Oxidation and amidation of salicylate by Streptomyces species

Seven streptomycete strains were tested for biotransformation of salicylate. The products were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and three types of conversion were found. Streptomyces cinnamonensis and Streptomyces spectabilis formed gentisate and salicylamide concurrently. Streptomyces rimosus transformed salicylate to salicylamide. Streptomyces lividans, Streptomyces coelicolor, Streptomyces griseus and Streptomyces avermitilis produced only gentisate. Time course studies of salicylate conversion by thin-layer chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography showed that salicylamide was accumulated in the culture broth, whereas gentisate was further metabolized.Key words: salicylate, gentisate, salicylamide, biotransformation, Streptomyces spp.     

Transposition of Tn5096 from a temperature-sensitive transducible plasmid in Streptomyces spp.

Transposon Tn5096 was inserted into a derivative of the temperature-sensitive plasmid pMT660 containing the bacteriophage FP43 pac site. The resulting plasmid, pRHB126, was transduced by FP43 into several Streptomyces species. Tn5096 transposed from pRHB126 into different sites in the genomes of Streptomyces ambofaciens, Streptomyces cinnamonensis, Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), Streptomyces fradiae, Streptomyces griseofuscus, and Streptomyces thermotolerans.     

L-Phenylalanine and L-tyrosine catabolism by selected Streptomyces species.

L-Phenylalanine and L-tyrosine were completely catabolized through homogentisate by Streptomyces setonii 75Vi2 but only partially degraded by Streptomyces badius 252, Streptomyces sioyaensis P5, Streptomyces viridosporus T7A, and Streptomyces sp. strain V7. Intermediates of catabolism were confirmed by thin-layer, gas, and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase was present in all cell extracts.     

L-Phenylalanine and L-tyrosine catabolism by selected Streptomyces species

L-Phenylalanine and L-tyrosine were completely catabolized through homogentisate by Streptomyces setonii 75Vi2 but only partially degraded by Streptomyces badius 252, Streptomyces sioyaensis P5, Streptomyces viridosporus T7A, and Streptomyces sp. strain V7. Intermediates of catabolism were confirmed by thin-layer, gas, and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase was present in all cell extracts.     

Ultrastructural studies of sporulation in Streptomyces.

This is the first study of sporogenesis in Streptomyces carried out on a relatively high number of species (seven) which allows us, using also previously published results, to establish a general picture of this process. In the sporogenesis of Streptomyces two basic stages can be considered: the sporulation septum synthesis and the arthrospore maturation. Our ultrastructural study of the sporulation septum formation suggests the existance within this genus of three basic types. Type I is distinguished because the septum is formed from the beginning by two separate cross walls. Within this type we include Streptomyces erythraeus, Streptomyces albus, and Streptomyces aureofaciens and also include Streptomyces venezuelae, Streptomyces griseus, and Streptomyces osteogriseus. Type II is distinguished because there is a deposit of material previous to the synthesis of the double annulus which completes the septum. This type can be divided into two subtypes. In the first the deposits are wedge-shaped and the double annulus is clearly visible, and to this group belong Streptomyces flaveolus, Streptomyces ambofaciens, and Streptomyces coelicolor. In the second the deposits, which have a different shape and are very well developed, constitute almost entirely the sporulation septum in which the double annulus is barely visible; Streptomyces antibioticus and also Streptomyces viridochromogenes belong to this group. Type III, represented by Streptomyces cinnamonensis, is distinguished because the septum is formed by a single cross wall.     

Heterogeneity of ribosomal proteins among Streptomyces species and its application to identification

The ribosomal proteins from 11 Streptomyces strains representing various numerical taxonomic clusters were compared by two-dimensional PAGE. The protein patterns were specific for each species and were unaffected by acridine dye treatment, suggesting genetic stability of ribosomal proteins. An attempt was made to identify one strain of Streptomyces by both traditional taxonomic methods and analysis of the ribosomal protein patterns. Both methods identified the strain as Streptomyces lavendulae, and protein pattern analysis also showed that Streptomyces avidinii was closely related to this species. The practical application of ribosomal protein patterns in Streptomyces taxonomy was therefore demonstrated.     

Studies on an Enzyme Capable of Splitting β-d-1,6-Glucosidic Linkage

Examination was made on the morphological and cultural characteristics of the lutease-producing Streptomyces strain No. OP-4-5 isolated from a dust. The strain was identified as Streptomyces griseus. In addition, it was proved that 2 strains of Streptomyces griseus produce lutease in a test for lutease production in Streptomyces species. Streptomyces parvus and Streptomyces niveoruber also produce the same enzyme. However, production of the lutease by these 4 strains was less than that of produced by Streptomyces griseus strain No. OP-4-5 which was isolated by the authors.     

Mycolic acid-containing bacteria induce natural-product biosynthesis in Streptomyces species

Natural products produced by microorganisms are important starting compounds for drug discovery. Secondary metabolites, including antibiotics, have been isolated from different Streptomyces species. The production of these metabolites depends on the culture conditions. Therefore, the development of a new culture method can facilitate the discovery of new natural products. Here, we show that mycolic acid-containing bacteria can influence the biosynthesis of cryptic natural products in Streptomyces species. The production of red pigment by Streptomyces lividans TK23 was induced by coculture with Tsukamurella pulmonis TP-B0596, which is a mycolic acid-containing bacterium. Only living cells induced this pigment production, which was not mediated by any substances. T. pulmonis could induce natural-product synthesis in other Streptomyces strains too: it altered natural-product biosynthesis in 88.4% of the Streptomyces strains isolated from soil. The other mycolic acid-containing bacteria, Rhodococcus erythropolis and Corynebacterium glutamicum, altered biosynthesis in 87.5 and 90.2% of the Streptomyces strains, respectively. The coculture broth of T. pulmonis and Streptomyces endus S-522 contained a novel antibiotic, which we named alchivemycin A. We concluded that the mycolic acid localized in the outer cell layer of the inducer bacterium influences secondary metabolism in Streptomyces, and this activity is a result of the direct interaction between the mycolic acid-containing bacteria and Streptomyces. We used these results to develop a new coculture method, called the combined-culture method, which facilitates the screening of natural products.     

一种产生纤溶酶的链霉菌C-3662的鉴定及发酵研究

对一株从土壤中分离的纤溶酶产生菌链霉菌C-3662的形态、培养、生理生化和化学分类特征进行了研究,发现其与泛温链霉菌(Streptomyces eurythermus Corbaz et al. 1968)的特征很相符。通过对链霉菌C-3662的16S rDNA序列进行测定与比对,发现它与泛温链霉菌的16S rDNA序列也有高达98.19%的同源性。根据多相分类原则,认为链霉菌C-3662属于泛温链霉菌。对链霉菌C-3662的发酵培养基组成等的研究表明,合适的发酵培养基中应含有氮源黄豆饼粉2.0%、碳源淀粉1.0%和葡萄糖2.5%以及少量的无机盐类如硫酸镁。链霉菌C3662的发酵过程研究表明,纤溶酶是在菌丝体生长停止之后才大量产生。     

链霉菌属菌株AS4.693和AS4.702的分类学研究

链霉菌属“Setae”种群原为北里孢菌属Kitasatosporia (Omura,1982)。1992年,Wellington根据16S rRNA序列分析结果将其并入链霉菌属,并建立“Setae”种群。通过对保藏的链霉菌AS 4.693、AS 4.702进行的形态学、细胞化学、分子遗传分类研究结果表明,它们与链霉菌属“Setae”种群中的典型种——西唐链霉菌Streptomyces setae(JCM3304’)具有相似性。它们的rDNA相似性高达100％,证明它们应归属于同一种群。AS.4.693定名为西唐链霉菌不规则新亚种Streptomyces setae subsp.irregularis nov.,AS 4.702定名为西唐链霉菌波曲弗氏新亚种Streptomyces setae subsp.flexuofradiae nov.。     

Giant linear plasmids of β-lactam antibiotic producing Streptomyces

Abstract A survey of the total cellular DNA from five β-lactam antibiotic-producing Streptomyces spp. by pulsed field gel electrophoresis was conducted to investigate the presence of linear plasmids. Streptomyces clavuligerus NRRL 3585 contained two giant linear plasmids of 120 and 430 kb, in addition to the well-characterized 11.7 kb linear plasmid. Streptomyces griseus NRRL 3851 contained a single giant linear plasmid of 120 kb, and Streptomyces jumonjinensis NRRL 5741 contained two giant linear plasmids (220 and 280 kb), and two smaller linear plasmids. No plasmids were identified in Streptomyces cattleya NRRL 3841 or Streptomyces lipmannii NRRL 3584. Southern hybridization did not reveal any homology shared by these plasmids, and β-lactam antibiotic synthesis gene clusters were located on the chromosome.     

NTG诱变农抗702产生菌链霉菌702的研究

目的:筛选出产抗真菌活性物质的高产链霉菌702突变株。方法:分别以链霉菌702菌株为试验材料,以庆大霉素为敏感抗生素,NTG诱变链霉菌702菌株,获得抗庆大霉素突变株。结果:NTG处理90min对菌株的致死率可达73.46%,突变率高达23.64%,经过摇瓶筛选获得高产突变株20-29-12,产素单位达到1 443μg/mL,比出发菌株提高了38.08%。结论:采用抗药性致死突变标志的NTG诱变筛选模型可以获得产抗真菌活性物质的链霉菌702高产菌株。     

Enhancement of Lignin Degradation in Streptomyces spp. by Protoplast Fusion

Protoplast fusion was investigated as a technique for genetically manipulating two lignin-degrading Streptomyces strains, Streptomyces viridosporus T7A and Streptomyces setonii 75Vi2. Four of 19 recombinants tested showed enhanced production of acid-precipitable polymeric lignin (APPL), producing 155 to 264% more APPL from corn stover lignocellulose than was produced by the wild-type S. viridosporus T7A. APPLs are lignin degradation intermediates known to be potentially valuable chemical products produced by bioconversion of lignin with Streptomyces spp. The prospects of utilizing protoplast fusion to construct APPL-overproducing Streptomyces strains was considered especially promising.     

Protein tyrosine phosphorylation in streptomycetes

Using phosphotyrosine-specific antibodies, we demonstrate that in several Streptomyces spp. a variety of proteins are phosphorylated on tyrosine residues. Tyrosine phosphorylation was found in a number of Streptomyces species including Streptomyces lividans, Streptomyces hygroscopicus and Streptomyces lavendulae. Each species exhibited a unique pattern of protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Moreover, the patterns of tyrosine phosphorylation varied during the growth phase and were also influenced by culture conditions. We suggest that metabolic shifts during the complex growth cycle of these filamentous bacteria, and possibly secondary metabolic pathways, may be controlled by the action of protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases, as has been demonstrated in signal transduction pathways in eukaryotic organisms.     

菌种1137116S rRNA序列分析及鉴定

通过PCR方法扩增菌种11371的16S rRNA基因并测序,将序列提交GenBank(登录号:DQ531606),并与其他链霉菌属种进行比较,通过DNAStar软件得到菌种16S rRNA基因序列进化树。同时采用插片法、显微镜观察等方法对株菌11371进行形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征鉴定。结果表明,11371的16S rRNA序列与其他链霉菌具有一定的同源性,结合生理、生化指标鉴定结果,进一步确定菌种为不吸水链霉菌一株新亚种(Streptomyces ahygroscopicus subsp.wuzhouensis n.sub-sp.),菌株11371 16S rRNA序列为GenBank中首例Streptomyces ahygroscopicus的16S rRNA序列。     

Dissecting the complete lipoprotein biogenesis pathway in Streptomyces scabies

Following translocation, bacterial lipoproteins are lipidated by lipoprotein diacylglycerol transferase (Lgt) and cleaved of their signal peptides by lipoprotein signal peptidase (Lsp). In Gram-negative bacteria and mycobacteria, lipoproteins are further lipidated by lipoprotein N-acyl transferase (Lnt), to give triacylated lipoproteins. Streptomyces are unusual amongst Gram-positive bacteria because they export large numbers of lipoproteins via the twin arginine protein transport (Tat) pathway. Furthermore, some Streptomyces species encode two Lgt homologues and all Streptomyces species encode two homologues of Lnt. Here we characterize lipoprotein biogenesis in the plant pathogen Streptomyces scabies and report that lgt and lsp mutants are defective in growth and development while only moderately affected in virulence. Lipoproteins are lost from the membrane in an S. scabies lgt mutant but restored by expression of Streptomyces coelicolor lgt1 or lgt2 confirming that both encode functional Lgt enzymes. Furthermore, lipoproteins are N-acylated in Streptomyces with efficient N-acylation dependent on Lnt1 and Lnt2. However, deletion of lnt1 and lnt2 has no effect on growth, development or virulence. We thus present a detailed study of lipoprotein biogenesis in Streptomyces, the first study of Lnt function in a monoderm bacterium and the first study of bacterial lipoproteins as virulence factors in a plant pathogen.     

链霉菌来源生物碱及药理活性研究进展

不同来源的链霉菌所产生的次级代谢产物具有结构新颖、复杂多样且生物活性良好,是具有研究潜力的药物资源;生物碱类化合物是链霉菌代谢产物中重要活性成分之一。近十年从链霉菌中已经报道了许多生物碱的成分,本文按菌株来源综述了2007~2017年间报道的链霉菌来源的生物碱及其生物活性,为其他研究生物碱及其活性研究提供指导。     

Use of mutagens in the improvement of production strains of microorganisms

Physical and chemical agents were employed in our laboratories to induce mutation in a variety of microorganisms used for production of antibioties or enzymes. Improved production strains ofPenicillium chrysogenum (penicillin-producer),Streptomyces griseus (streptomycin-producer),Streptomyces nodosus. (amphotericin B-producer),Streptomyces noursei (nystatin-producer),Streptomyces umbrinus (diumycin-producer),Streptomyces prasinus (prasinomycin-producer),Streptomyces roseochromogenes (steroid-16α-hydroxylase-producer), andArthrobacter simplex (steroid-1-dehydrogenase-producer) were developed by use of mutation selection techniques. The methods found to be most successful with each species are described. The genealogical relationships within species of a number of strains ofPenicillium chrysogenum, Streptomyces prasinus, andStreptomyces roseochromogenes are presented.