after clinical death of various etiology and duration. PC always possess one nucleolus in the control and experimental groups. In the case of complete neurologic status recovery of animals the area of PC nucleolus increases in both zones studied, irrespective of the cause of clinical death. In the case of neurologic disorders the increase in PC nucleolus area is clearly expressed only in the medial zone of the cerebellum, being insignificant in the lateral zone. It is suggested that adaptive characteristics of PC are distinct in the two compared zones, which leads to greater PC vulnerability in the lateral zone during deep hypoxia. 相似文献
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在实施素质教育的今天,实物模型是新课程生物学教学中极重要的教学工具。因为它能调动学生学习积极性,引导学生主动参与教学活动,对培养学生的学习兴趣和实践能力提高有重要的意义。 相似文献
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Diurnal rhythm in body temperature of pigeons subjected to different experimental conditions (pinealectomized, sham-operated, melatonin-implanted, cold-exposed) was studied under a 12 h light and 12 h dark regimen. The body temperature of pigeons during photophase was higher than that during scotophase in the normal as well as every treatment group studied. Pinealectomized pigeons showed higher body temperature in the photophase as well as scotophase, than that of the normal and sham-operated birds when examined 2 or 3 weeks following the post-surgical acclimatization to 25 or 3 degrees C. However, subcutaneous implantation of melatonin pellets into pinealectomized pigeons nullified or even reversed the hyperthermic effect of pinealectomy. Exposure of pigeons to--18 degrees C for 280 min during photophase as well as scotophase, produced a marked drop in body temperature in pinealectomized, sham-operated and normal pigeons. The pinealectomized pigeons exhibited a higher body temperature than that of the sham-operated and normal ones when exposed to--18 degrees C during the photophase, but not during the scotophase. It was concluded that while the pineal is not necessary for maintaining the daily thermal rhythm in the avian body, it has a thermoregulatory role, in that it prevents rise in body temperature in warm (25 degrees C) acclimatized and chronic cold (3 degrees C) exposed birds. In acute short-term cold (--18 degrees C) exposure however, the temperature regulatory role of the pineal was not effective during the scotophase. 相似文献
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N A Dmitrieva 《Tsitologiia》1986,28(7):745-748
The developing taste buds of vallate papillae were studied with electron microscope in rats during the first 7 days after birth. Two types of cells--light and dark--are identified in the taste buds of a one day old animal. The apical parts of dark cells are characterized by numerous dark granules. A distinguishing feature of light cells is the presence of synaptic contacts with afferent intragemmal nerves. On the 4th day of development on the top of the apical parts of the cell, a microvillar apparatus is seen to form, which does not yet communicate with the oral cavity. On the 7th day, basal cells appear in the taste buds. Some of these cells are seen mitotically dividing. The differentiated microvillar apparatus now communicates with oral cavity. The structure of the taste buds is getting similar to that in the adults. The structural and functional peculiarities of the developing taste buds are discussed in association with the period of ontogenesis under consideration. 相似文献
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D. A. Prophetou-Athanasiadou M. E. Tzanakakis 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1986,40(3):263-272
Euphyllura phillyreae Foerster (Homoptera: Aphalaridae) which infests olive trees in Greece, is monovoltine and has an aestival-autumnal-hibernal reproductive dormancy as an adult which starts in June. Adult females collected periodically from June through February were maintained for 4 weeks at 12L:12D and 20° L:18° D, then the stage of ovarian development was recorded.In the field, diapause was terminated between mid December and early January. Subsequently, the insects remain in reproductive quiescence until February or early March when environmental conditions allow ovarian development and reproduction.In females collected in June, summerlike laboratory conditions, followed by winterlike, and then by springlike conditions were effective for diapause termination. Springlike conditions alone, or preceded by only summerlike or only by winterlike conditions were not effective. In females collected in August the requirement for summerlike conditions was much less or nil.
Résumé Euphyllura phillyreae Foerster qui s'attaque sur l'olivier en Grèce, est une espèce oligophage, monovoltine, qui a une dormance reproductive aestivo-autumno-hivernale au stade adulte, qui commence en juin.Des femelles adultes ont été ramassées par les arbres périodiquement de juin au février et maintenues pendant 4 semaines à 12L:12D et 20° L:18° D. Après cette période, le stade du développement des ovaires a été le critère de la termination de leur diapause. La diapause fut considéré comme terminée quand au moins 50% des femelles avaient leurs ovaires au stade III ou même plus avancées.La diapause fut terminé entre mi-decembre et début janvier. En suite, les insectes restent à une quiescence reproductive jusqu'au février ou début de mars, lorsque les conditions environmentales permettent le développement des ovaires et la reproduction.Des femelles ramassées en juin et en août ont été soumises à certaines conditions de photopériode et de temperature en laboratoire, pour faire terminer leur diapause. Pour celles ramassées en juin, qui étaient au commencement de leur diapause, des conditions semblables à l'été, suivies par des conditions semblables à l'hiver et puis par des conditions semblables au printemps furent effectives pour la termination de la diapause. Seules des conditions semblables au printemps, ou précédées par des conditions semblables seulement à l'été, ou seulement à l'hiver, ne furent pas effectives. Pour les femelles ramassées en août, le besoin pour des conditions semblables à l'été fut beaucoup moin ou nul.相似文献