田间不同水肥管理下小粒咖啡的生长和光合特性

通过云南5年生田间小粒咖啡(Coffea arabica)进行2种施肥(低肥和高肥)和在干季秸秆覆盖、滴灌、秸秆覆盖+滴灌、对照4种水分处理对植株生长和叶片光合特性影响的测定研究．结果表明,小粒咖啡一年生长周期中最高峰期在雨季始期,次高峰期在雨季中期．水分处理对生长高峰期株高和分枝长度的相对生长率没有显著作用,高施肥量则加大了其相对生长率．干季水分处理提高了叶片的Pn、gs、Tr和WUE,而叶绿素的荧光特征没有受到影响．在湿季,高施肥量使叶片含氮量Pn增加,对gs和Tr的影响较小,从而导致WUE提高,高施肥量显著减小日间光抑制程度,加大了光合机构的实际光化学效率和热耗散能力,提高了对强光环境的适应性,研究表明,小粒咖啡需要高养分的投入和良好的水分管理,湿季是小粒咖啡进行光合和生长的最优季节,干季田间秸秆覆盖+滴灌的效果较好,滴灌和秸秆覆盖的效果相近。     

覆膜与滴灌对河套灌区玉米花粒期叶片光合特征的影响

光合作用是作物生长发育和产量形成的基础,栽培方式和土壤含水量变化显著影响作物的光合作用.灌浆期和乳熟期是玉米花粒期2个重要阶段,是玉米籽粒形成和干物质积累的关键时期.通过大田试验研究了河套灌区不同覆膜方式与滴灌水平对不同生育时期玉米光合特征及产量的影响.结果表明: 灌浆期玉米叶片光合特征在不同处理下无显著差异,乳熟期净光合速率和蒸腾速率在半覆膜(B₂)和全覆膜(Q₂)滴灌水平2(350 mm)处理下均显著高于半覆膜(B₁)和全覆膜(Q₁)滴灌水平1(200 mm),并且B₁和Q₁处理下灌浆期叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率及气孔导度等显著高于乳熟期.不同处理下灌浆期和乳熟期叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率,灌浆期的气孔导度以及乳熟期的水分利用效率等在日变化上存在着同步关系,均呈现出倒“U”型的日变化特征,而胞间CO₂浓度则呈现相反的变化趋势.逐步回归分析显示,光合有效辐射、大气温度和空气相对湿度等气象因子是影响玉米叶片光合特征的主要环境因子.此外,B₂和Q₂处理下玉米产量显著高于B₁和Q₁处理(分别增加了29.3%和50.9%),但B₁和Q₁处理间并无显著差异.这表明与覆膜方式相比,滴灌水平对干旱地区玉米产量的影响更大.     

The growth characteristics and yield potential of rice (Oryza sativa) under non‐flooded irrigation in arid region

The objectives of this field experiment were to study the growth characteristics and yield potential of rice plants under non‐flooded irrigation in arid area. Non‐flooded treatments included drip irrigation with plastic mulching treatments (DIs), furrow irrigation with plastic mulching treatment (FIM) and furrow irrigation with non‐mulching treatment (FIN). Conventional flooded cultivation (F) was check treatment (CK). The four drip irrigation treatments differed in the amount of water applied before and after panicle initiation. Root length density, leaf dry weight, shoot dry weight and root activity were generally higher in the non‐flood‐irrigated treatments (especially the drip‐irrigated treatments) than in the flood‐irrigated treatment at mid‐tillering. However, the growth and development of rice plants were limited after jointing in the non‐flooded irrigation treatments. Increasing the root/shoot ratio and root length density in the 20–40 cm depth and decreasing specific root length at 0–20 cm soil layer were important mechanisms for helping the rice plants to adapt to the non‐flooded environmental stresses. Finally, the grain yield in the non‐flooded irrigation treatments was lower than that in the F treatment. These low yields were mainly attributed to the low root length density at 0–20 cm depth and root activity. Generally speaking, the restricted degrees in the DIs were smaller than that in the FIM and FIN treatments. Among the DIs, both the highest grain yield (8223–8900 kg ha^?1) and the highest water use efficiency (WUE) (0.63) were observed when the soil water content was kept at ?30 kPa before panicle initiation and at ?15 kPa after panicle initiation (referred to as the DI2 treatment). The yield in the DI2 treatment was not significantly different than that in the flood‐irrigated treatment. However, WUE was 2.5 times higher in the DI2 treatment than in the F treatment. These results suggest that drip irrigation technology can be considered as a better water‐saving cultivation of rice plants in arid region.     

Influence of mulching on the pattern of growth and water use by spring wheat and moisture storage on a fine textured soil

Eight tonnes ha^–1 of stubble were used to mulch spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) on a fine textured soil with the aim of controlling both transpiration and soil evaporation during the wet pre-anthesis phase to increase moisture supply during grain filling in the eastern wheatbelt of Western Australia. Mulching reduced leaf area per plant by reducing the culm number; consequently the green area index was reduced. Reduced culm number was associated with low soil temperature which at 50 mm depth averaged 7°C lower under the mulched crop relative to the control crop in mid-season. The smaller canopies of the mulched crop used 15 mm less water than those of the control before anthesis; this difference in water-use was due equally to reduced transpiration and soil evaporation. However, the mulched crop was unable to increase ET during grain filling, a response associated with the persistence of low soil temperature for most of the growth period. Hence, total ET for the season was significantly lower (18 mm) under the mulched crop than the control crop. At harvest, mulching did not have significant effects on total above-ground dry matter and grain yields, but it increased water use efficiency for grain yield by 18%, grain weight by almost 17% and available moisture in both uncropped and cropped plots by an average of 43 mm.To determine whether there was any residual effects of soil treatment on moisture storage during the summer fallow period, soil moisture was monitored both in cropped plots and uncropped plots, that were either mulched or unmulched during the growing season, from harvest in October 1988 until next planting in June 1989. Available moisture at next planting was correlated with moisture storage at harvest despite the differences in run-off, soil evaporation and fallowing efficiency (increase in moisture storage as a percentage of rainfall) between treatments during fallowing. Therefore, the mulched treatments had more moisture available (30 mm), mostly as a result of less water use during cropping in the previous growing season, than the unmulched treatment.The study shows that mulching may be used to restrain both transpiration and soil evaporation early in the season to increase availability of soil moisture during grain filling. Secondly, mulching during the previous growing season had little effect on soil moisture during the summer fallow period, however, the moisture saved by mulching during cropping was conserved for the following season. These results indicate the importance of evaluating mulching of winter crops in terms of crop yield in the subsequent growing season as well as in the current season in which the soil was treated.Abbreviations D through drainage - DAS days after sowing of the crop on 31 May 1988 - DM dry matter produced in the above-ground portion of the crop (kg ha^–1) - E₀ evaporation from Class A pan (mm) - E_s evaporation from uncropped soil (mm) - E_sc evaporation from soil beneath the wheat canopy (mm) - ET evapotranspiration (mm) - FE fallowing efficiency (gain in soil moisture storage/rainfall) - GAI green area index (area of green vegetation per unit land area) - GWUE water-use efficiency for grain production (grain yield/total ET, kg ha^–1mm^–1) - K extinction coefficient (see equation 1) - RO run-off of moisture from soil surface during/following rainfall (mm) - SM available soil moisture (mm) at harvest (SMh) or at planting (SMp) - WUE water-use efficiency for total above-ground dry matter yield (see GWUE)     

Effects of fertilization on the growth,photosynthesis, and biomass accumulation in juvenile plants of three coffee (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Coffea arabica</Emphasis> L.) cultivars

We carried out a field experiment in order to study effects of fertilization in juvenile plants of three coffee (Coffea arabica) cultivars in Yunnan, SW China. Fertilization treatments included a control without fertilizer (CK), combinations of three NPK fertilization rates [high fertilization (F_H), medium fertilization (F_M), and low fertilization (F_L) with 135, 90, and 45 g per plant per year, respectively], and at two N:P₂O₅:K₂O ratios (R₁, 1:0.5:0.8; R₂, 1:0.8:0.5). The growth in juvenile plants was not altered by fertilization, with two clear growth peaks being observed in both the height and stem growth rates (RGRs) throughout a year. Both F_M and F_H resulted in significantly higher RGRs in both height and stem diameter compared to F_L and CK in all three cultivars. At the same fertilization rate, the leaf area, branch number, longest branch length, internode number, and biomass of R₂ were higher than those of R₁, and P significantly affected the root biomass and root to shoot ratio. Compared to the F_L treatment, both F_M and F_H treatments resulted in higher net photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance across seasons, and in higher intrinsic water-use efficiency during the dry season and at the middle of the wet season. Photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency at R₂ was higher than that at R₁, but no significant differences were observed between the different fertilization rates. Among the three coffee cultivars, Caturra exhibited the highest height, stem diameter, longest branch length, and internode number. Our results indicated that the optimal N:P₂O₅:K₂O ratio was 1:0.8:0.5 for the juvenile growth of coffee plants. Both F_M and F_H could help optimize the growth and photosynthetic rate of coffee plants, but F_M is suitable for the ecological friendly agriculture and economic sustainability at coffee plantations.     

不同覆盖施肥措施对黄土旱塬冬小麦土壤水分的影响

于2007年9月—2008年7月在位于黄土高原渭北旱塬的王东沟试验区进行冬小麦不同覆盖施肥措施（包括不施肥、农民习惯施肥、推荐施肥、推荐施肥+有机肥、推荐施肥+垄上覆膜、推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草、推荐施肥+全区覆草7个处理）田间试验,并采用水分中子仪定期观测土壤含水量,研究黄土高原旱塬区不同栽培措施下土壤水分的变化特征.结果表明：在干旱季节（春季）,推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草措施有利于贮存更多的土壤水分,其土壤储水量约比最低值（推荐施肥+有机肥）高48.2 mm,并可将土壤水分保持到冬小麦需水的关键期,而且推荐施肥+垄上覆膜措施仅次于推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草,表明这两种措施能够在田间蓄积较多天然降水,有利于黄土高原旱区雨养农业的发展.     

灌溉施肥深度对玉米同化物分配和水分利用效率的影响

 以夏玉米（Zea mays L.）（陕单9号）为供试材料,采用置于遮雨棚下的模拟土柱的方法,进行了不同灌溉施肥深度对夏玉米生长发育、地上与地下部分同化物分配、产量及水分利用效率的影响的试验研究。灌溉施肥深度分4个处理：表面灌施;20 cm 深度灌水施肥;30 cm 深度灌水施肥和40 cm深度灌水施肥。后3个处理为土表下灌施处理。4个重复。试验结果表明：土表下灌施抑制了玉米生育早期的地上部分生长,使根系向土壤中下层的分布加强,从而保证了作物中后期对水分养分的吸收利用,提高了水分利用效率。在本试验条件下,玉     

秸秆隔层对盐碱土水盐运移及食葵光合特性的影响

在内蒙古河套灌区通过微区试验,研究了秸秆深埋(S)、上盖秸秆下埋秸秆(简称上秸下秸,S+S)、上盖地膜下埋秸秆(简称上膜下秸,P+S)和地膜覆盖(对照,CK)4种耕作措施对0-40 cm土层水盐运移及食葵光合特性的影响.结果表明:(1)不同措施对土壤水盐调控的效果与作用时期差异较大.P+S在整个生育期内土壤盐分含量和盐溶质浓度较低,控盐效果显著;S+S仅在苗期能保墒控盐,但控盐效果比P+S差,后期出现水减盐增现象,保墒控盐效果也不佳;S在整个生育期内土壤盐分含量和盐溶质浓度最高,控盐效果最差;CK在整个生育期内土壤水分含量变化不大,而盐分含量较高,控盐效果也不明显.(2)不同措施对土壤水盐运移调控程度的差异,导致食葵光合特性也有明显变化.与CK、S、S+S相比,P+S由于其较低的盐溶质浓度环境,明显改善了其光合特性,在苗期、蕾期和花期能提高净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr),增加气孔导度(Gs),降低胞间CO2浓度(Ci),从而使其作物长势和干物质积累明显高于其它措施.综合试验结果,P+S是内蒙古河套灌区盐碱地改良中优选的控抑盐耕作措施.     

Effects of varying air and soil moisture on the water relations and growth of sugar beet

Sugar beet were grown for short periods with different amounts of moisture in the soil and air. Growing plants in wet soil (23 % moisture on dry weight) compared with dry soil (15% moisture) increased growth of the shoots and roots and plant dry weights by 15% in young plants and 10% in mature plants. Growing plants in wet air containing 10.9 g m^-3 of water (equivalent to a saturation deficit of 2.5 mb) compared with dry air containing 6.4 g m^-3 of water (saturation deficit = 8.5 mb) increased the dry weights of both young and mature plants by 8%, mostly by increasing the sizes of their storage roots. Wet air and wet soil increased the net assimilation rates of both young and mature plants. Wet soil, but not wet air, increased leaf areas of young plants by accelerating leaf expansion, and both increased the leaf area of mature plants by slowing senescence of the older leaves. Wet soil increased the water potential of the leaves of both young and mature plants and, by doing so, increased their stomatal conductances and rates of photosynthesis. Wet air also increased stomatal conductances and rates of photosynthesis of leaves of plants of both ages, but without changing their water potentials. Stomatal conductances and photosynthetic rates were greater for young leaves than mature on the same plant and at the same water potential. It is suggested that at certain stages in the crops growth photosynthetic efficiency could be increased by applying additional water as a mist to increase the moisture content of the air around the crop.     

甘肃旱作大豆全膜双垄种植的土壤水热及产量效应

以晋豆23为材料,在甘肃省农业科学院镇原试验站进行田间试验,研究了全膜双垄沟播(FMRFC)、覆膜沟播(FMFC)、覆膜条播(FMSC)和露地条播(NMSC,CK)4个处理的水热及产量效应.结果表明: 在大豆生育期降水量为246.3 mm(干旱年)和407 mm(丰水年)两种年型下,各覆盖处理0～20 cm土层平均地温在24 h内呈“S”型变化,并随生育进程波动振幅缩小.各覆盖处理使大豆苗期(VE～V3)至鼓粒期(R6)0～20 cm土层平均土壤温度显著提高0.5～2.5 ℃,并使全生育期平均地温提高1.3～1.6 ℃.各覆盖处理分别加速了大豆植株对0～120 cm土层土壤水分的消耗,但使0～200 cm土层的平均含水量和贮水量分别提高了1.2%～1.4%和62.7～70.3 mm.与CK相比,FMRFC和FMFC在旱年增温增湿作用显著,改善了大豆株高、分枝数、单株荚数和百粒重等经济性状,使水分利用效率分别提高47.7%～56.3%和33.3%～35.4%,产量分别提高27.7%～51.1%和10.2%～25.2%,是旱作大豆优选的抗寒抗旱覆盖种植方式.     

控制性分根区交替滴灌对苹果幼树形态特征与根系水分传导的影响

采用固定滴灌(根区一侧固定供水)、控制性分根区交替滴灌(根区两侧交替供水)和常规滴灌(紧贴幼树基部供水)3种灌水方式和3种灌水定额(固定滴灌和交替滴灌均为10、20和30 mm,常规滴灌为20、30和40 mm),对比研究了控制性分根区交替滴灌对苹果幼树形态特征与根系水分传导的影响.结果表明： 交替滴灌的根区两侧土壤出现反复干湿交替过程,常规滴灌的根区两侧土壤含水率差异不显著.在灌水定额相同时,灌水侧的土壤含水率在3种灌水方式间差异不显著.与常规滴灌和固定滴灌相比,交替滴灌显著增加了苹果幼树的根冠比、壮苗指数和根系水分传导,在30 mm灌水定额处理下,交替滴灌的根冠比分别增加31.6%和47.1%,壮苗指数增加34.2%和53.6%,根系水分传导增加9.0%和11.0%.3种灌水方式下,根干质量和叶面积均与根系水分传导呈显著线性正相关.控制性分根区交替滴灌增强了苹果幼树根系水分传导的补偿效应,促进了根系对水分的吸收利用,有利于干物质向各个器官均衡分配,显著提高了根冠比和壮苗指数.     

土层厚度对刺槐旱季水分状况和生长的影响

该研究测定了旱季和雨季刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)林不同土层厚度的土壤含水量, 刺槐的树高、胸径、小枝凌晨水势、叶片碳稳定同位素组成(δ¹³C)、叶面积、比叶重和气体交换指标; 分析了刺槐旱季和雨季的水分状况和土层厚度之间的关系; 通过刺槐对季节性干旱胁迫的反应, 估计华北石质山区不同土层厚度土壤水分对刺槐的承载能力; 并求证近年来该地区刺槐衰败和水分因素的关系。结果显示: 随着土层厚度减小, 旱季土壤含水量下降、凌晨小枝水势降低; 气孔导度和最大光合速率都减小, 而瞬时水分利用效率增加, 雨季上述指标无显著性差异, 旱季土壤含水量只有雨季的60%左右。随着土层变薄, 刺槐叶片δ¹³C增高, 叶面积减小, 比叶重增加; 刺槐树高和胸径减小。以上结果表明: 刺槐在不同季节下的水分状况综合反映土壤的供水能力, 土层浅薄导致土壤水分承载力不足, 致使刺槐在旱季受到较严重的水分胁迫, 这可能是刺槐出现衰败的重要原因。     

微灌与播前深松对根际土壤酶活性和夏玉米产量的影响

为探明微灌与播前深松耕作对夏玉米根际土壤酶活性和产量的影响,以大田夏玉米为研究对象,设计微灌灌溉方式(地表滴灌、地下滴灌和微润灌)、灌水量(分别控制土壤含水量下限为田间持水率的50%、65%和80%)和深松深度(20、40、60 cm)3因素、3水平正交田间试验.结果表明: 夏玉米全生育期内,土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性均呈先增加后减小趋势,磷酸酶活性则呈先减小后增加趋势.地下滴灌0~80 cm生育期平均土壤含水率比地表滴灌和微润灌高6.3%和1.8%,且显著提高土壤脲酶活性、夏玉米根系体积和产量;随着灌水量的增加,土壤磷酸酶活性呈先减小后增加趋势,脲酶活性和产量均呈先增加后减小趋势,生育期平均土壤含水率与根系体积均呈增加趋势;深松40 cm比20 cm的产量和根系体积增加量大于深松60 cm比40 cm的增加量,深松40 cm土壤酶活性较高.从提高水资源、氮肥利用率及作物产量角度考虑,该地区夏玉米种植的最优组合应为地下滴灌、灌水下限为田间持水率的65%与播前深松40 cm.     

降雨量改变对常绿阔叶林干旱和湿润季节土壤呼吸的影响

通过野外原位试验,研究降雨量改变对华西雨屏区常绿阔叶林干旱和湿润季节土壤呼吸速率的影响。采用LI-8100土壤碳通量分析系统(LI-COR Inc.,USA)测定干旱和湿润季节对照(CK)、增雨10%(LA)、增雨5%(TA)、减雨10%(LR)、减雨20%(MR)、减雨50%(HR)6个处理水平的土壤呼吸速率,并通过回归方程分析温度和湿度与土壤呼吸速率间的关系。结果表明:湿润季节土壤呼吸速率高于干旱季节,HR处理对干旱季节土壤呼吸速率影响较大,而LA处理对湿润季节土壤呼吸速率的影响较大。TA和LR处理使土壤呼吸的温度敏感性增加,而HR、LA和MR处理使土壤呼吸的温度敏感性降低,干旱季节Q10值高于湿润季节。各处理湿润季节土壤微生物量碳氮含量显著高于干旱季节,HR、MR和LA处理减少土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的含量,而TA和LR处理增加土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的含量。与湿润季节相比,干旱季节土壤水分对土壤呼吸速率的影响较大;而与土壤温度相比,土壤水分对土壤呼吸速率的影响较小。在降雨量改变的背景下,华西雨屏区常绿阔叶林无论是干旱还是湿润季节,适当增雨和减雨都会促进土壤呼吸速率,而较高量的增雨和减雨会抑制土壤呼吸速率。     

Nutrient uptake by tupelo gum and bald cypress from saturated or unsaturated soil

Summary Seedlings of tupelo gum (Nyssa aquatica L.) and bald cypress (Taxodium distichum L. Rich.) were grown in pots containing a sphagnum moss-peat soil mix. Plants approximately 20 to 25 cm tall were subjected to three moisture treatments, saturated-aerated, saturated, and unsaturated soil; and three nitrogen fertilization treatments, control (no N added), urea (a reduced N source), and nitrate (an oxidized N source).Data include dry weights (g/culture) of leaves, stems, and roots; concentrations (percentage of dry weight) and contents (mg/culture) of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in leaves, stems, and roots. Total dry weight was greater for plants grown in saturated-aerated soil than in either saturated or unsaturated soil. Differences in nutrient absorption and distribution between the plants and among the water treatments were principally the result of growth differences produced by the water treatments. Element contents and often the concentrations of P, K, Ca, or Mg were highest in both species when grown on the saturated-aerated soil and lowest when grown on unsaturated soil. The low levels of N in plants grown on saturated soils were probably the result of denitrification, as shown by the greater content of N in plants grown on soil fertilized with urea as opposed to nitrate. Thus, urea would appear to be a better N source than nitrate for fertilization in swamp forests. Growth of, and nutrient uptake by cypress was restricted less than that of tupelo when the plants were grown on saturated as compared to saturated-aerated soil. Thus, cypress appeared more tolerant than tupelo to the anaerobic root environment found in saturated soil.     

Correlation but no causation between leaf nitrogen and maximum assimilation: the role of drought and reproduction in gas exchange in an understory tropical plant Miconia ciliata (Melastomataceae)

Alternative hypotheses were tested to explain a previously reported anomaly in the response of leaf photosynthetic capacity at light saturation (A(max)) in Miconia ciliata to dry-season irrigation. The anomaly is characterized by an abrupt increase in leaf A(max) for nonirrigated plants at the onset of the rainy season to values that significantly exceeded corresponding measurements for plants that were irrigated during the previous dry season. Hypothesis 1 posits that a pulse in leaf nitrogen increases CO(2) assimilation in nonirrigated plants at the onset of the wet season and is dampened for irrigated plants; this hypothesis was rejected because, although a wet-season nitrogen pulse did occur, it was identical for both irrigated and nonirrigated plants and was preceded by the increase in assimilation by nonirrigated plants. Hypothesis 2 posits that a reproduction-related, compensatory photosynthetic response occurs in nonirrigated plants following the onset of the wet season and is dampened in irrigated plants; consistent with hypothesis 2, high maximum assimilation rates for control plants in the wet season were significantly correlated with fruiting and flowering, whereas irrigation caused flowering and fruiting in the dry season, spreading M. ciliata reproductive activity in irrigated plants across the entire year.     

滴灌与沟灌栽培杨树人工林土壤水分动态与生产力

在北京大兴区永定河故道沙地上对9年生杨树人工林进行滴灌和沟灌栽培,于根系主要分布土层(20、40、60、80 cm)布设土壤水分传感器并利用智能采集器实时监测土壤含水率,分析不同灌溉措施下的土壤水分动态变化及杨树人工林生产力。结果表明: 单次有效的滴灌和沟灌后,沿树行形成的湿润体垂直深度分别为72和143 cm,湿润体横切面的面积分别为0.41和2.71 m²;灌溉量分别为79.20和776.47 m³·hm^-2,后者为前者的9.8倍,灌溉后杨树吸收根主要分布土层(0～40 cm)的土壤含水率下降到水分轻度亏缺临界值(土壤含水率为田间持水量的70%)的历时均为11 d左右。2019年4—10月,沟灌5、7、9月3次总灌溉量为2329.41 m³·hm^-2;滴灌18次,总灌溉量为1425.60 m³·hm^-2。沟灌下杨树人工林土壤水分中度亏缺(土壤含水率低于田间持水量的60%)累计天数达109 d,而滴灌下的杨树人工林土壤水分始终未发生中度亏缺。滴灌下杨树人工林蓄积年生长量为38.92 m³·hm^-2,是沟灌(25.43 m³·hm^-2)的1.5倍,表明不同灌溉措施下杨树人工林生产力差异显著。     

不同水分下限对温室膜下滴灌甜瓜开花坐果期地温的影响

土壤水热状况是影响甜瓜生长及坐果的重要因素.本文以膜下滴灌为供水方式,在开花坐果期设计了重度亏缺（55%田间持水量,T₁）、中度亏缺（65%田间持水量,T₂）、轻度亏缺（75%田间持水量,T₃）和不亏缺（85%田间持水量,CK）4种水分控制下限处理,研究了不同水分控制下限对温室滴灌甜瓜耕层温度的影响,在此基础上探讨了耕层（0～20 cm）不同水热比值对甜瓜生长发育及坐果情况的影响.结果表明;甜瓜在开花坐果期间,耕层的平均地温为T₁＞T₂＞T₃＞CK,地温与土壤含水率呈反比.晴天、阴雨天及灌水后的地温日最大变幅均出现在膜内地表,最小变幅出现在膜外地表以下20 cm处;地温极值与土壤深度密切相关,地表极值与地下10和20 cm的极值差异显著.该阶段选择T₃作为灌水标准,即水热比值为1.62 mm·℃^-1时,植株的生长速率最快,坐果历时最短且坐果率最高.综合考虑温室膜下滴灌甜瓜在开花坐果期的土壤水分与地温的关系,认为T₃处理可使耕层土壤水热比值（水热比值为1.62 mm·℃^-1）达到最佳状态,更有利于甜瓜的生长发育和坐果.     

水肥一体化条件下设施菜地的N2O排放

在保证作物产量的前提下,研究减少农田土壤N_2O排放的水肥统筹管理措施对全球温室气体减排具有重要意义。以京郊典型设施菜地为例,设置了农民习惯(FP)、水肥一体化(FPD)、优化水肥一体化(OPTD)和对照(CK)4个处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对果菜-叶菜(黄瓜-芹菜)轮作周期内土壤N_2O排放进行了观测,并分析了氮肥施用量、灌溉方式、土壤温度和湿度等因素对土壤N_2O排放的影响。结果表明:在黄瓜-芹菜种植模式中,各施氮处理除基肥施用后N_2O排放峰持续10—15d外,一般施肥、施肥+灌溉事件后土壤N_2O排放峰均呈现3—5d短而急促的情形。黄瓜生长季N_2O排放通量与土壤湿度(WFPS)之间呈现显著相关的关系;芹菜生长季N_2O排放通量与土壤温度之间呈现显著相关的关系。观测期内FP处理N_2O排放量为(31.00±2.15)kg N/hm~2,FPD处理与之相比N_2O排放量减少了4.2%,而OPTD处理在减少40%化肥氮量的情况下,N_2O累积排放量比FP处理减少了42.7%,且达到显著水平。说明在水肥一体化条件下,合理改变施肥体系是减少N_2O排放的前提,在此基础上进行水肥优化是设施菜地保持产量、减少N_2O排放的重要技术措施。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘防护林和自然群落中多枝柽柳的光合特征及水分利用效率

干旱区植物的生长和生存主要受水分限制,采用滴灌方式对防护林植物进行水分补给是维持人工生态屏障稳定性的重要手段.本研究通过测定塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘防护林和自然群落多枝柽柳的气体交换参数和稳定性碳同位素值,研究不同水分来源多枝柽柳的光合特征和水分利用效率.结果表明: 滴灌群落多枝柽柳受灌溉和土壤盐分的影响水势普遍较低;自然群落多枝柽柳清晨和正午水势较其他植物低,表明其遭受到严重的水分胁迫;滴灌群落多枝柽柳叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)和最大光合速率(P_{n max})均明显低于自然群落多枝柽柳,表明滴灌群落多枝柽柳光合能力弱于自然群落多枝柽柳;灌溉造成的盐分胁迫导致滴灌群落多枝柽柳比自然群落拥有较高的长期水分利用效率.总之,现行的灌溉模式虽能提供防护林植物生长所需水分,但技术的缺陷和土壤盐分的积累可能会影响防护林体系的长期稳定性.