西瓜种质资源遗传亲缘关系的RAPD分析

利用RAPD技术对国内外32份西瓜主栽品种与其骨干亲本及野生类型的遗传亲缘关系进行了研究。从720个随机引物（10bp)中筛选出15个能产生稳定多态性的引物用于RAPD反应,共扩增出104条DNA带,其中多态性DNA条带43条,占41．35％,平均每个引物扩增的DNA条带的数目为7．0条。聚类分析将供试材料分为6个类群：1个东亚生态型类群、1个美国生态型类群、2个中间生态型类群和2个非洲野生型类群,与传统的西瓜生态型分类基本吻合。每个生态型类群都有其特有的扩增（缺失）条带,同时分析了同一生态型中各个品种之间的亲缘关系及其品种的特异条带。本实验结果不仅从分子水平验证了西瓜是遗传基础狭窄的作用,而且在分子水平对西瓜传统分类与地理生态型分类进行了分析。     

泡桐属植物种类的RFLP分析

对我国泡桐属15 个植物种类作了叶绿体DNA 的RFLP 分析, 根据估算的相似系数, 用平均链锁聚类方法构建树状图, 结果可将研究材料分为南方泡桐组、毛泡桐组和白花泡桐组。种间相似系数多在0.70 以上, 说明各种类间亲缘关系较近, 尤其是台湾泡桐和海岛泡桐, 相似系数接近1.00。最后讨论了一些泡桐种类的分类问题。     

6种毛茛属植物的等位酶变异和亲缘关系分析

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳检测了6种毛良属(Ranunculus Linn．)植物4个酶系统的等位酶谱带变异式样,并将酶谱带的二忿数据进行相关分析和聚类分析,结果表明：有93．94％的等位酶谱带在6个种之间显示出或多或少的变异,只有6．06％的等位酶谱带在6个种中保持恒定。相关分析和聚类分析显示,同种内个体间表现出较大的遗传同质性;而不同种的个体则表现出明显的趋异性。表明6种植物之间遗传分化较明显．并按聚类结果将6个种划分为两个类群．水城毛茛和毛茛为一个类群;扬子毛茛、褐鞘毛茛、钩柱毛茛和棱喙毛茛为一个类群。其中,扬子毛茛和棱喙毛良之间的亲缘关系最近。毛茛和褐鞘毛茛之间的亲缘关系最远。     

利用微卫星技术分析中国部分地方鸡种的遗传结构

利用7个微卫星标记对鹿苑鸡、固始鸡、藏鸡、白耳鸡、仙居鸡、茶花鸡、大骨鸡、北京油鸡、狼山鸡、河南斗鸡、泰和乌骨鸡和萧山鸡等12个中国地方鸡种的等位基因频率、基因杂合度、平均基因杂合度、多态信息含量以及群体间的亲缘关系进行分析。研究结果表明,12个地方鸡种在7个微卫星座位上的基因频率存在一定的差异;鹿苑鸡的平均基因杂合度最高,为0．5929;茶花鸡的平均遗传杂合度最低,为0．3514。平均多态信息含量也出现了类似的结果,说明鹿苑鸡的遗传多样性最丰富。模糊聚类分析结果表明,12个地方鸡种间,泰和乌骨鸡与河南斗鸡的亲缘关系相对较近,而固始鸡与其他11个地方鸡种的亲缘关系相对较远。12个地方鸡种可以聚为3类：泰和乌骨鸡、河南斗鸡、狼山鸡、大骨鸡、萧山鸡、北京油鸡、鹿苑鸡聚为第1个类群;茶花鸡、藏鸡、仙居鸡、白耳鸡聚为第2类群;固始鸡为第3类群。     

泡桐属植物种类的ＲＦＬＰ分析

对我国泡桐属１５个植物种类作了叶绿体ＤＮＡ的ＲＦＬＰ分析,根据估算的相似系系,用平均链锁聚类方法构建权 图,结果可将研究材料分为南方泡桐组、毛泡桐组和白花泡桐组,种间相似系数多在０．７０以上,说明各种类间亲缘关系较近,尤其是台湾泡桐和海岛泡桐,相似系数接近１．００,最后讲座了一些泡桐种类分类问题。     

西瓜种质资源遗传亲缘关系的RAPD分析

利用 RAPD 技术对国内外32份西瓜主栽品种与其骨干亲本及野生类型的遗传亲缘关系进行了研究。从720个随机引物(10bp)中筛选出15个能产生稳定多态性的引物用于 RAPD 反应,共扩增出104条 DNA 带,其中多态性 DNA 条带43条,占41.35%,平均每个引物扩增的 DNA 条带的数目为7.0条。聚类分析将供试材料分为6个类群:1个东亚生态型类群、1个美国生态型类群、2个中间生态型类群和2个非洲野生型类群,与传统的西瓜生态型分类基本吻合。每个生态型类群都有其特有的扩增(缺失)条带,同时分析了同一生态型中各个品种之间的亲缘关系及其品种的特异条带。本实验结果不仅从分子水平验证了西瓜是遗传基础狭窄的作物,而且在分子水平对西瓜传统分类与地理生态型分类进行了分析。     

石鲈科鱼类的系统发育分析兼论髭鲷属的分类地位

通过线粒体16S rRNA基因部分序列分子标记,分析了石鲈科7属15种鱼的分子系统发育关系,并通过对部分种类16S rRNA基因片段的RNA二级结构的分析,对髭鲷属分类地位进行了探讨.结果表明:15种石鲈科鱼类分为3个类群,石鲈属Haemulon、Xenistius和Anisotremus属组成类群1,矶鲈属和胡椒鲷属组成类群2,髭鲷属组成类群3;在亲缘关系上类群1和类群2较近,它们与类群3相对较远;在遗传差异上,髭鲷属与其它6个属的遗传差异接近甚至超过其与外类群笛鲷科、鲷科和隆头鱼科种类的遗传差异.在NJ和MP系统发育树中,髭鲷属与外类群笛鲷科、鲷科和隆头鱼科种类聚集在一起,石鲈科鱼类未能构成单一分支类群;同时,横带髭鲷为代表的髭鲷属鱼类16S rRNA基因长度74bp的基因片段的RNA二级结构与其余石鲈科种类存在明显的结构差异.因此,研究结果支持将髭鲷属从石鲈科中独立出来形成髭鲷科Haplogeniidae的观点.     

川西北荞麦种间亲缘关系初步研究

采用RAPD和同工酶技术对川西北具有代表性的10份荞麦材料进行分析.结果表明,筛选出的15个RAPD引物扩增出388条带.其中352条具有多态性,多态性比率为90.72%;过氧化物同工酶分析获得15条酶带,酯酶同工酶获得10条酶带.3种方法聚类结果基本一致,10份材料可初步聚为4个类群.其中,与金荞亲缘关系相比,甜荞较近而苦荞较远;普格县野荞和齿翅野荞、细柄野荞亲缘关系较近,划为同类;阿坝野荞单独划为一类,对其在分类中的地位有待进一步研究.     

木槿叶片结构的发育可塑性研究

对4个木槿种下类群叶片结构的发育可塑性进行了比较研究。(1)木槿 4 个种下类群的叶片在栅栏组织厚度、下表皮厚度、上表皮气孔密度、上下表皮气孔密度比,叶片厚度以及中脉维管组织等性状上均表现出较大的发育可塑性,这种可塑性对叶片适应植株光热综合因子的时空异质性具有重要意义。(2)木槿 4 个种下类群的同类型叶片在解剖学性状上的变异很小,即性状具有很大的稳定性。针对这一特点,对 4 个木槿种下类群一年生茎初生叶片结构的比较研究表明,紫花单瓣木槿和白花重瓣木槿之间的亲缘关系较近,雅致木槿和牡丹木槿亦存在较近的亲缘关系。研究结果支持将牡丹木槿和紫花单瓣木槿提升为亚种等级,并建议将白花重瓣木槿和雅致木槿分别看作紫花单瓣木槿和牡丹木槿的变型。     

福建省野牡丹属种质资源的ISSR分析

为探讨福建省野牡丹属(Melastoma L.)植物的亲缘关系,运用ISSR分子标记技术对源自福建省的野牡丹属野生种质及部分实生后代共34份材料进行分析。结果表明,11条多态性引物对34份种质DNA进行扩增,共获得112条完整、清晰的谱带,其中多态性条带104条,多态性比率为92.9%,表明野牡丹属种质资源具有较高的遗传多样性。34份种质材料的相似系数为0.55~0.93,平均相似系数为0.71,表明这些材料间的亲缘关系较近。聚类分析表明34份材料可划分为3个类群5个亚类,主坐标散点分析可分为4个类群,这与亲缘关系分析的结果基本一致。这从分子水平上揭示了福建省野牡丹属野生种质及部分具备优良园艺性状实生后代的亲缘关系,为该属植物的良种选育工作提供了理论依据。     

基于DNA拓扑异构酶II基因部分序列的侧耳属系统发育分析

对侧耳属（Pleurotus）14个种的14个菌株,亚侧耳属（Hohenbuehelia）1个种和离褶伞属（Lyophyllum）1个种的DNA拓扑异构酶II（EC 5.99.1.3）部分序列进行扩增分析。以灰盖鬼伞（Coprinus cinereus）、新型隐球酵母（Cryptococcus neoformans）和玉米黑粉菌（Puccinia polysora）等担子菌为外群,采用最大距离法、最大简约法和最大似然法构建侧耳属的系统发育树。结果表明：作为外群的三个物种独立于所有供试材料;侧耳属菌株作为一大类与供试的离褶伞属和亚侧耳属分开。侧耳属14个种又可细分成六支：可能为侧耳属起源最早的P. flabellatus、P. salmoneostramineus和P. djamor组成一组;P. tuberregium和P. pulmonarius均自成一组;P. abalonus和P. cystidiosus均产生束梗孢,聚为同组;P. eryngii var. eryngii、P. eryngii var. ferulae和P. nebrodensis为一组;另一组由P. ostreatus、P. columbinus、P. cornucopiae和P. citrinopileatus组成。按照侧耳属物种菌丝类型的不同,构建的系统发育树将该属14个种进行系群划分,单、二系菌丝分属于各个不同的分支中,说明单、二系菌丝均为多系起源,与用28S rDNA序列进行系统分析的结果一致。     

基于DNA拓扑异构酶Ⅱ基因部分序列的侧耳属系统发育分析

对侧耳属（Pleurotus）14个种的14个菌株,亚侧耳属（Hohenbuehelia）1个种和离褶伞属（Lyophyllum）1个种的DNA拓扑异构酶Ⅱ（EC 5．99．1．3）部分序列进行扩增分析。以灰盖鬼伞（Coprinus cinereus）、新型隐球酵母（Cryptococcus neoformans）和玉米黑粉菌（Puccinia polysora）等担子菌为外群,采用最大距离法、最大简约法和最大似然法构建侧耳属的系统发育树。结果表明：作为外群的3个物种独立于所有供试材料;侧耳属菌株作为一大类与供试的离褶伞属和亚侧耳属分开。侧耳属14个种又可细分成6支：可能为侧耳属起源最早的P．flabellatus、P．salmoneostramineus和P．djamor组成一组;P．tuberregium和P．pulmonarius均自成一组;P．abalonus和P．cystidiosus均产生束梗孢,聚为同组;P．eryngii var．eryngii、P．eryngii var．ferulae和P．nebrodensis为一组;另一组由P．ostreatus、P．columbinus、P．cornucopiae和P．citrinopileatus组成。按照侧耳属物种菌丝类型的不同,构建的系统发育树将该属14个种进行系群划分,单、二系菌丝分属于各个不同的分支中,说明单、二系菌丝均为多系起源,与用28S rDNA序列进行系统分析的结果一致。     

8个禾本科草坪草品种遗传多样性的RAPD分析

利用RAPD技术,对禾本科4属4种8个品种的草坪草进行遗传多样性分析。15个有效引物用于PCR扩增,共获得RAPD谱带144条带,多态性带占63.2%。8个草坪草品种间的遗传距离在0.0857~0.2928之间,脱壳狗牙根与普通狗牙根间的遗传距离最小,交战2号与爱神特之间的遗传距离最大。用UPGMA和邻接法进行聚类分析,得到2个拓扑结构基本一致的树系图。同一种不同品种间的亲缘关系最近;不同属种间的遗传距离加大,同族不同属的草坪草基本构成一支;4个暖季型草坪草品种构成一个单系类群,但属于冷季型草种的黑麦草(爱神特)单独构成一支,并未与同族的其它3个冷季型草坪草品种(高羊茅)聚在一起。本研究不支持将黑麦草属与羊茅属放在同一族内的分类处理,并建议将高羊茅划分为过渡类型的草坪草。     

碎米蕨属的系统学研究——基于4种叶绿体DNA序列片段

碎米蕨属(Cheilosoria Trevis.)隶属碎米蕨类, 由于形态上的趋同进化, 使得该类群的系统分类一直存在争议。该研究对该碎米蕨属植物的4种叶绿体DNA序列片段(rbcL/matK/rps4/rps4-trnS)进行PCR扩增和序列分析, 再结合其它相关类群, 用贝叶斯法和最大似然法构建系统树并探讨其系统发育关系。结果表明, 碎米蕨属不是一个单系类群, 旧世界分布的碎米蕨属植物(薄叶碎米蕨除外)均聚在亚洲Cheilanthes群内, 与粉背蕨属(Aleuritopteris Fée)等类群形成不同亚支。该属孢子形态具有明显异质性。薄叶碎米蕨(Cheilosoria tenuifolia (Burm. f.) Trevis.)与亚洲其它碎米蕨属植物的系统位置相距甚远, 且与隐囊蕨(Notholaena hirsuta (Poir.) Desv.)聚为完全支持的分支, 两者可能均为大洋洲起源, 并属于另一类群。美洲和旧世界分布的碎米蕨属植物关系较远, 二者可能代表了不同的演化路线。     

Phylogeny and biogeography of the staghorn fern genus Platycerium (Polypodiaceae, Polypodiidae)

The genus Platycerium is one of the few pantropical epiphytic fern genera with six species in Afro-Madagascar, 8-11 Australasian species, and a single species in tropical South America. Nucleotide sequences of four chloroplast DNA markers are employed to reconstruct the phylogeny of these ferns and to explore their historical biogeography. The data set was designed to resolve conflicting hypotheses on the relationships within the genus that were based on previous phylogenetic studies exploring morphological evidence. Our results suggest a basal split of Platycerium into two well-supported clades. One clade comprises species occurring in Africa, Madagascar, and South America, whereas the second clade contains exclusively Australasian species. The latter clade is further divided into a clade corresponding to P. bifurcatum and its putative segregates and a clade of seven species occurring from Indochina throughout the Malesian region to New Guinea and Australia. The Afro-Madagascan clade includes a clade of two species found in tropical Africa and a clade of four species that includes three species endemic to Madagascar. The single neotropical species of this genus, P. andinum, is nested within the Afro-Madagascan clade but is not closely related to any extant species.     

Molecular phylogeography and cryptic speciation in the mosses, Mielichhoferia elongata and M. mielichhoferiana (Bryaceae)

Nucleotide sequence variation in the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) from 70 populations of Mielichhoferia elongata and M. mielichhoferiana, plus two outgroup species, was analysed using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. High levels of nucleotide substitution and numerous insertion-deletion events were detected within and between the two species. M. elongata is monophyletic with regard to nrDNA variation, but M. mielichhoferiana is paraphyletic. (M. elongata is nested within it.) A clade within M. mielichhoferiana provides evidence of vicariance, with North American and Scandinavian sister groups of populations. Two major clades are resolved in M. elongata by sequence data that are completely congruent with previous isozyme work. One clade includes populations from both North America and Europe whereas the other is strictly North American. These two clades, resolved by multiple independent loci, clearly represent cryptic species within the morphologically uniform M. elongata. Certain geographical areas, most notably southwestern Colorado in Ouray and San Juan Counties, harbour diverse populations of M. elongata with distinct phylogenetic and phylogeographical histories. Morphologically indistinguishable but phylogenetically distant populations were detected a few metres apart at one site. In contrast, all populations collected over hundreds of kilometres in California belong to a single clade. Arctic North American populations belong to a clade that includes disjunct populations in Alaska, northern Ellesmere Island, and the northeastern USA, but not subarctic Swedish populations, which are more closely related to plants from the Rocky Mountains. Morphological uniformity belies complex infraspecific phylogenetic patterns within M. elongata and M. mielichhoferiana.     

Paraphyly of the Blue Tit (Parus caeruleus) suggested from cytochrome b sequences

The phylogenetic relationships of the Blue Tit-Azure Tit assemblage (genus Parus; Aves: Passeriformes) were studied using mitochondrial DNA sequences of 24 specimens representing seven subspecies from Eurasia and North Africa. Previous work based on comparative morphological and acoustic data suggested a division of the Blue Tit (Parus caeruleus) into two species. Our analyses clearly indicate that the Blue Tit represents a paraphyletic assemblage, including a European/Middle Asian clade that is the sister group to the Azure Tit (Parus cyanus) and a North African clade. The North African clade (teneriffae subspecies group) is a sister group to the European Blue Tit/Azure Tit clade. We suggest a division of the Blue Tit into two separate species, Eurasian Blue Tit (Parus caeruleus s. str.) and African Blue Tit (Parus teneriffae). However, our data give no support for assigning species rank to Parus cyanus flavipectus, a subspecies of the Azure Tit, as suggested by several authors on morphological grounds.     

Molecular phylogeny of the lionfish genera Dendrochirus and Pterois (Scorpaenidae,Pteroinae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences

This study investigates the molecular phylogeny of seven lionfishes of the genera Dendrochirus and Pterois. MP, ML, and NJ phylogenetic analysis based on 964 bp of partial mitochondrial DNA sequences (cytochrome b and 16S rDNA) revealed two main clades: (1) "Pterois" clade (Pterois miles and Pterois volitans), and (2) "Pteropterus-Dendrochirus" clade (remainder of the sampled species). The position of Dendrochirus brachypterus either basal to the main clades or in the "Pteropterus-Dendrochirus" clade cannot be resolved. However, the molecular phylogeny did not support the current separation of the genera Pterois and Dendrochirus. The siblings P. miles and P. volitans are clearly separated and our results support the proposed allopatric or parapatric distribution in the Indian and Pacific Ocean. However, the present analysis cannot reveal if P. miles and P. volitans are separate species or two populations of a single species, because the observed separation in different clades can be either explained by speciation or lineage sorting. Molecular clock estimates for the siblings P. miles and P. volitans suggest a divergence time of 2.4-8.3 mya, which coincide with geological events that created vicariance between populations of the Indian and Pacific Ocean.     

中国石蒜属种间亲缘关系ITS序列分析

本文利用核糖体DNA内转录间隔区(ITS)序列对石蒜属13个种(含变种)的亲缘关系进行分析。结果表明,各样品的ITS1长度为259~260 bp,ITS2为230 bp,分别有多个特异性信息位点。以ITS序列为依据对石蒜属植物亲缘关系进行分析,表明石蒜属13个种可分为三大类,其中类Ⅰ包括中国石蒜、地笑、安徽石蒜和长筒石蒜,核型为M+T型;类Ⅱ包括矮小石蒜、换锦花、玫瑰石蒜和红蓝石蒜,核型为ST型;类Ⅲ包括稻草石蒜、乳白石蒜、短蕊石蒜和两种人工杂交种,核型为ST+M+T。系统进化树与核型分析结果相似,第Ⅲ类可能为自然杂交种。     

Rapid identification of marine bioluminescent bacteria by amplified 16S ribosomal RNA gene restriction analysis

To rapidly identify natural isolates of marine bioluminescent bacteria, we developed amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) methods. ARDRA, which is based on the restriction patterns of 16S rRNA gene digested with five enzymes (EcoRI, DdeI, HhaI, HinfI, RsaI), clearly distinguished the 14 species of marine bioluminescent bacteria currently known, which belong to the genera Vibrio, Photobacterium, and Shewanella. When we applied ARDRA to 129 natural isolates from two cruises in Sagami Bay, Japan, 127 were grouped into six ARDRA types with distinctive restriction patterns; these isolates represented the bioluminescent species, P. angustum, P. leiognathi, P. phosphoreum, S. woodyi, V. fischeri, and V. harveyi. The other two isolates showing unexpected ARDRA patterns turned out to have 16S rRNA gene sequences similar to P. leiognathi and P. phosphoreum. Nevertheless, ARDRA provides a simple and fairly robust means for rapid identification of the natural isolates of marine bioluminescent bacteria, and is therefore useful in studying their diversity.