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1.
CDP-diglyceride:inositol transferase in endoplasmic reticulum fractions from castor bean (Ricinus communis) endosperm was partially characterized. The enzyme had a pH optimum of 8.5 and required Mn2+ for activity. Maximal activity was at 1.5 millimolar MnCl2. A Km of 0.30 mM was calculated for myo-inositol and 1.35 millimolar was estimated for CDP-dipalmitoylglyceride. Concentrations of CDP-dipalmitoylglyceride above 1.2 millimolar inhibited the enzyme. A deoxycholate concentration of 0.1% (w/v) stimulated the reaction slightly while Triton X-100 inhibited at all concentrations tested. Some incorporation of myo-inositol into phosphatidylinositol occurred in the absence of CDP-diglyceride.  相似文献   

2.
The enzyme which catalyzes CDP-diglyceride-independent incorporation of myo-inositol into phosphatidyl inositol was solubilized from rat liver microsomes by sodium cholate and was partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Addition of phospholipids during purification and assay procedures prevented irreversible loss of the enzyme activity to some extent. The resulting preparation contained about 3.7% of the protein and 35% of the original activity of the microsomal fraction. The activity of the enzyme preparation was strongly enhanced by addition of phosphatidyl inositol. The enzyme required Mn2+ for activity. The Km for myo-inositol was 4 × 10?5m. The pH optimum was 7.4. The activity was inhibited by thiol-reactive reagents and also to some extent by inosose-2 but not by scyllitol. Phosphorus-containing acidic substances such as acidic phospholipids and nucleotides were generally inhibitory. It was found that the preparation catalyzed liberation of inositol moiety from phosphatidyl inositol in a manner dependent on the concentration of free myo-inositol and also on Mn2. The Km of this reaction for free myo-inositol was estimated to be 7 × 10?5m. This result indicates that CDP-diglyceride-independent incorporation, which has been assumed to show inositol exchange reaction, actually represents an exchange reaction between the myo-inositol moiety of phosphatidyl inositol and free myo-inositol. Phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine did not play a role as acceptor of the exchange reaction.  相似文献   

3.
A comparison was made between the activation of membrane-bound adenylate cyclase from rat fat cell membranes and the enzyme solubilized with digitonin. The isoprenaline stimulation of the particulate enzyme was enhanced by GTP, both in the presence of Mg2+ and Mn2+, but no effect of the metal ion nor of GTP was found on the Ka of isoprenaline. The Ka of sodium fluoride for enzyme stimulation was shifted to 3-fold higher concentrations when Mg2+ was replaced by Mn2+, whereas V decreased. GTP did not influence the Ka of sodium fluoride but reduced V, irrespective of the metal ion. After digitonin solubilization the enzyme was no longer responsive to isoprenaline or GTP; however, V of the sodium fluoride activation was higher in the presence of Mn2+ than in the presence of Mg2+, and the Ka was found at 15-fold higher concentrations. Both the solubilized and the particulate adenylate cyclase were inhibited by adenosine; this inhibition was also seen with the fluoride stimulated enzyme. We conclude that solubilization with digitonin did not result in an enzyme preparation which preferentially turns over MnATP2+, although the fat cell adenylate cyclase possesses a metal ion regulatory site with a higher affinity for Mn2+ than for Mg2+. The data suggest that the guanyl nucleotide regulatory site and the sodium fluoride-sensitive site are located on different subunits while there is an interaction between the metal ion regulatory site and the fluoride-sensitive site.  相似文献   

4.
Glutamine synthetase (l -glutamate: ammonia ligase, ADP-forming, EC 6.3.1.2) in bark tissue of the apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Golden Delicious) was partially purified and characterized. The Mn2+- and Mg2+-dependent activities were maximal at pH 7.2 and 7.5, respectively. The enzyme was almost completely inactivated within two weeks at 0°C. Both Mg2+ and β-mercaptoethanol were effective in stabilizing the enzyme during storage. The enzyme was protected from thermal inactivation at 60°C by the addition of Mg2+ and ATP. One-tenth mM phenylmercuric acetate inhibited the Mg2+-dependent activity by 50%. Equimolar dithiothreitol protected the enzyme from this inactivation. The Km values of the enzyme were 0.27, 7.35, and 0.69 mM for ATP, glutamate, and NH2OH, respectively. The constant for NH+4 was an order of magnitude higher in the presence of Mn2+ than Mg2+. When the amino acids were externally added to the reaction mixtures, the measurement of Pi exhibited a higher degree of enzyme inhibition than the measurement of γ-glutamyl monohydroxamate (GHA). Ten mM histidine inhibited the Mg2+- and Mn2+-dependent activities by 26 and 45% respectively. Twenty mM aspartate (d,l -form) inhibited the enzyme 30% in the presence of either Mg2+ or Mn2+. Aspartate (Mg2+-dependent) and histidine (Mn2+-dependent) inhibited the enzyme competitively with respect to glutamate, the estimated inhibition constants being 17.6 and 1.6 mM, respectively. At 10 mM, amino acids such as tryptophan, arginine, alanine and citrulline inhibited enzyme activity from 1 to 18%. Glutamine stimulated the Mg2+-dependent activity 25% at 25 mM when GHA was measured. Glutamine above 32 mM inhibited the enzyme.  相似文献   

5.
Distribution of phytochrome (as Pfr) among membranes from soybean hypocotyls (Glycine max L. cv. Wayne) was determined by the combined techniques of cell fractionation, difference spectrometry, and electron microscopic morphometry. More than 90% of the phytochrome was found in the soluble fraction. With homogenates prepared in the presence or absence of Mg2+, the portion associated with membrane was only 6.5% and 1%, respectively. In the presence of Mg2+, the content of particulate phytochrome correlated with the amount of endoplasmic reticulum with attached ribosomes in the fractions but not with mitochondria or other membranes (including endoplasmic reticulum membranes from which the ribosomes may have been lost during cell fractionation). In the absence of Mg2+, phytochrome was associated with a “heavy” plasma membrane fraction. The phytochrome content was sufficiently low to be accounted for by a contamination of less than 10% by rough-surfaced fragments of endoplasmic reticulum. The findings show association of phytochrome with a particulate fraction enriched in rough-surfaced fragments of endoplasmic reticulum but do not rule out cosedimentation of some unknown or unspecific phytochrome aggregate with this fraction.  相似文献   

6.
The presence of an energy-dependent calcium uptake system in adipocyte endoplasmic reticulum (D. E. Bruns, J. M. McDonald, and L. Jarett, 1976, J. Biol. Chem.251, 7191–7197) suggested that this organelle might possess a calcium-stimulated transport ATPase. This report describes two types of ATPase activity in isolated microsomal vesicles: a nonspecific, divalent cation-stimulated ATPase (Mg2+-ATPase) of high specific activity, and a specific, calcium-dependent ATPase (Ca2+ + Mg2+-ATPase) of relatively low activity. Mg2+-ATPase activity was present in preparations of mitochondria and plasma membranes as well as microsomes, whereas the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity appeared to be localized in the endoplasmic reticulum component of the microsomal fraction. Characterization of microsomal Mg2+-ATPase activity revealed apparent Km values of 115 μm for ATP, 333 μm for magnesium, and 200 μm for calcium. Maximum Mg2+-ATPase activity was obtained with no added calcium and 1 mm magnesium. Potassium was found to inhibit Mg2+-ATPase activity at concentrations greater than 100 mm. The energy of activation was calculated from Arrhenius plots to be 8.6 kcal/mol. Maximum activity of microsomal (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase was 13.7 nmol 32P/mg/min, which represented only 7% of the total ATPase activity. The enzyme was partially purified by treatment of the microsomes with 0.09% deoxycholic acid in 0.15 m KCl which increased the specific activity to 37.7 nmol 32P/mg/min. Characterization of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity in this preparation revealed a biphasic dependence on ATP with a Hill coefficient of 0.80. The apparent Kms for magnesium and calcium were 125 and 0.6–1.2 μm, respectively. (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity was stimulated by potassium with an apparent Km of 10 mm and maximum activity reached at 100 mm potassium. The energy of activation was 21.5 kcal/mol. The kinetics and ionic requirements of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase are similar to those of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase in sarcoplasmic reticulum. These results suggest that the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase of adipocyte endoplasmic reticulum functions as a calcium transport enzyme.  相似文献   

7.
Adenylate cyclase from rabbit ventricle was solubilized in 30 to 50% yield by the nonionic detergent Lubrol PX. The detergent, when present in the assay at concentrations above 0.05%, rapidly inactivated the enzyme in assays conducted above 26 °C; assays were valid only when conducted below this temperature. The solubilized enzyme was eluted from diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-Bio-Gel A (DEAE-agarose) with 100 mm NaCl in a yield of 25% and was free of detergent. Several properties of the solubilized detergent-free enzyme were similar to properties of the native membrane-bound species. The Km for substrate was 0.1 mm, the Ka for Mg2+ was 2.5 mm, and ATP in excess of Mg2+ was inhibitory. The enzyme was activated by F? and guanyl-5′-yl imidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p] in a time- and temperature-dependent manner, and activation by the latter was persistent. Activation by F? and Gpp(NH)p reduced the Ka for Mg2+. Activation by Gpp(NH)p was increased by Mg2+; the apparent Ka for activation was 0.1 μm. Multiple binding sites for Gpp(NH)p were present: one class with a Kd value of 0.11 μm was probably associated with activation of the enzyme. The soluble enzyme was insensitive to catecholamines, in both the presence and the absence of Gpp(NH)p. Sensitivity to catecholamines was not restored by the addition of phospholipids, particularly phosphatidyl inositol, in either the presence or the absence of Gpp(NH)p, and this phospholipid did not increase the sensitivity of the membrane-bound enzyme to epinephrine. Catecholamine binding sites were present, and their association with adenylate cyclase was seemingly not affected by phospholipids.  相似文献   

8.
It has been observed that mycobacterial species has high content of cardiolipin (CL) in their cell membranes more so pathogenic mycobacteria and in bacteria CL activates polymerases, gyrases by removing the bound ADP. Therefore, in the present study cardiolipin synthase (cls) which catalyses the formation of CL was isolated purified and characterized from the cell membrane of Mycobacterium phlei. The purified cls obtained from C-18 RP-HPLC column had a molecular weight of 58 kDa with an isoelectric point of 4.5. The enzyme activity (11.5+0.15 µM of CL phosphorous. ml-1 minute-1 for PG as substrate and 14+0.35µM of CL phosphorous. ml-1 minute-1 for CDP-DG as substrate) was optimal at pH 4.8 and showed KM values of 55+0.05µM and 2.56+0.04µM for phosphatidyl glycerol and CDP-diacylglycerol, respectively, with an absolute requirement of Mg2+ and Mn2+ ions for its activity however, Ca2+ ions inhibited the activity of the cls. The partial amino acid sequence of cls showed significant homology with pgsA3 gene of M. tuberculosis and in this organism the CL biosynthesis is very high having three genes coding for PLs biosynthesis therefore, enzymes involved in CL biosynthesis may be an attractive drug target in the development of new antimycobacterial drugs.  相似文献   

9.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria, isolated by enzymatic lysis of the cell wall and purified by gradient centrifugation are able to phosphorylate serine residues of exogenous phosphoproteins in the presence of added [γ32P] ATP. Most of the protein kinase activity is bound to the mitochondrial membranes from which it can be partially solubilized by 0.7 M NaCl. The solubilized protein kinase, whose M.W. is approximately 30,000, has been partially purified by Phosphocellulose chromatography: it displays its activity toward “acidic” phosphoproteins (αs2-casein>αs1-casein = phosvitin > β-casein) while it does not phosphorylate histones even in the presence of cAMP. The enzyme requires Mg2+, which cannot be replaced by Mn2+, and is strongly inhibited by inorganic Phosphate.  相似文献   

10.
Streptozotocin, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and N-methyl nitrosourea, compounds with both oncogenic and cytotoxic properties, increased guanylate cyclase activity in the 100 000 × g soluble fractions of rat renal cortex and liver 35- to 65-fold over basal values. Particulate enzyme activities of these tissues were increased 2- to 4-fold by a maximally effective concentration of the nitrosoureas. In the presence of the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, maximally effective concentrations of these nitrosoureas increased cyclic GMP accumulation of hepatic and renal cortical slices to peak levels 7- to 10-fold over control in 30 min. By contrast, with the structurally related carcinogen N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) peak increases occurred in 5–10 min and were 40- to 70-fold over control levels in renal cortex and liver, respectively. Unlike the Ca2+-dependent actions of cholinergic stimuli on cyclic GMP, the nitrosoureas and MNNG increased cyclic GMP in either the presence or absence of extracellular Ca2+. Moreover, while basal soluble guanylate cyclase of renal cortex was highly Mn2+-dependent and decreased 85% when either Mg2+ or Ca2+ was employed as sole divalent cation in reaction mixtures, the actions of nitrosoureas on enzyme activity were well expressed with either Mn2+ or Mg2+, but not with Ca2+, as sole divalent cation. Improved utilization of Mg2+ by guanylate cyclase in the presence of nitrosoureas would favor enhanced enzyme activity under cellular conditions where Mg2+ is abundant. In the presence of maximally stimulatory concentrations of streptozotocin or BCNU, high concentrations of Mg2+ or Mn2+ further increased soluble guanylate cyclase, suggesting important differences in metal and nitrosourea stimulation of enzyme activity.Preincubation of supernatant fractions with nitrosoureas plus dithiothreitol inhibited the action of the N-nitroso compounds to increase renal cortical guanylate cyclase. Glutathione and cysteine were also inhibitory, but less effective than dithiothreitol. Initial incubation of nitrosoureas with dithiothreitol in buffer alone similarly suppressed the subsequent action of the N-nitroso compounds on guanylate cyclase, and implicated direct chemical interactions. Prior incubation of renal cortical supernatant fractions with the SH blockers N-ethylmaleimide or maleimide significantly suppressed guanylate cyclase activation mediated by streptozotocin or BCNU. Direct drug interactions seemed unlikely, since effects of the inhibitors were optimally expressed by initial exposure of the supernatant fraction of tissue to the SH blockers and were not potentiated by a 30 min preincubation of the SH blockers and nitrosoureas in buffer alone.Thus, nitrosoureas activate and alter the metal requirements of soluble guanylate cyclase and increase cellular cyclic GMP in the presence or absence of extracellular Ca2+. Activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by nitrosoureas may involve an interaction of these agents with tissue SH groups, and possibly SH to SS transformation. Stimulation of the guanylate cyclase system by nitrosoureas could be related to the oncogenic actions of these agents.  相似文献   

11.
Cytidine 5′-triphosphate (CTP):phosphatidate cytidyltransferase from the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria of Ricinus communis L. var Hale was characterized. The endoplasmic reticulum enzyme has a pH optimum of 6.5 and a divalent cation is required, Mn2+ being preferred and giving maximum activity at 2.5 millimolar. The estimated Km for CTP is 16.7 micromolar, but that for phosphatidate could not be determined accurately. The activity was inhibited by both deoxycholate and Triton X-100 at concentrations as low as 0.01% (w/w).

The mitochondrial enzyme has a pH optimum of 6.0 and a divalent cation requirement similar to that of the endoplasmic reticulum. Maximum stimulation of the reaction by substrates occurred with 1.5 millimolar phosphatidate (from egg phosphatidylcholine) and about 400 micromolar CTP. The apparent Km for phosphatidate could not be estimated accurately since activity was obtained in the absence of added lipid, apparently utilizing endogenous substrate. The Km estimated for CTP was altered by the presence of the detergent Triton X-100; in its absence the value was 33.3 micromolar, but in its presence the value was 66.7 micromolar. Inclusion of 0.6% (w/w) Triton X-100 in the assay mixture stimulated the activity about 2.5-fold.

  相似文献   

12.
RNA polymerase has been solubilized from sugar beet chromatin. With calf thmus or sugar beet DNA as template enzyme activity was linear with respect to protein concentration and required the presence of all four nucleoside triphospahates, added DNA and divalent metal ions. The enzyme exhibited a sharp Mn2+ optimum of 1·25 mM and a Mg2+ optimum at 10mM. The Mn2+/Mg2+ activity ratio (activity at optimum concentrations) was 2·0 with an optimum salt concentration of 50 mM. Based on data including inhibition with α-amanitin (0·025 μg/ml), the majority of the total activity appeared to be RNA polymerase I. Subsequent fractionation by DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography resulted in one peak of activity eluted with 0·18 M (NH4)2SO4.  相似文献   

13.
The (K+,Mg2+)-ATPase was partially purified from a plasma membrane fraction from corn roots (WF9 × Mol7) and stored in liquid N2 without loss of activity. Specific activity was increased 4-fold over that of the plasma membrane fraction. ATPase activity resembled that of the plasma membrane fraction with certain alterations in cation sensitivity. The enzyme required a divalent cation for activity (Co2+ > Mg2+ > Mn2+ > Zn2+ > Ca2+) when assayed at 3 millimolar ATP and 3 millimolar divalent cation at pH 6.3. When assayed in the presence of 3 millimolar Mg2+, the enzyme was further activated by monovalent cations (K+, NH4+, Rb+ Na+, Cs+, Li+). The pH optima were 6.5 and 6.3 in the absence and presence of 50 millimolar KCl, respectively. The enzyme showed simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics for the substrate ATP-Mg, with a Km of 1.3 millimolar in the absence and 0.7 millimolar in the presence of 50 millimolar KCl. Stimulation by K+ approached simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with a Km of approximately 4 millimolar KCl. ATPase activity was inhibited by sodium orthovanadate. Half-maximal inhibition was at 150 and 35 micromolar in the absence and presence of 50 millimolar KCl. The enzyme required the substrate ATP. The rate of hydrolysis of other substrates, except UDP, IDP, and GDP, was less than 20% of ATP hydrolysis. Nucleoside diphosphatase activity was less than 30% of ATPase activity, was not inhibited by vanadate, was not stimulated by K+, and preferred Mn2+ to Mg2+. The results demonstrate that the (K+,Mg2+)-ATPase can be clearly distinguished from nonspecific phosphohydrolase and nucleoside diphosphatase activities of plasma membrane fractions prepared from corn roots.  相似文献   

14.
Microsome fractions from hypocotyls of dark-grown soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) seedlings incorporated myo-inositol into phosphatidylinositol by an exchange reaction stimulated by Mn2+ (optimum at 10 mm) and cytidine nucleotides (CMP = CDP CTP) but not by Mg2+ or nucleotides other than cytidine nucleotides. The activity was membrane associated, with an optimum pH of 8, stimulated by auxin, and inhibited by certain thiol reagents or by heating above 40°C. With radioactive inositol, phosphatidylinositol was the only radioactive product. That turnover was by myo-inositol exchange was verified from experiments where unlabeled inositol replaced already incorporated inositol with approximately the same kinetics as for the incorporation of label. Both the incorporation and the displacement reactions were stimulated by Mn2+ and CMP and both were responsive to auxin with comparable dose dependency. Corresponding exchange activities with choline or ethanolamine were not observed. The phosphatidylinositol-myo-inositol exchange activity was low or absent from plasma membrane, tonoplast, and mitochondria enriched fractions. The activity co-localized on free-flow electrophoresis and aqueous two-phase partition with NADPH cytochrome c reductase and latent IDPase, markers for endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, respectively. With microsomes incubated with both ATP and inositol, polyphosphoinositides were unlabeled demonstrating separate locations for the inositol exchange and phosphatidylinositol kinase reactions. Thus, the auxin-responsive inositol turnover activity of soybean membranes is distinct from the usual de novo biosynthetic pathway. It is not the result of a traditional D-type phospholipase and appears not to involve plasma membrane-associated polyphosphoinositide metabolism. It most closely resembles previously described phosphatidylinositol-myo-inositol exchange activities of plant and animal endoplasmic reticulum.  相似文献   

15.
Ca2+,Mg2+- and Ca2+,Mn2+-dependent and acid DNases were isolated from spermatozoa of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. The enzymes have been purified by successive chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phenyl-Sepharose, Source 15Q, and by gel filtration, and the principal physicochemical and enzymatic properties of the purified enzymes were determined. Ca2+,Mg2+-dependent DNase (Ca,Mg-DNase) is a nuclear protein with molecular mass of 63 kD as the native form and its activity optimum is at pH 7.5. The enzyme activity in the presence of bivalent metal ions decreases in the series (Ca2+ + Mg2+) > Mn2+ = (Ca2+ + Mn2+) > (Mg2+ + EGTA) > Ca2+. Ca,Mg-DNase retains its maximal activity in sea water and is not inhibited by G-actin and N-ethylmaleimide, whereas Zn2+ inhibits the enzyme. The endogenous Ca,Mg-DNase is responsible for the internucleosomal cleavage of chromosomal DNA of spermatozoa. Ca2+,Mn2+-dependent DNase (Ca,Mn-DNase) has molecular mass of 25 kD as the native form and the activity optimum at pH 8.5. The enzyme activity in the presence of bivalent metal ions decreases in the series (Ca2+ + Mn2+) > (Ca2+ + Mg2+) > Mn2+ > (Mg2+ + EGTA). In seawater the enzyme is inactive. Zinc ions inhibit Ca,Mn-DNase. Acid DNase of spermatozoa (A-DNase) is not a nuclear protein, it has molecular mass of 37 kD as a native form and the activity optimum at pH 5.5, it is not activated by bivalent metal ions, and it is inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide and iodoacetic acid. Mechanisms of the endonuclease cleavage of double-stranded DNA have been established for the three enzymes. The possible involvement of DNases from sea urchin spermatozoa in programmed cell death is discussed.  相似文献   

16.
Summary Smooth Muscle Phosphatases II (SMP-I1) which has been purified from turkey gizzards and previously classified as protein phosphatase 2C, is inactive in the absence of divalent cations. Study of the activation of SMP-II by Mg2+ and Mn2+ revealed differences in the modes of activation by these cations. The maximal activation elicited by Mg2+ is 1.5–2.5-fold higher than the maximal Mn2+ activation. However, the latter is achieved at a lower concentration than the maximal Mg2+-activation. Furthermore, at low cation concentrations ( 2 mM), the Mn2+-activated activity is higher than the Mg2+-activated activity. In the presence of both cations, the effect of Mn2+ predominates suggesting that the affinity of the enzyme for Mn2+ is greater than for Mg2+. In contrast to Mg2+ and Mn2+, Ca2+ does not activate SMP-II but it was observed to antagonize the effects of Mg2+ and Mn2+. Ca2+ acts as a competitive inhibitor of Mg2+. However, the inhibitory effect at high Ca2+ concentrations is not completely reversed by increasing the Mg2+ concentration. Mn2+ activation is also inhibited by Ca2+ but to a lesser extent. Ca2+ cannot completely inhibit Mn2+-activation suggesting that SMP-I1 has greater affinity for Mn2+ than for Ca2+. The finding that Ca2+ inhibits the activation of SMP-II raises the possibility that Ca2+ may be a regulator of SMP-II in vivo.Abbreviations SMP-II Smooth Muscle Phosphatase-II - MOPS 3-[N-Morpholine]propane Sulfonic Acid - PLC Phosphorylated Myosin Light Chains  相似文献   

17.
Bovine lung soluble guanylate cyclase was purified to apparent homogeneity in a form that was deficient in heme. Heme-deficient guanylate cyclase was rapidly and easily reconstituted with heme by reacting enzyme with hematin in the presence of excess dithiothreitol, followed by removal of unbound heme by gel filtration. Bound heme was verified spectrally and NO shifted the absorbance maximum in a manner characteristic of other hemoproteins. Heme-deficient and heme-reconstituted guanylate cyclase were compared with enzyme that had completely retained heme during purification. NO and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine only marginally activated heme-deficient guanylate cyclase but markedly activated both heme-reconstituted and heme-containg forms of the enzyme. Restoration of marked activation of heme-deficient guanylate cyclase was accomplished by including 1 μM hematin in enzyme reaction mixtures containing dithiothreitol. Preformed NO-heme activated all forms of guanylate cyclase in the absence of additional heme. Guanylate cyclase activation was observed in the presence of either MgGTP or MnGTP, although the magnitude of enzyme activation was consistently greater with MgGTP. The apparent Km for GTP in the presence of excess Mn2+ or Mg2+ was 10 μM and 85–120 μM, respectively, for unactivated guanylate cyclase. The apparent Km for GTP in the presence of Mn2+ was not altered but the Km in the presence of Mg2+ was lowered to 58 μM with activated enzyme. Maximal velocities were increased by enzyme activators in the presence of either Mg2+ or Mn2+. The data reported in this study indicate that purified guanylate cyclase binds heme and the latter is required for enzyme activation by NO nitroso compounds.  相似文献   

18.
Summary The ultrastructural localization of Ca2+, Mg2+-activated ATPase was studied in phytohaemagglutinin activated lymphocytes and in normal unstimulated lymphocytes. Cells, fixed in paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde, were incubated in a medium containing 3mm ATP, 5mm CaCl2 and 2.4mm Pb(NO3)2 in 0.1m tris buffer at pH 8.5, the optimum pH for histochemical demonstration of this enzyme. Reaction product was localized i the endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear membrane, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria and on the membrane surrounding large electron-dense bodies. Cytoplasmic vesicles and the plasma membrane were negative. Activity in unstimulated lymphocytes showed a similar localization but the amount of endoplasmic reticulum was much less than in activated lymphocytes.The pH of the medium was critical for the localization of the enzyme. At pH 7.5, the cytoplasmic reaction was almost completely inhibited but a dense precipitate was present on the outer surface of the plasma membrane. The reaction was stimulated by either Ca2+ or Mg2+ and was greatly decreased in the absence of these cations or in the presence ofp-chloromercuribenzoate orN-ethylmaleimide. Oligomycin inhibited selectively the reaction in mitochondria but not the reaction at other sites. While the reaction in mitochondria showed complete substrate specificity, a mild reaction was obtained at the other sites with uridine diphosphate or sodium -glycophosphate as substrate. ATP was, however, the preferential substate.  相似文献   

19.
Regulation of ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase from Chlorella vulgaris   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase was partially purified from Chlorella vulgaris 11h. 3-Phosphoglycerate activated the enzyme by lowering the Michaelis constant for glucose-1-phosphate (from 0.97 to 0.36 millimolar in the presence of 2 millimolar phosphoglycerate) and ATP (from 0.23 to 0.10 millimolar), as well as increasing the Vmax. Saturation curves for 3-phosphoglycerate were hyperbolic and the activator concentration at half Vmax value for 3-phosphoglycerate was 0.41 millimolar either in the presence or absence of phosphate. Phosphate inhibited the enzyme in a competitive manner with respect to glucose-1-phosphate, but did not affect the Michaelis constant value for ATP. 3-Phosphoglycerate changed neither the inhibitor concentration at half Vmax value of 1.0 millimolar for phosphate nor the hyperbolic inhibition kinetics for phosphate. The enzyme required divalent cations for its activity. The activation curves for Mn2+ and Mg2+ were highly sigmoidal. The activator concentration at half Vmax values for Mn2+ and Mg2+ were 2.8 and 3.7 millimolar, respectively. With optimal cations, the Michaelis constant values for ATP-Mn and ATP-Mg were 0.1 and 0.4 millimolar, respectively.  相似文献   

20.
Binding of fructose-6-P and Pi to rabbit liver fructose bisphosphatase has been analyzed in terms of four negatively cooperative binding sites per enzyme tetramer. The association of fructose-6-P occurs in the absence of divalent metal ion, although the extent of binding is increased in the order Mg2+ < Zn2+ < Mn2+. The binding of Pi shows an absolute requirement for divalent metal ion with Mn2+ being more effective than Mg2+. The interaction of the enzyme with the substrate analog, (α + β) methyl-d-fructofuranoside-1,6-P2 in the presence of Mn2+ closely resembles that found for fructose-1,6-P2 in the absence of Mn2+, although the measured constants are on average an order of magnitude smaller. Combination experiments with the three ligands show that the binding follows an identical ordered sequence, i.e., the tighter sites are initially occupied regardless of the ligand's identity. The binding of Pi or fructose-6-P is not altered by the presence of the other. Comparison of binding constant with Ki values obtained from steady-state assays permits identification of the catalytic sites expressed in the latter. The association of Mn2+ at the catalytic site can be induced by fructose-6-P or the substrate analog suggesting that a 1-phosphoryl group enhances but is not necessary for Mn2+ binding at this site. The binding of AMP is decreased in the presence of substrate analog relative to fructose-1,6-P2, suggesting that the 2-hydroxyl serves as a “molecular signal.” From the single and combined binding experiments, a calculation of the equilibrium constant for the overall hydrolysis reaction on the enzyme surface in the presence of Mn2+ has been carried out and an estimate made for the Mg2+ case.  相似文献   

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