在生物教学中如何实现学生的自主学习

所谓＂自主学习＂,就是＂自我导向、自我激励、自我监控＂的学习,是指在教师的正确引导下,充分发挥学生的主体作用,通过自学、质疑、讨论等方式所进行的学习活动,它的核心是启迪学生的思维,从而达到主动、创造性的学习。     

谈生物教学中自主学习的培养

新一轮课程改革的核心是在教师的主导作用下,让学生成为学习的主体,培养学生自主学习的能力。随着教育教学理念的逐步更新,课程改革的层层推进,更多的人认识到授之以鱼,不如授之以渔。那么,什么是自主学习呢？自主学习是相对于“被动学习”“机械学习”和“他主学习”而言,就是“自我导向（规划）、自我激励、自我监控”的学习。     

论自我效能感对学生学习活动的影响及培养策略

自我效能感是Bandura自我效能理论的核心概念,是指个体对自己是否能够成功地进行某一成就行为的主观判断。文章介绍了自我效能感的概念、形成因素及对学生学习活动的影响,在此基础上,探讨了对学生学习自我效能感的培养策略。     

开展自我指导学习培养终身学习能力

根据新的基础教育课程体系强调基础教育要满足每个学生终身发展的需要和培养学生终身学习能力的要求,结合生物学教学实践,探索开展自我指导学习的基本方法,以及如何通过开展自我指导学习,培养学生的终身学习能力。     

职业生涯规划意识与大学生学习心理的相关性研究初探

职业生涯规划教育的首要功能就是让学生初步掌握职业类型、气质类型、人职匹配理论的基础上,进行心理测试、引导学生了解自己的性格、兴趣、能力、气质等个性特征,并客观分析环境,对自我做正确定位。学生对自己了解的越多,其自我塑造的愿望就越强烈、计划也就越具体,学习动力就越强,有利于培养学生良好的学习心理。     

医学微生物学兴趣小组——培养学生能力的有效途径

在进行医学微生物学实验课教学的同时,开展微生物学兴趣小组活动,可形成以学生为主体的学习模式,开阔学生的视野,提高学生的学习兴趣,陶冶学生的科研情操,激发学生的创新热情,培养学生的动手能力以及分析问题和解决问题的能力,促进学生主动学习、合作学习和研究性学习。     

医学专业学生确立自主学习观的必要性和重要性

目前,高等医学教育的主要任务是培养学生的综合能力,对于医学院校的学生来说,掌握扎实的医学基础知识至关重要。然而,大多医学专业的学生习惯于被动接受老师传授的知识,而严重缺乏主观能动性。医学知识涉及的内容广、难度大,初学者很难迅速掌握其精髓之处,因此确立一种高效的学习模式帮助医学生更好的理解并掌握专业理论是医学院校教育改革的重点。自主学习能力是现代教育学所提倡的相对于传统学习模式的一种现代化学习理念。自主学习的主体是学生,自主学习的过程要求主体发挥其主观能动性,自我督促、自我激励,以独立自主的方式完成高效的学习,帮助学生牢固地掌握专业理论,同时又可以灵活的运用在临床实践中。本文通过对自主学习的含义进行阐述,分析医学生确立自主学习观的必要性和重要性,并对如何确立自主学习观提出相应的建议,以推进我校教育体制改革的进度,进一步完善医学教育教学的质量。     

培养学生元认知能力提高生物学复习课效率

使学生学会学习是当前素质教育的重要目标之一。而学习不仅是对所学材料认知过程,也是对认知过程进行自我监控和调节的过程。在高中生物学复习课中对学生进行元认知训练,不但能够构建学生的学科知识结构,全面提高复习课的效率,还可以使学生学会监控学习并不断调整学习方法,促进自身思维品质和思维能力的提高。     

高中生物课堂教学学生自主学习能力的培养探讨

在终身教育的国际背景下,我国日益重视对学生能力的培养,促使学生成为创新型人才。高中学生自主学习能力的培养是高中生物教育重要的培养目标之一,本文就高中生物课堂教学学生自主学习能力培养的策略进行了探讨,并阐述了其在教育教学中重要意义。     

互助学习在科技学院护理专业组胚教学中的尝试

目的探讨互助学习在医学专业科技学院教学中的应用效果。方法对我校科技学院2009级护理专业组胚实验教学中实施互助学习,课程结束后对学生进行成绩分析及问卷调查。结果通过互助学习学生成绩显著提高,语言表达能力、合作能力、分析解决问题能力相应增强。结论互助学习能激发学生学习兴趣,提高学习能力和实验技能,改善学生的综合素质,为科技学院学生因材施教寻找到有效教学模式。     

Cost-efficient selection of a marker panel in genetic studies

Genetic techniques are frequently used to sample and monitor wildlife populations. The goal of these studies is to maximize the ability to distinguish individuals for various genetic inference applications, a process which is often complicated by genotyping error. However, wildlife studies usually have fixed budgets, which limit the number of genetic markers available for inclusion in a study marker panel. Prior to our study, a formal algorithm for selecting a marker panel that included genotyping error, laboratory costs, and ability to distinguish individuals did not exist. We developed a constrained nonlinear programming optimization algorithm to determine the optimal number of markers for a marker panel, initially applied to a pilot study designed to estimate black bear abundance in central Georgia. We extend the algorithm to other genetic applications (e.g., parentage or population assignment) and incorporate possible null alleles. Our algorithm can be used in wildlife pilot studies to assess the feasibility of genetic sampling for multiple genetic inference applications. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.     

Brain Correlates of Non-Symbolic Numerosity Estimation in Low and High Mathematical Ability Children

Previous studies have implicated several brain areas as subserving numerical approximation. Most studies have examined brain correlates of adult numerical approximation and have not considered individual differences in mathematical ability. The present study examined non-symbolic numerical approximation in two groups of 10-year-olds: Children with low and high mathematical ability. The aims of this study were to investigate the brain mechanisms associated with approximate numerosity in children and to assess whether individual differences in mathematical ability are associated with differential brain correlates during the approximation task. The results suggest that, similarly to adults, multiple and distributed brain areas are involved in approximation in children. Despite equal behavioral performance, there were differences in the brain activation patterns between low and high mathematical ability groups during the approximation task. This suggests that individual differences in mathematical ability are reflected in differential brain response during approximation.     

A genome-wide association study identified new variants associated with mathematical abilities in Chinese children

Mathematical ability is moderately heritable, and it is a complex trait which can be evaluated in several different categories. A few genetic studies have been published on general mathematical ability. However, no genetic study focused on specific mathematical ability categories. In this study, we separately performed genome-wide association studies on 11 mathematical ability categories in 1146 students from Chinese elementary schools. We identified seven genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with strong linkage disequilibrium among each other (all r² > 0.8) associated with mathematical reasoning ability (top SNP: rs34034296, p = 2.01 × 10⁻⁸, nearest gene: CUB and Sushi multiple domains 3, CSMD3). We replicated one SNP (rs133885) from 585 SNPs previously reported to be associated with general mathematical ability associated with division ability in our data (p = 1.053 × 10⁻⁵). In the gene- and gene-set enrichment analysis by MAGMA, we found three significant enrichments of associations with three mathematical ability categories for three genes (LINGO2, OAS1 and HECTD1). We also observed four significant enrichments of associations with four mathematical ability categories for three gene sets. Our results suggest new candidate genetic loci for the genetics of mathematical ability.     

Noninvasive cellular internalization of silver molecules by chitosan nanoneedles: a novel nanocarrier

We explore with molecular modeling, dynamics simulations, and a statistical model the ability of chitosan nanoneedles (CNNs) to be internalized into a model lipid bilayer as a function of their length, keeping in view of their applications in the field of biomedicine for advanced targeted drug delivery. In this study, we have computationally modeled and studied the structural geometry and the stability of CNNs formed by 4, 6, and 8 subunits. We reported the molecular surface analysis of the modeled CNNs along with molecular dynamic (MD) simulations studies toward revealing the noninvasive cellular internalization potential of these CNNs and a case study has been carried to study the ability of CNNs to translocate silver nanoparticles across membrane. The present results are strongly in support of further exploration of 8 subunits based CNNs for their application as target drug delivery vehicles. The hydrophilicity of the CNNs has been attributed as one of the key factors responsible for the internalization process. Moreover, our MD simulation studies marched the ability of CNNs to translocate silver nanoparticles through biological membrane in a similar manner that resembles cell-penetrating peptides.     

Genetic architecture underlying the evolutionary change of competitive ability in Asian cultivated and wild rice

Breeding of competitive cultivars has long been fraught with difficulty owing to limited knowledge of the genetic basis of competitive ability. In this study, we examined the diversity of competitive ability in Asian rice and the genetic basis of this variation. Cultivated strains and wild perennial strains have higher competitive ability than wild annual strains. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of competitive ability for three weed species was conducted in the cross between cultivated and wild annual strains, and three QTLs for general competitive ability (GCA) were identified. GCA-QTLs conferred higher competitive ability by the cultivated rice alleles and were co-located with QTLs for plant architecture and root growth, detected in the same mapping population. Furthermore, a significant change in GCA was achieved by accumulation and epistatic interaction of three QTLs. Further studies on the genetic control of competitive ability would facilitate the breeding of competitive cultivars in rice.     

To pace or not to pace: a pilot study of four‐ and five‐gaited Icelandic horses homozygous for the DMRT3 ‘Gait Keeper’ mutation

The Icelandic horse is a breed known mainly for its ability to perform the ambling four‐beat gait ‘tölt’ and the lateral two‐beat gait pace. The natural ability of the breed to perform these alternative gaits is highly desired by breeders. Therefore, the discovery that a nonsense mutation (C>A) in the DMRT3 gene was the main genetic factor for horses' ability to perform gaits in addition to walk, trot and canter was of great interest. Although several studies have demonstrated that homozygosity for the DMRT3 mutation is important for the ability to pace, only about 70% of the homozygous mutant (AA) Icelandic horses are reported to pace. The aim of the study was to genetically compare four‐ and five‐gaited (i.e. horses with and without the ability to pace) AA Icelandic horses by performing a genome‐wide association (GWA) analysis. All horses (n = 55) were genotyped on the 670K Axiom Equine Genotyping Array, and a GWA analysis was performed using the genabel package in r . No SNP demonstrated genome‐wide significance, implying that the ability to pace goes beyond the presence of a single gene variant. Despite its limitations, the current study provides additional information regarding the genetic complexity of pacing ability in horses. However, to fully understand the genetic differences between four‐ and five‐gaited AA horses, additional studies with larger sample materials and consistent phenotyping are needed.     

SPERM COMPETITIVE ABILITY EVOLVES IN RESPONSE TO EXPERIMENTAL ALTERATION OF OPERATIONAL SEX RATIO

In naturally polygamous organisms such as Drosophila, sperm competitive ability is one of the most important components of male fitness and is expected to evolve in response to varying degrees of male–male competition. Several studies have documented the existence of ample genetic variation in sperm competitive ability of males. However, many experimental evolution studies have found sperm competitive ability to be unresponsive to selection. Even direct selection for increased sperm competitive ability has failed to yield any measurable changes. Here we report the evolution of sperm competitive ability (sperm defense‐P1, offense‐P2) in a set of replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster subjected to altered levels of male–male competition (generated by varying the operational sex ratio) for 55–60 generations. Males from populations with female‐biased operational sex ratio evolved reduced P1 and P2, without any measurable change in the male reproductive behavior. Males in the male‐biased regime evolved increased P1, but there was no significant change in P2. Increase in P1 was associated with an increase in copulation duration, possibly indicating greater ejaculate investment by these males. This study is one of the few to provide empirical evidence for the evolution of sperm competitive ability of males under different levels of male–male competition.     

土地利用模型时间尺度预测能力分析——以CLUE\|S模型为例

模型模拟是生态学中的重要方法,特别是当实验不可进行时.在不同预案下基于模型的土地利用预测对于土地利用规划和政策制定具有十分重要意义.然而,很多研究没有对模型在研究区的时间尺度预测能力加以分析,从而可能导致模拟结果的不可靠.以岷江上游地区为例,采用Kappa指数系列对CLUE-S模型在研究区的时间尺度预测能力进行研究.结果表明CLUE-S模型在岷江上游地区时间尺度上的最大预测能力为22a,超过时间预测能力的预测结果不可靠.研究为土地利用模型模拟时间尺度确定提供了一种有效的方法.     

Seeing without Seeing? Degraded Conscious Vision in a Blindsight Patient

Blindsight patients, whose primary visual cortex is lesioned, exhibit preserved ability to discriminate visual stimuli presented in their "blind" field, yet report no visual awareness hereof. Blindsight is generally studied in experimental investigations of single patients, as very few patients have been given this "diagnosis". In our single case study of patient GR, we ask whether blindsight is best described as unconscious vision, or rather as conscious, yet severely degraded vision. In experiment 1 and 2, we successfully replicate the typical findings of previous studies on blindsight. The third experiment, however, suggests that GR's ability to discriminate amongst visual stimuli does not reflect unconscious vision, but rather degraded, yet conscious vision. As our finding results from using a method for obtaining subjective reports that has not previously used in blindsight studies (but validated in studies of healthy subjects and other patients with brain injury), our results call for a reconsideration of blindsight, and, arguably also of many previous studies of unconscious perception in healthy subjects.     

Alpha cell autoantibodies: immunological and metabolic follow-up study

We studied glucagon responses to OGTT and insulin and arginine stimulation in 12 out of 21 patients who were found positive for alpha cell autoantibodies (ACA) during routine screening procedures for autoimmunity in a group of 4080 individuals. The study was repeated in 8 subjects after an average observation period of 42 months. In both studies glucagon plasma levels were normal and independent of ACA titres, ACA ability to fix complement and ACA ability to cross-react with duodenal alpha cells. The clinical significance of ACA remains to be elucidated.