南海莺琼盆地渐新世—上新世孢粉组合序列及其古环境意义

本文对莺琼盆地新生代的孢粉资料进行了综合梳理,划分出6个特征明显的孢粉组合。根据孢粉组合的特征及具有时代意义的化石分子对地层的时代进行划分,探讨了各个时代的植被类型、气候条件及沉积环境。孢粉组合显示,莺琼盆地陵水组/三亚组出现的孢粉组合差异大,气候条件发生了较大突变,由偏凉干向偏暖湿变化,是古近纪/新近纪的界线。     

渤海海域东南部新近纪湖盆萎缩期古生物特征及古环境意义

渤海海域新近纪普遍发育河流相沉积,近年大量探井揭示渤海海域东南部地区新近系发育湖相、浅水三角洲相以及河流相几种沉积类型。本文对东南部地区新近纪古生物特征展开系统研究,在此基础之上结合丰富的岩心资料总结了渤海海域新近纪湖盆萎缩期河湖过渡带各种典型沉积相类型的古生物分布特征。研究表明:湖相地层古生物门类丰富,发现了藻类,孢粉以及无脊椎动物等类型,化石丰度高,尤其是藻类化石占有重要比重,局部含量达90%以上。三角洲前缘化石门类多,但是丰度较滨浅湖低。三角洲平原相,孢粉较藻类化石含量具有明显优势,尤其是草本植物类型含量高,并且植物碎屑,根系,碳屑常见。河流相化石相对贫乏。在此基础上对渤海海域东南部新近系古环境演化开展研究,结果表明新近纪湖盆萎缩整体呈先扩张再衰退的变化过程,馆陶组中晚期以后湖盆逐渐扩张,到明化镇组下段沉积时期古湖盆最为发育,明化镇组上段时期古湖盆逐渐收缩。     

江汉盆地江陵凹陷申科1井古新世孢粉组合及其地质意义

江汉盆地白垩纪至古近纪陆相沉积地层发育良好。申科1井位于江汉盆地江陵凹陷,为一口连续取心的科探井。为研究江汉盆地白垩纪/古近纪界线及古新世初期气候-环境的变化,利用申科1井岩心资料,对红花套组、渔洋组的孢粉化石展开了分析。化石主要分布于渔洋组上部及红花套组,以裸子植物含量多为特征,被子和蕨类植物含量为其次。自下而上识别出两个化石组合:Deltoidospora-Ephedripites-Ulmoideipites组合、Pterisisporites-Ephedripites-Nanlingpollis组合。组合1和组合2的时代均为古新世,未找到白垩纪/古近纪界线。本文对富含孢粉化石的渔洋组上部岩心进行定量分析,孢粉植被主要为灌木、针叶林类型,总体反映偏干旱的亚热带气候。     

东濮凹陷"高阻红层"的孢粉组合及地质时代

"高阻红层"是东濮凹陷北部整合于上二叠统石千峰组之上、不整合于新近系-古近系之下的一套具高电阻率的河湖相红色地层的俗称,根据地层赋存状况、岩性、测井资料、地震资料等曾被归入下三叠统.新近发现在"高阻红层"中含有二叠纪、三叠纪孢粉植物群,卫77-3井(井深2854.31 m)和卫77-4井(井深2815.13 m)的孢粉...     

松辽盆地梨树断陷早白垩世微体古生物、沉积环境以及控油意义

根据松辽盆地梨树断陷早白垩世地层中孢粉百分含量的纵向变化特征,建立了自下而上各层组的孢粉组合。通过分析孢粉、藻类以及介形类的古环境指示特征,恢复了梨树断陷地层的气温带、古植被、干湿度以及湖水古盐度。沙河子组沉积时期为温暖潮湿的中亚热带气候,古植被为针叶林和灌草丛,湖水为淡水、微咸水;营城组沉积时期为南亚热带气候,古植被为针叶林和灌草丛,湖水同样为淡水、微咸水;到了登娄库组沉积时期,气候变得炎热干旱,为热带气候,古植被为针叶林,湖水则变为半咸水。本文的研究结果可以有效指示地层的划分与对比以及沉积环境的分析。同时,结合盆地发育讨论了古气候变化的控油意义,古气候的变化控制着烃源岩和储层的发育与分布。     

珠江口盆地西部古近系与新近系生物地层界线研究

古近系与新近系的界线在浮游生物地层分带中的具体位置长期存在争议,笔者依据珠江口盆地西部50余口钻井微体古生物资料中的浮游有孔虫和钙质超微化石记录,辅以沟鞭藻和主要孢粉事件对研究区古近系与新近系的生物地层界线展开研究,探讨了浮游有孔虫Globigerina ciperoensis,Globoquadrina dehiscens,Globigeri-noidestrilobus以及钙质超微浮游生物Sphenolithus ciperoensis,Zygrhablithus bijugatus和Reticulofenestra bisec-ta等标志性化石的地层意义,并重新厘定了珠江口盆地西部古近系与新近系的生物地层界线标准。     

依兰-伊通地堑北部早白垩世孢粉组合新发现

近年来,在汤原断陷钻井地层中发现了较丰富的早白垩世孢粉化石,本文依据汤原断陷汤D7井458.0-1100.0m井段新发现的孢粉化石,建立了3个孢粉化石组合,即：Cyathidites-Pilosisporites-Cardioangulina组合,Taxodiaceaepollenites-Pinuspollenites-Cyathidites组合和Cyathidites-Cicatricosisporites-Triporoletes-Pilosisporites组合。孢粉组合完全可以与松辽盆地登娄库组对比,其时代为早白垩世阿普第一阿尔必期。     

安徽宣州晚白垩世和古近纪孢粉组合

本文讨论的孢粉化石标本采自安徽宣州寒亭镇的宣南组中段和螺丝岗及宣州中学附近双塔群中部。孢粉组合的特征表明宣南组的地质时代为晚白垩世赛诺期,双塔群中部为古近纪始新世,并分别代表热带 亚热带干旱气候和亚热带较湿润气候的植被类型。     

松辽盆地南部梨树断陷登楼库组孢粉组合

本文系统地研究了松辽盆地南部梨树断陷登楼库组孢子花粉化石,计３９属６０种,描述１０属１６种,根据孢粉组合特征及对包括被子植物花粉在内的主要孢粉类型地质地理分布的分析,认为登楼库组时代应为早白垩世Ａｌｂｉａｎ期,这一孢粉组合的研究,对于登楼库组地质时代的地一步确定及我国东北地区白垩纪孢粉组合序列的建立、完善与地层划分对比有较重要意义。     

拉萨地区林周盆地设兴组上部(古近系)年代研究的新进展及意义

拉萨地区林周盆地典中那玛剖面设兴组上部新发现的孢粉组合以落叶、阔叶植物为主体,主要为桦科的Alnipollenites,Betulaepollenites,Carpiniptes,山毛榉科的Quercoidites,胡桃科的Juglanspollenites,榆科的Ulmipollenites,椴科的Tiliapollenites等,孢粉化石多为古近纪常见分子,未发现白垩纪的特征分子。古近纪早期大量出现的三孔沟,网面三孔沟等花粉少量出现;孢粉组合更接近于古近纪中晚期的面貌,其时代可能属于晚始新世。因此,设兴组上部的年代可能是始新世晚期。由此推论,设兴组和林子宗群之间的角度不整合不能代表白垩纪古近纪之间的构造运动,而是代表始新世晚期后的构造运动。同时,林周盆地可能沉积有古近纪的河湖相地层。     

内蒙古东南部开鲁盆地晚白垩世嫩江组孢粉植物群

开鲁盆地白垩系发育,至今已有200余口探井钻遇到上白垩统,其中嫩江组滨浅湖相沉积地层厚度稳定,分布广泛,含较丰富的孢粉化石。通过对嫩江组孢粉化石的系统研究,建立了以Schizaeoisporites-BeaupreaiditesLythraites为代表的孢粉组合。孢粉组合和岩石组合的对比表明,开鲁盆地缺失松辽盆地嫩江组中上部地层。根据沉积特征和孢粉植物群面貌,对古植被、古气候和古环境进行了讨论,认为本区晚白垩世处于东北中生孢粉植物区南缘,孢粉植物群具有过渡性质,反应了偏干的暖温带—亚热带气候特征。     

内蒙古开鲁盆地早白垩世孢粉组合

自1987年辽河油田分公司在内蒙古自治区开鲁盆地钻探第一口钻井——陆参1井开始,至今已完成各类钻井150余口,对20余口探井1500余块样品进行了分析后,获得了大量保存精美的孢粉化石,积累了丰富的第一手资料。文中通过对近20年地层古生物资料的系统整理和研究,建立了3个早白垩世孢粉组合,自下而上为九佛堂组Cicatricosisporites-Concavissimisporites-Classopollis组合、沙海组Cicatricosisporites-Abdiverrucospora-Piceaepollenites组合、以及阜新组Cicatricosisporites-Laevigatosporites-Pilosisporites-Asteropollis组合,叙述了组合特征,并与国内外孢粉组合进行对比,确立了本区早白垩世生物地层层序及地质时代。     

江汉盆地渔洋组上部的古新世孢粉组合

20世纪70至80年代,几乎所有关于江汉盆地跑马岗组和渔洋组的古生物文献都将其时代确定为晚白垩世。李伟同在深入地研究了跑马岗组标准剖面上的轮藻化石后提出跑马岗组大部分属于古新统。取自层位与跑马岗组相当的渔洋组上段上部的岩芯样品经分析后获得了丰富的孢粉化石。这一组合总的面貌与王大宁等获得的晚白垩世渔洋组的第三组合区别明显,而与古近纪的新沟嘴组的第四组合相似处很多。在该孢粉植物群中,常见于当地的晚白垩世分子,如希指蕨孢属、克拉梭粉属、江汉粉属、刺参粉属、鹰粉属等没有或极少见到。而在本组合常见的南岭粉属、五边粉属、漆树粉属等多出现在我国南方古新世地层中。因此,其时代很有可能为古新世。如果是这样,渔洋组上部有可能跨越了白垩系和古近系界线。从当前孢粉植物群含有很多亚热带成分以及麻黄粉属以及胡颓子粉属、忍冬粉属等看,它反映了江汉盆地当时偏干旱的亚热带气候。     

黑龙江宁安盆地穆棱组及其孢粉型组合新发现

黑龙江宁安盆地是一个具有油气勘探远景的中小型盆地,主要目的层为下白垩统。新发现了一套相当于邻区穆棱组的地层,孢粉化石十分丰富,建立了５个孢粉组合带,通过对两口石油探井生物地层的研究,建立了该舅地新的地层层序,并对穆棱组的时代和沉积环境进行了讨论。     

The Early Origin of the Antarctic Marine Fauna and Its Evolutionary Implications

The extensive Late Cretaceous – Early Paleogene sedimentary succession of Seymour Island, N.E. Antarctic Peninsula offers an unparalleled opportunity to examine the evolutionary origins of a modern polar marine fauna. Some 38 modern Southern Ocean molluscan genera (26 gastropods and 12 bivalves), representing approximately 18% of the total modern benthic molluscan fauna, can now be traced back through at least part of this sequence. As noted elsewhere in the world, the balance of the molluscan fauna changes sharply across the Cretaceous – Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary, with gastropods subsequently becoming more diverse than bivalves. A major reason for this is a significant radiation of the Neogastropoda, which today forms one of the most diverse clades in the sea. Buccinoidea is the dominant neogastropod superfamily in both the Paleocene Sobral Formation (SF) (56% of neogastropod genera) and Early - Middle Eocene La Meseta Formation (LMF) (47%), with the Conoidea (25%) being prominent for the first time in the latter. This radiation of Neogastropoda is linked to a significant pulse of global warming that reached at least 65°S, and terminates abruptly in the upper LMF in an extinction event that most likely heralds the onset of global cooling. It is also possible that the marked Early Paleogene expansion of neogastropods in Antarctica is in part due to a global increase in rates of origination following the K/Pg mass extinction event. The radiation of this and other clades at ∼65°S indicates that Antarctica was not necessarily an evolutionary refugium, or sink, in the Early – Middle Eocene. Evolutionary source – sink dynamics may have been significantly different between the Paleogene greenhouse and Neogene icehouse worlds.     

中国当阳跑马岗组白垩-古近系界线附近的轮藻组合

陆相白垩-古近系过渡段的生物地层记录通常稀少而不连续。从轮藻角度讲,中国当阳跑马岗组的白垩-古近系过渡段的生物地层记录是世界上迄今所知的最连续和最丰富的。该过渡段剖面的介形类也非常丰富,其它建立界线辅助层型所需的许多条件也很好,或许当阳跑马岗组剖面可作为白垩-古近系界线陆相辅助层型的候选剖面。对该剖面白垩-古近系界线附近的轮藻组合作了简要的介绍。     

Ostracods from the Upper Cretaceous–Paleocene Jiaozhou Formation of Jiaozhou,Shandong, China and their biostratigraphic significance

Late Mesozoic–Cenozoic non-marine deposits are well developed in the Jiaolai Basin, eastern Shandong Province, China, yielding abundant fossils including ostracods. In order to further understand the geological settings of the basin during the Late Cretaceous–Paleogene, three boreholes (JK-1, JZK-01 and JZK-02) were drilled in the city of Jiaozhou. Nine genera and sixteen species (including six indeterminate species) of ostracods are described from the Jiaozhou Formation in the three boreholes, including Cypridea, Mongolocypris, Talicypridea, Candona, Eucypris, Cyprois, Porpocypris, Sinocypris and Timiriasevia. Of these, Porpocypris sphaeroidalis Guan, 1978 is reported from northern China for the first time, indicating that this species has great potential to be an indicator of the K/Pg boundary. Correlation of these species with the known Cretaceous–Paleogene ostracod assemblages suggests that the age of the Jiaozhou Formation could be latest Cretaceous–Paleocene in borehole JK-1, Campanian–Maastrichtian in borehole JZK-01, and Maastrichtian–Danian in borehole JZK-02. The exact position of K/Pg boundary, however, is unavailable for the present in the Jiaozhou Formation from boreholes JK-1 and JZK-01.     

A new assemblage of Cenozoic lungfishes (Dipnoi: Lepidosirenidae) from the late Oligocene Nsungwe Formation,Rukwa Rift Basin,southwestern Tanzania

Lungfish (Dipnoi) date back to the Devonian, and some fossil taxa as well as extant African lungfishes are known for their ability to aestivate, tolerating low-oxygen environments associated with seasonal drying. Extant lungfishes are separated into two families: Lepidosirenidae (Protopterus in Africa and Lepidosiren in South America) and Neoceratodontidae (Neocerotadus in Australia). African lungfishes were more geographically and phylogenetically diverse on the continent in the past than they are today, with only 5% of extinct taxa recorded from the sub-Saharan fossil record. Given the sparse record of Lepidosirenidae fossils from continental Africa, any new materials are important for understanding diversification of the clade. Here we describe new lungfish fossils cautiously referable to Protopterus annectens and Protopterus aethiopicus, which are strongly supported sister taxa based on the molecular phylogeny. Specimens were collected from the late Oligocene Nsungwe Formation in the Rukwa Rift Basin (RRB) of southwestern Tanzania. The late Oligocene Nsungwe Formation represents a sequence of continental rift-fill deposits of the Songwe sub-basin of the RRB and is subdivided into the lower Utengule and upper Songwe members. Recovery of such material from the Paleogene of Africa below the equator addresses a sizable gap in the lungfish fossil record. It also expands the Nsungwe Formation fauna that includes invertebrates, alestid fishes, ptychadenid anurans, snakes, and several clades of mammals, deepening paleoecological insights into the late Oligocene record of the continental African interior. At present, P. aethiopicus and P. dolloi have an extensive modern eastern African distribution associated with the rift lakes and a region where extant members of P. annectens are not presently known. Fossil specimens described herein document presence of the clade during Paleogene volcanic activity in the western branch of the Eastern African Rift System.