一株耐铝隐球酵母菌株5-2的分离鉴定及耐铝特性分析

目的分离高耐铝的微生物菌株,为耐铝基因克隆和耐铝机制研究奠定基础。方法用含5 mmol/L铝的平板逐级筛选和纯化,PCR扩增ITS序列和26S r DNA D1/D2序列,用菌株在不同铝浓度的固体培养基和液体培养基中的生长状况鉴定耐铝能力,用ICP-AES测量菌液上清中剩余活性铝的含量。结果通过ITS序列和26S r DNA D1/D2序列比对及形态观察,初步鉴定该菌株为Cryptococcus podzolicus,该菌株的最大耐铝能力达到100 mmol/L,而且该菌株能够吸附溶液中的活性铝,这可能是其耐铝的原因之一。结论该菌种是首次发现具有耐铝能力,从而为土壤微生物耐铝机制的研究及克隆耐铝基因提供了很好的实验材料。     

微生物耐铝机制的研究进展

铝毒是酸性土壤中限制作物生产最主要的因素。微生物与铝作用逐渐受到关注,一些微生物特别是模式微生物的耐铝机制已被提出。主要综述了酵母,假单胞菌及其它微生物耐铝机制的研究进展,并展望了微生物耐铝机制研究发展的方向。     

微生物铝毒害和耐铝毒机制研究进展

在酸性土壤中,铝毒是限制农作物生产的关键问题之一,铝同样对微生物产生毒害作用。研究微生物的铝毒害和耐铝毒机制可以为植物耐铝毒机制的研究提供一种新视角。目前的研究表明,铝作用于微生物细胞的细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞核和细胞器,影响微生物的物质和能量代谢,抑制微生物的生长和发育。针对这些毒害作用,铝毒耐受微生物通过多途径全方位的机制适应外界的铝毒环境。该文结合作者的研究工作,综述了微生物的铝毒害和耐铝毒机制。     

外加肌醇对嗜鞣管囊酵母发酵的酒精产量及其耐酒精能力的影响

嗜鞣管囊酵母(Pachysolen tannophilus)是可以同时发酵葡萄糖和木糖为酒精的菌种,在其生长和发酵培养基中分别添加不同浓度((0～200mg/L)的肌醇以及不同起始浓度的酒精,以考察外加肌醇对嗜鞣管囊酵母生长、产酒精能力和耐酒精能力的影响.结果 表明,添加肌醇前后,嗜鞣管囊酵母的生物量及发酵的酒精产量均有所增加.外加肌醇对嗜鞣管囊酵母生长有轻微的刺激作用,酵母生长最适肌醇浓度为150mg/L;而对酵母生长的耐酒精能力却有明显的影响, 并且,菌种在YEPD培养基中的耐酒精能力高于在YEPX培养基中的耐酒精能力.经实验测定,肌醇对嗜鞣管囊酵母产酒精能力及发酵的耐酒精能力均有显著的影响.发酵培养基中未添加起始浓度的酒精时,菌种发酵的最适肌醇浓度为100mg/L,此时生成的酒精产量为45.20g/L.当分别添加起始酒精浓度为10%和12%时,随着肌醇浓度的增加,菌种发酵生成的酒精浓度均呈上升趋势;肌醇浓度为200mg/L时,两种起始酒精浓度下,酒精的净生成量均达到最大,分别为17.18g/L和16.68g/L.     

铝对秋茄幼苗生理特性的影响

为探讨铝对秋茄幼苗生理特性的影响,实验研究了不同浓度铝盐(0-100 mmol/L AlCl3)处理后秋茄的各种生理反应,对幼苗的生长、净光合效率、膜脂过氧化作用、游离脯氨酸含量等生理指标与胁迫程度及时间的关系作了对比研究,特别分析了高浓度(25-100 mmol/L Al3+)胁迫下,秋茄叶片和根部活性氧清除系统保护酶活性的变化趋势。研究发现,在10 mmol/L浓度以下,秋茄在生理特性上表现出对铝胁迫的最大适应性,能维持正常生命生长过程。当浓度增加至25-100 mmol/L,秋茄的生理反应较为敏感,膜脂过氧化加重,MDA含量及保护酶活性随铝浓度增加的变化趋势与其在海莲中的表现基本相似。高浓度铝胁迫的极端环境使植物体内产生过量的活性氧自由基,诱导了细胞膜系统的氧化损伤,最终导致秋茄植株衰老甚至死亡。抗氧化保护酶系统SOD、CAT、POD的协同作用,在一定时间内可以维持细胞内活性氧代谢平衡;特别是POD被激活的程度最大,且持续时间最长,可以考虑作为秋茄幼苗抗铝胁迫的生理标志。秋茄叶片和根部的游离脯氨酸含量在25和100 mmol/L Al3+胁迫下均显著增加。       

酸性土壤中耐铝细菌的筛选鉴定及其耐铝能力分析

以含有1mmol／LAl3＋的s—LB培养基作为筛选培养基,从酸性土壤中分离到13株耐铝的细菌菌株,选取其中6株进行形态学分析,结果观察到这些菌株的菌体均呈杆状,其中1株为革兰阳性反应,其余5株为革兰阴性反应。以细菌通用引物扩增这些菌株的16SrDNA并测序,将得到的序列与GenBank中的序列进行BLAST比对,利用MEGA4．0软件,按照Neighbor-joining法构建系统进化树,这6个菌株分别与Enterobacter endosymbiont,Serratia marcescens ,Pantoea agglomerans ,Enterobacter aerogenes .Bacillus subtilis 和 Enterobacter asburiae的亲缘关系最近。将这些菌株接种到加有2mmol／LAl3＋、pH4．5的s—LB固体培养基上培养时,它们都能生长,说明这些菌株具有较好的耐铝能力,这些菌株为进一步研究细菌的耐铝机制提供了极好的材料。     

响应面法优化嗜热厌氧杆菌X514产乙醇合成培养基

嗜热厌氧杆菌X514(Thermoanaerobactersp.X514)能同时发酵五碳糖、六碳糖并产出乙醇,是纤维素乙醇生产中最具潜力的菌株之一。单因子试验证明,酵母提取物中对X514乙醇发酵起决定性影响的组分为B族维生素,并进一步确定了B族维生素中对乙醇发酵有影响作用的6种维生素。结合培养基中的其他影响因子,应用Plackett-Burman试验设计方法,筛选出X514乙醇发酵的极大影响因子为NH4Cl、烟酸及硫胺素。随后用最陡爬坡试验确定了影响因子最佳取值区域,并利用响应面方法优化合成培养基。优化结果显示,当以5 g/L葡萄糖为底物时,在NH4Cl、烟酸及硫胺素的浓度分别为1.05 g/L、6.4 mg/L及7.0 mg/L的条件下,X514的乙醇产出浓度达到最优理论值34.46 mmol/L。试验验证该条件下乙醇产出浓度为33.78 mmol/L。试验值与理论值接近,原始矿物质培养基中乙醇产出浓度的5.1倍,并与添加5 g/L的酵母提取物培养基的乙醇产出浓度(34.67 mmol/L)相当。     

硅对柱花草铝毒的解毒作用

为了解硅在解除豆科作物铝毒方面的作用,本文以5个品种的柱花草为材料研究了硅对铝胁迫条件下的植物根伸长及膜脂稳定性的影响.研究结果表明,在铝(30 μmol/L)胁迫条件下柱花草根伸长受阻、根尖丙二醛(MDA)含量和抗氧化酶(POD,CAT)活性显著增加,而硅(1.4 mmol/L)处理增加根中硅的含量而降低了铝对根伸长、MDA含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响,且铝处理前12 h供给的硅和前处理溶液及铝溶液中均加硅处理的影响均显著;在不加硅条件下西卡品种的耐铝性显著低于其它品种,而经硅预处理的植株和在预处理及铝处理期间均供应硅的植株的耐铝性不同品种间的差异不显著.这些结果表明,硅能提高柱花草的耐铝能力并影响品种间耐铝差异性.     

铝胁迫对橡胶苗生理和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

热带酸性土壤中铝毒非常普遍,其对橡胶树生长的影响尚不清楚.采用盆栽砂培试验研究了铝离子对橡胶苗生理和叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明:当铝浓度高于200 mmol·L^-1时,橡胶苗细胞质膜透性、叶片游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量显著提高,相对含水量、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性、叶片叶绿素a含量、叶绿素最大荧光、PSⅡ最大光化学效率、PSⅡ潜在活性、光化学淬灭系数、非光化学淬灭系数和光合电子传递速率显著降低;当铝离子浓度低于100 mmol·L^-1时,不同处理间橡胶苗生理和叶绿素荧光特性差异较小或不明显.说明橡胶树是较为耐铝的植物,铝离子对橡胶苗造成伤害的阈值在100～200 mmol·L^-1;超过这一浓度,会造成橡胶苗不可逆的伤害.     

大豆耐铝性品种差异及其与有机酸的关系

从 1 0个大豆品种中筛选出两个耐铝性差异显著的品种 ,研究了其耐铝性与有机酸的关系。经铝处理后 ,吴川品种的相对根长为 1 3 3 .5 % ,化州只有 68.9% ,表明吴川相对耐铝 ,化州对铝较敏感。将不同浓度的AlCl3 加入营养液中处理大豆 1 0d,化州较吴川根长受到较大影响 ,进一步证实吴川相对耐铝毒 ,而化州对酸铝敏感。机理研究发现大豆在铝胁迫下根系可分泌两种有机酸 (草酸、柠檬酸 ) ,其中吴川根系草酸分泌速率提高了 74% ,化州几乎没有提高 ,表明耐铝性大豆品种的根系草酸分泌速率明显提高 ,可增强其缓解酸铝毒性的能力。而二者分泌柠檬酸的速率虽然均有显著提高 ,但处理后感抗品种之间差异不大 ,表明柠檬酸在缓解铝毒性中的作用不大。铝处理下大豆根系虽然分泌两种有机酸 ,但草酸在大豆耐酸铝机制中的作用可能更为重要。     

Viruses activate a genetically conserved cell death pathway in a unicellular organism

Given the importance of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of virus infections in mammals, we investigated the possibility that unicellular organisms also respond to viral pathogens by activating programmed cell death. The M1 and M2 killer viruses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encode pore-forming toxins that were assumed to kill uninfected yeast cells by a nonprogrammed assault. However, we found that yeast persistently infected with these killer viruses induce a programmed suicide pathway in uninfected (nonself) yeast. The M1 virus-encoded K1 toxin is primarily but not solely responsible for triggering the death pathway. Cell death is mediated by the mitochondrial fission factor Dnm1/Drp1, the K+ channel Tok1, and the yeast metacaspase Yca1/Mca1 encoded by the target cell and conserved in mammals. In contrast, cell death is inhibited by yeast Fis1, a pore-forming outer mitochondrial membrane protein. This virus-host relationship in yeast resembles that of pathogenic human viruses that persist in their infected host cells but trigger programmed death of uninfected cells.     

Programmed cell death-involved aluminum toxicity in yeast alleviated by antiapoptotic members with decreased calcium signals

The molecular mechanisms of aluminum (Al) toxicity and tolerance in plants have been the focus of ongoing research in the area of stress phytophysiology. Recent studies have described Al-induced apoptosis-like cell death in plant and animal cells. In this study, we show that yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) exposed to low effective concentrations of Al for short times undergoes enhanced cell division in a manner that is dose and cell density dependent. At higher concentrations of Al or longer exposure times, Al induces cell death and growth inhibition. Several apoptotic features appear during Al treatment, including cell shrinkage, vacuolation, chromatin marginalization, nuclear fragmentation, DNA degradation, and DNA strand breaks, as well as concomitant cell aggregation. Yeast strains expressing Ced-9, Bcl-2, and PpBI-1 (a plant Bax inhibitor-1 isolated from Phyllostachys praecox), respectively, display more resistance to Al toxicity compared with control cells. Data from flow cytometric studies show these three antiapoptotic members do not affect reactive oxygen species levels, but decrease calcium ion (Ca(2+)) signals in response to Al stress, although both intracellular reactive oxygen species and Ca(2+) levels were increased. The data presented suggest that manipulation of the negative regulation process of programmed cell death may provide a novel mechanism for conferring Al tolerance.     

The plant disease resistance gene Asc-1 prevents disruption of sphingolipid metabolism during AAL-toxin-induced programmed cell death

The nectrotrophic fungus Alternaria alternata f.sp. lycopersici infects tomato plants of the genotype asc/asc by utilizing a host-selective toxin, AAL-toxin, that kills the host cells by inducing programmed cell death. Asc-1 is homologous to genes found in most eukaryotes from yeast to humans, suggesting a conserved function. A yeast strain with deletions in the homologous genes LAG1 and LAC1 was functionally complemented by Asc-1, indicating that Asc-1 functions in an analogous manner to the yeast homologues. Examination of the yeast sphingolipids, which are almost absent in the lag1Deltalac1Delta mutant, showed that Asc-1 was able to restore the synthesis of sphingolipids. We therefore examined the biosynthesis of sphingolipids in tomato by labeling leaf discs with l-[3-3H]serine. In the absence of AAL-toxin, there was no detectable difference in sphingolipid labeling between leaf discs from Asc/Asc or asc/asc leaves. In the presence of pathologically significant concentrations of AAL-toxin however, asc/asc leaf discs showed severely reduced labeling of sphingolipids and increased label in dihydrosphingosine (DHS) and 3-ketodihydrosphingosine (3-KDHS). Leaf discs from Asc/Asc leaves responded to AAL-toxin treatment by incorporating label into different sphingolipid species. The effects of AAL-toxin on asc/asc leaflets could be partially blocked by the simultaneous application of AAL-toxin and myriocin. Leaf discs simultaneously treated with AAL-toxin and myriocin showed no incorporation of label into sphingolipids or long-chain bases as expected. These results indicate that the presence of Asc-1 is able to relieve an AAL-toxin-induced block on sphingolipid synthesis that would otherwise lead to programmed cell death.     

Formic Acid and Acetic Acid Induce a Programmed Cell Death in Pathogenic Candida Species

Cutaneous fungal infections are common and widespread. Antifungal agents used for the treatment of these infections often have undesirable side effects. Furthermore, increased resistance of the microorganisms to the antifungal drugs becomes the growing problem. Accordingly, the search for natural antifungal compounds continues to receive attention. Apoptosis is highly regulated programmed cell death. During yeast cell apoptosis, amino acids and peptides are released and can stimulate regeneration of human epithelium cells. Thus, detection of chemical compounds inducing apoptosis in yeast and nontoxic for humans is of great medical relevance. The aim of this study was to detect chemical compound inducing apoptosis in pathogenic Candida species with the lowest toxicity to the mammalian cells. Five chemical compounds—acetic acid, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, lithium acetate, and formic acid—were tested for evaluation of antifungal activity on C. albicans, C. guilliermondii, and C. lusitaniae. The results showed that acetic acid and formic acid at the lowest concentrations induced yeast cells death. Apoptosis analysis revealed that cells death was accompanied by activation of caspase. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of potassium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate induced Candida cells necrosis. Toxicity test with mammalian cell cultures showed that formic acid has the lowest effect on the growth of Jurkat and NIH 3T3 cells. In conclusion, our results show that a low concentration of formic acid induces apoptosis-like programmed cell death in the Candida yeast and has a minimal effect on the survivability of mammalian cells, suggesting potential applications in the treatment of these infections.     

Hyperosmotic stress induces metacaspase- and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

During the last years, several reports described an apoptosis-like programmed cell death process in yeast in response to different environmental aggressions. Here, evidence is presented that hyperosmotic stress caused by high glucose or sorbitol concentrations in culture medium induces in Saccharomyces cerevisiae a cell death process accompanied by morphological and biochemical indicators of apoptotic programmed cell death, namely chromatin condensation along the nuclear envelope, mitochondrial swelling and reduction of cristae number, production of reactive oxygen species and DNA strand breaks, with maintenance of plasma membrane integrity. Disruption of AIF1 had no effect on cell survival, but lack of Yca1p drastically reduced metacaspase activation and decreased cell death indicating that this death process was associated to activation of this protease. Supporting the involvement of mitochondria and cytochrome c in caspase activation, the mutant strains cyc1Deltacyc7Delta and cyc3Delta, both lacking mature cytochrome c, displayed a decrease in caspase activation associated to increased cell survival when exposed to hyperosmotic stress. These findings indicate that hyperosmotic stress triggers S. cerevisiae into an apoptosis-like programmed cell death that is mediated by a caspase-dependent mitochondrial pathway partially dependent on cytochrome c.     

Programmed cell death in fission yeast

Recently a metacaspase, encoded by YCA1, has been implicated in a primitive form of apoptosis or programmed cell death in yeast. Previously it had been shown that over-expression of mammalian pro-apoptotic proteins can induce cell death in yeast, but the mechanism of how cell death occurred was not clearly established. More recently, it has been shown that DNA or oxidative damage, or other cell cycle blocks, can result in cell death that mimics apoptosis in higher cells. Also, in fission yeast deletion of genes required for triacylglycerol synthesis leads to cell death and expression of apoptotic markers. A metacaspase sharing greater than 40% identity to budding yeast Yca1 has been identified in fission yeast, however, its role in programmed cell death is not yet known. Analysis of the genetic pathways that influence cell death in yeast may provide insights into the mechanisms of apoptosis in all eukaryotic organisms.     

Mitochondrial programmed cell death pathways in yeast

Whether or not yeast cell death is altruistic, apoptotic, or otherwise analogous to programmed cell death in mammals is controversial. However, growing attention to cell death mechanisms in yeast has produced several new papers that make a case for ancient origins of programmed death involving mitochondrial pathways conserved between yeast and mammals.     

Signal transduction events in aluminum-induced cell death in tomato suspension cells

In this study, some of the signal transduction events involved in AlCl(3)-induced cell death in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) suspension cells were elucidated. Cells treated with 100 microM AlCl(3) showed typical features of programmed cell death (PCD) such as nuclear and cytoplasmic condensation. Cell death was effectively inhibited by protease and human caspase inhibitors indicating a cell death execution mechanism with similarities to animal apoptosis. Cell death was suppressed by application of antoxidants and by inhibitors of phospholipase C (PLC), phospholipase D (PLD) and ethylene signalling pathways. The results suggest that low concentrations of heavy metal ions stimulate both PLC and PLD signalling pathways leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent cell death executed by caspase-like proteases.     

肠道病毒71型感染诱导细胞程序性死亡形态学及分子生物学特征的初步研究

肠道病毒 71型(enterovirus type 71,EV71)感染常可引起婴幼儿手足口病(hand,foot and mouth disease,HFMD),还可引起中枢神经系统并发症等重症,甚至死亡。研究认为,EV71诱发重症的原因主要与病毒感染诱导细胞程序性死亡(programmed cell death,PCD)及诱导细胞产生大量炎症因子有关。病毒感染可通过激活不同的信号通路触发细胞程序性死亡,主要包括含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase,caspase)依赖的细胞凋亡、细胞焦亡,以及非caspase依赖的细胞坏死性凋亡。本研究旨在探讨EV71感染诱导细胞程序性死亡的形态学和分子生物学特征,利用显微镜和免疫荧光技术检测EV71感染后细胞形态变化,JC-1染色检测感染后细胞线粒体膜电位变化,流式细胞术及Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法、乳酸脱氢酶释放量法检测感染细胞的细胞膜损伤程度,结合蛋白免疫印迹法检测病毒感染后细胞中多聚ADP核糖聚合酶[poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase,PARP]、caspase-9、caspase-3等凋亡因子,以及细胞焦亡关键效应蛋白Gasdermin D、坏死性凋亡效应蛋白MLKL的磷酸化情况。结果显示,EV71感染后细胞主要呈现凋亡特征,并伴随少量细胞坏死。与细胞凋亡相关的PARP被剪切,caspase-9和caspase-3等相关因子被激活。经泛caspase抑制剂处理后,细胞程序性死亡被抑制,但仍有部分细胞坏死。结果提示,EV71感染以细胞凋亡为主,也可能存在非caspase依赖的细胞程序性死亡。