橄榄桥脑小脑萎缩患者的脑干听觉诱发电位及其与桥脑体积的相关性

目的:观察橄榄桥脑小脑萎缩(OPCA)脑干听觉诱发电位各波、波间潜伏期的变化,并分析这些变化与桥脑体积/后颅窝体积比值(PV/PFV)的相关性。方法:利用丹麦KeypointEMG/EP电生理仪测定OPCA组、对照组脑干听觉诱发电位Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波潜伏期(PL),Ⅰ-Ⅲ、Ⅲ-Ⅴ、Ⅰ-Ⅴ峰间潜伏期(IPL)并采用1.5TMR3DVolumeRender-ing软件行桥脑体积(PV)、小脑体积(CV)、后颅窝体积(PFV)磁共振测量,算出PV/PFV、CV/PFV、PV/CV值。结果:与对照组相比,OPCA组Ⅲ波PL、Ⅰ-ⅢIPL明显延长(P<0.05),Ⅲ-ⅤIPL明显缩短(P<0.05);OPCA组PV/PFV值明显减少(P<0.01);Ⅲ-ⅤIPL与PV/PFV呈正相关(r=0.83,P<0.01)。结论:OPCA患者脑干听觉诱发电位Ⅲ波PL、Ⅰ-ⅢIPL延长,Ⅲ-ⅤIPL缩短,Ⅲ-ⅤIPL随着桥脑体积的变小而缩短。     

蛋白酶体激活因子REGγ的研究进展

REGγ(PSME3,proteasome activator complex subunit 3)是20S蛋白酶体的一种重要激活因子,REGγ-蛋白酶体系统可以非泛素和非ATP依赖方式介导多种重要蛋白降解。研究发现,REGγ以降解不同底物蛋白的方式参与肿瘤的进程、免疫反应、神经性疾病等系列生理病理过程。REGγ的表达可被不同的信号刺激诱导。翻译后修饰也可调控REGγ蛋白的活性,如REGγ的SUMO修饰和乙酰化修饰,均对其降解底物的功能至关重要。因此,REGγ是一个受多水平调控、具多种功能的细胞核内蛋白。本文较系统地综述了REGγ研究的最新进展,阐述了REGγ在许多生理病理过程中的重要作用及其机理。     

急性高原低氧环境对不同情绪状态脑电功率的影响

目的:探讨急性高原低氧环境对不同情绪状态脑电功率的影响。方法:本研究为双因素多水平试验设计(氧气环境2个水平!情绪类型4个水平)。通过编写情绪图片诱导12名年龄在20～25岁之间的男性被试产生四类不同情绪:低效价低唤醒(LVLA)、高效价低唤醒(HVLA)、低效价高唤醒(LVHA)、高效价高唤醒(HVHA),分别近似于沮丧、轻松、恐惧、快乐四类情绪,并使用Brain Products 32导脑电采集设备采集不同情绪状态下的脑电信号;次日,采用常压低氧舱模拟4 300 m的高原低氧环境,同一批被试在低氧10 h后使用相同试验范式采集脑电信号。对采集来的脑电信号进行功率谱分析(FFT),同时对额叶(F3\Fz\F4)脑电的五个频段(delta、theta、alpha、beta、gamma)进行两因素重复测量方差分析。结果:功率谱分析发现:急性低氧前后,四类情绪状态下alpha波的全脑分布差异主要集中在额叶、顶叶及部分颞叶; HVLA情绪状态下alpha波全脑分布差异最小。两因素重复测量方差分析结果发现:(1)delta、beta频段功率受氧气环境影响显著(P<0.05),低氧环境下功...     

PI3K/Akt 通路在电针预处理诱导脑缺血耐受中的机制研究

目的:通过观察电针预处理对磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白质丝氨酸苏氨酸激酶(PI3K/Akt)通路的变化以及该通路抑制剂对电针预处理的脑保护的影响,探讨电针预处理诱导脑缺血耐受的可能机制。方法:线栓法单侧阻断大脑中动脉120min,再灌注24h制备大鼠大脑局灶性缺血再灌注(I/R)模型;Western Blot检测Akt磷酸化水平的变化;侧脑室注射PI3K/Akt通路抑制剂LY294002;神经行为学评分(Garcia标准)及TTC染色检测脑梗死体积比评价脑损伤程度。结果:电针预处理使大鼠神经行为学评分增高,脑梗死体积比降低(P<0.05);可上调Akt磷酸化水平,I/R2h达高峰(P<0.05)。侧脑室注射PI3K/Akt抑制剂LY294002,拮抗电针预处理的脑保护作用(P<0.05)。结论:电针预处理增加Ak(tSer473)磷酸化水平,在缺血再灌注早期上调PI3K/Akt通路可能是诱导大鼠脑缺血耐受的产生的主要机制。     

磁休克治疗对重度抑郁症患者脑功能网络的影响

目的 磁休克治疗(MST)是一种新兴的神经调节干预技术,在重度抑郁症(MDD)治疗中得到广泛应用,然而其抗抑郁机制尚不清楚。探索MST对不同疗效MDD患者脑功能网络的调控作用,对MST治疗的抗抑郁作用机制研究具有重要意义。方法 本文对18例MDD患者MST作用前后的静息态脑电进行记录,基于皮尔逊相关方法构建脑功能网络;应用复杂网络理论对比分析脑功能网络拓扑结构的改变;根据HDRS-17评分变化率进一步区分治疗有效组和无效组,对网络特征进行二次比较。结果 MST后,MDD患者的脑功能网络平均节点度、平均聚类系数和平均全局效率值均比治疗前显著升高,平均路径长度值显著降低,小世界属性显著增大;相比于治疗无效组,治疗有效组的脑功能网络特征参数变化量更大。结论 MST显著改变了MDD患者脑功能网络拓扑结构,对患者的脑功能网络具有一定的调制作用,这些结果为MST治疗的抗抑郁机制研究提供了实验支持和理论依据。     

小鼠脑微血管内皮细胞与新生隐球菌GXM作用后基因表达谱分析

目的探索新生隐球菌GXM能否影响脑微血管内皮细胞基因的表达,为进一步研究隐球菌嗜中枢性的分子机制提供线索。方法使用Roche Nimble Gen 12×135K小鼠基因表达谱芯片,筛选小鼠脑微血管内皮细胞系b End.3与不同浓度新生隐球菌GXM作用后差异表达的基因;结合基因本体论(Gene Ontology),使用top GO进行差异基因GO分析,结合GO语义挖掘与隐球菌侵袭中枢神经系统能力相关的差异表达基因的信息;采用荧光实时定量PCR对重要基因PIK3C2G和ADAMDEC1的表达水平变化加以验证。结果 b End.3细胞与新生隐球菌GXM作用前后基因表达对比发现,实验组GXM(90μg/m)组总共有402个基因表达上调,296个基因表达下调,GXM(180μg/m)组总共有421个基因表达上调,564个基因表达下调,细胞膜、细胞骨架、磷酸肌醇-3-激酶活化、1-磷酸肌醇-3-激酶活化、细胞紧密连接等生物过程差异表达基因较为富集;对PIK3C2G基因和ADAMDEC1基因表达水平变化进行荧光定量PCR验证,结果与芯片结果一致,基因表达水平不同程度上升,且与GXM浓度正相关。结论新生隐球菌GXM能够影响脑微血管内皮细胞基因表达,PIK3C2G基因、ADAMDEC1基因表达上调可能和隐球菌穿越血脑屏障有关。     

青霉素和苯巴比妥钠对小鼠全脑切片积聚~3H-GABA的影响

本文应用同位素示踪、脑片离体培育和侧脑室注射的方法,在体外和体内研究了惊厥剂青霉素和抗惊厥剂苯巴比妥钠对小白鼠全脑切片积聚~3H-GABA的影响。结果表明:(1)在含6.70—13.40×10~(-4)mol/L的苄青霉素钾(PG)100μl或19.60—39.20×10~(-4)mol/L的苯巴比妥钠(PhB)50μl的培育液(2ml)中,小鼠全脑切片对~3H-GABA的积聚作用明显降低(P<0.05)。6.70×10~(-4)mol/L的PG100μl和39.20×10~(-4)mol/L的PhB50μl同时注入培育液(2ml)时,脑片对~3H-GABA的积聚比PG单独试验时稍有升高。(2 )小鼠侧脑室注射20μl的 3.35×10~(-2)mol/L的PG可引起强烈的惊厥,脑片上的~3H-GABA积聚减少(P>0.05);脑室内注射10μl的3.88×10~(-2)mol/L的PhB能抗惊厥,也使~3H-GABA在脑片上的积聚减少(P>0.05);脑室内同时注射PG和PhB,使~3H-GABA在脑片上的积聚恢复正常。以上结果提示:青霉素可通过竞争突触后膜和神经末梢上的GABA受体,阻断GA-BA的突触后抑制效应及抑制GABA释放,显示惊厥作用;苯巴比妥钠也可和突触后膜上的GABA受体结合,产生GABA样作用或激活GABA受体,起抗惊厥作用。     

常规磁共振成像结合磁共振波谱在临床脑胶质瘤诊断及鉴别诊断中的应用价值

目的:分析磁共振氢质子磁共振波谱(Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy,1H-MRS)的特征与脑胶质瘤病理分级的相关性,探讨氢质子磁共振波谱及常规磁共振成像(Magnetic Resonance Imaging,MRI)联合应用在提高脑胶质瘤的临床诊断中的应用价值.方法:脑胶质瘤(经临床手术证实及病理诊断确诊)患者34例,参照国际卫生组织诊断标准,分为低级别胶质瘤组及高级别胶质瘤组.其中,低级别组16例,高级别组18例,在行常规MRI检查的同时,配合1H-MRS检查,测NAA(N-乙酰天门冬氨酸)、Cho(胆碱)、Cr(肌酸)值,在不同级别胶质瘤、同级别胶质瘤不同位置的代谢物进行综合分析.结果:在获得常规MRI图像并进行诊断后,进行氢质子磁共振波谱检测分析:在低级别胶质瘤及高级别胶质瘤患者中,Cr(肌酸)的总量变化不大,有轻度的下降;而NAA(N-乙酰天门冬氨酸)下降程度较为明显;Cho(胆碱)则明显升高.低级别胶质瘤及高级别胶质瘤患侧的肿瘤组织同对侧的正常脑组织的各种代谢物及其比值(Cho、NAA、NAA/Cho、NAA/Cr值)具有显著性差异(P＜0.05);低级别胶质瘤及高级别胶质瘤的肿瘤组织的代谢物比值NAA/Cr、NAA/Cho值差异具有显著性(P＜0.05).低级别胶质瘤及高级别胶质瘤的Cho/Cr、NAA/Cho、NAA/Cr值与脑胶质瘤的病理分级具有相关性;在各个比值中,NAA/Cr与NAA/Cho值能够较好地反映脑胶质瘤的病理分级,二者的值呈现负相关;Cho/Cr值呈正相关.结论:常规MRI联合1H-MRS在脑胶质瘤的诊断中,能够有效提高准确性,在临床评估脑胶质瘤的分级、确定范围和鉴别诊断都具有重要的指导作用.     

莫扎特奏鸣曲K.448对脑电功率谱与重心频率的影响

采用脑电功率谱(power spectrum,PS)和重心频率(gravity frequency,GF)分析方法研究"莫扎特效应"代表音乐--Sonata K.448的神经电生理效应.在静息和播放不同音乐状态下记录16名非音乐专业大学生的脑电,通过平均周期图法计算脑电PS和GF.结果显示:3种音乐都显著升高了GF值,...     

胎脑提取液对衰老小鼠大脑皮质神经元的影响

目的 观察胎脑提取液对衰老小鼠大脑皮质神经元酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性和尼氏体含量的影响,探讨胎脑提取液的抗衰老作用。方法 选用健康昆明种小白鼠30只,随机分为3组;采用D-半乳糖制备亚急性衰老模型;组织化学方法显示大脑皮质神经元内的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和尼氏体;显微图像分析仪进行定量分析。结果 衰老模型组与正常对照组相比,小鼠大脑皮质神经元ACP活性明显升高,尼氏体含量明显减少;给药组与衰老模型组相比,小鼠大脑皮质神经元ACP活性明显降低,尼氏体含量明显增加。结论 胎脑提取液可以稳定大脑皮质神经元的内环境,减少神经元的损伤,促进神经元蛋白质的合成,具有一定的抗衰老作用。     

REG can be used to detect cerebrovascular alteration caused by alcoholism

Despite recent evidence of the beneficial effects of moderate alcohol consumption in arteriosclerosis prevention, the neurotoxic effects of alcohol abuse are well known. Our hypothesis was that uncontrolled alcohol consumption may cause cerebrovascular damage detectable by rheoencepholography (REG), a noninvasive bio-impedance technique for estimating cerebral blood flow. Test subjects were 48 alcoholic patients in Hungary; the control group consisted of 12 drug-addicted and depressed patients in Hungary and 13 healthy male subjects in the United States. Additional subgroups were formed according to smoking habits and average daily alcohol dose. REG was measured by a computer-based system, "Cerberus"; REG anacrotic time above 180 ms was considered pathological. ANOVA showed that daily alcohol consumption and smoking were significantly higher in alcoholics than in drug-addicted and depressed patients. Twelve alcoholics showed a pathological REG anacrotic time. Longer REG anacrotic time was correlated with higher daily alcohol consumption. In the alcoholic group, the steeper regression line of REG slope reflected the pathological impact of alcohol abuse. The healthy control sample showed a nearly identical slope for both REG and age. The correlation of increased REG anacrotic time and daily alcohol consumption supports the hypothesis that REG detects accelerated cerebrovascular aging (arteriosclerosis) in alcoholic subjects.     

Structure of the endotheliocytes of cerebral vessels of aquatic mammals

By means of scanning microscopy the relief of luminal surface of endotheliocytes, lining microvessels of various parts of the brain in the Pusa sibirica, Phoca vitulina and Delphinapterus leucas have been studied. Specialized formations of the cellular surface--various processes, projections, toruli have been revealed; their character in various parts of the brain in diving animals is determined by the blood stream conditions and their different sensitivity to oxygen deficiency during diving. The peculiarities, revealed in the structure of the cerebral vessels intima, are considered as one manifestations of the adaptive properties in the organism of diving animals, which had been developed in them during the process of a long evolution, while they adapted to the aquatic environment.     

In vivo measurements of the cerebral perfusion and cardiovascular effects of the novel guanidine ME10092 in the non-human primate, Papio ursinus

The novel guanidines N-(3,4-dimethoxy-2-chlorobenzylideneamino)-guanidine (ME 10092) and N-(3,4-dimethoxy-2-chlorobenzylideneamino)-N1-hydroxyguanidine (PR5) were recently reported to exhibit promising cardioprotective activities in myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion in rats. The current study investigated for the first time pharmacological effects of ME10092 in the primate, viz. the Cape baboon Papio ursinus. The effects of ME10092 (1 and 2 mg/kg doses) on the cerebral blood flow, heart rates and the systolic and diastolic blood pressure were investigated after intravenous injection to the baboon under anaesthesia. The cerebral perfusion effects of ME10092 were assessed using Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography according to the split-dose approach and 99mTc-hexamethyl-propylene amine oxime as brain perfusion tracer. The observation that the recovery times from the anaesthesia were unacceptably prolonged excluded doses beyond 2 mg/kg. The data indicate that no cerebral perfusion changes were induced at both the 1 and 2 mg/kg doses of ME10092. Both these doses of ME10092 showed blood pressure and heart rate effects, with the latter being more significant. Decreases in heart rate were seen directly after ME10092 administration reaching levels of about 20% for the 2 mg/kg dose and about 15% for the 1 mg/kg dose at around 6 min post drug administration. A transient decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure was observed for the higher dose. The blood pressure data further suggest an attenuation of the anaesthesia induced increase in pressure usually present in non-intervention studies. ME10092 clearly exhibits mycocardial effects in the non-human primate, similar to the effects previously observed in the ischaemia-reperfusion rat model, where ME10092 showed strong protection.     

Arterial blood pressure during voluntary diving in the tufted duck,Aythya fuligula

Arterial blood pressure was monitored in voluntarily diving tufted ducks. Mean arterial blood pressure while diving increased during the pre-dive tachycardia, fell to resting levels on submersion, then gradually increased before peaking on surfacing. Estimated total peripheral resistance fell during the pre-dive and post-dive tachycardia, presumably to allow the oxygen stores to be loaded and replenished respectively and/or for carbon dioxide levels to be reduced. Changes in mean arterial blood pressure and total peripheral resistance suggest that peripheral vasoconstriction occurs in some vascular beds during a dive. An increase in arterial blood pressure (and therefore perfusion pressure) may be employed to increase blood flow and oxygen delivery to the active leg muscles.Abbreviations ecg Electrocardiogram, f _H, heart rate - MABP mean arterial blood pressure - P _b blood pressure(s) - TPR total peripheral resistance - V _b cardiac output     

Gz重力作用下脑循环的改变

为了研究 Gz重力作用下脑循环的改变,10名被试者在半径为6米的人体离心机上承受了 G_Z超重作用。实验记录了心电、上臂血压、心振动图和脑阻抗图。发现,随着超重值的增加,心率、心输出量、上臂血压和外周循环阻力逐渐增大,计算得到的头部眼水平的平均动脉血压逐渐下降,脑阻抗图波高和波形发生明显改变。并对重要的生理指标和脑循环调节机制进行了分析和讨论。结果表明,尽管机体内存在许多补偿机制,但在G值较高时,由于不能完全代偿血液静水压效应的影响,脑循环还是可能发生明显的改变。     

Assessing Cerebral Autoregulation via Oscillatory Lower Body Negative Pressure and Projection Pursuit Regression

The process by which cerebral perfusion is maintained constant over a wide range of systemic pressures is known as “cerebral autoregulation.” Effective dampening of flow against pressure changes occurs over periods as short as ~15 sec and becomes progressively greater over longer time periods. Thus, slower changes in blood pressure are effectively blunted and faster changes or fluctuations pass through to cerebral blood flow relatively unaffected. The primary difficulty in characterizing the frequency dependence of cerebral autoregulation is the lack of prominent spontaneous fluctuations in arterial pressure around the frequencies of interest (less than ~0.07 Hz or ~15 sec). Oscillatory lower body negative pressure (OLBNP) can be employed to generate oscillations in central venous return that result in arterial pressure fluctuations at the frequency of OLBNP. Moreover, Projection Pursuit Regression (PPR) provides a nonparametric method to characterize nonlinear relations inherent in the system without a priori assumptions and reveals the characteristic non-linearity of cerebral autoregulation. OLBNP generates larger fluctuations in arterial pressure as the frequency of negative pressure oscillations become slower; however, fluctuations in cerebral blood flow become progressively lesser. Hence, the PPR shows an increasingly more prominent autoregulatory region at OLBNP frequencies of 0.05 Hz and below (20 sec cycles). The goal of this approach it to allow laboratory-based determination of the characteristic nonlinear relationship between pressure and cerebral flow and could provide unique insight to integrated cerebrovascular control as well as to physiological alterations underlying impaired cerebral autoregulation (e.g., after traumatic brain injury, stroke, etc.).     

Simulated breath-hold diving to 20 meters: cardiac performance in humans

Cardiac performance was assessed in six subjects breath-hold diving to 20 m in a hyperbaric chamber, while nonsubmersed or submersed in a thermoneutral environment. Cardiac index and systolic time intervals were obtained with impedance cardiography and intrathoracic pressure with an esophageal balloon. Breath holding at large lung volume (80% vital capacity) decreased cardiac index, probably by increasing intrathoracic pressure and thereby impeding venous return. During diving, cardiac index increased (compared with breath holding at the surface) by 35.1% in the nonsubmersed and by 29.5% in the submersed condition. This increase was attributed to a fall in intrathoracic pressure. Combination of the opposite effects of breath holding and diving to 20 m left cardiac performance unchanged during the dives (relative to the surface control). A larger intrathoracic blood redistribution probably explains a smaller reduction in intrathoracic pressure observed during submersed compared with nonsubmersed diving. Submersed breath-hold diving may entail a smaller risk of thoracic squeeze (lesser intrathoracic pressure drop) but a greater risk of overloading the central circulation (larger intrathoracic blood pooling) than simulated nonsubmersed diving.     

Gender differences in weather sensitivity of normal adult people detected in rheoencephalograms and electroencephalograms

In the real-life environment, the subjectively unperceived reactivity of rheoencephalogram (REG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) to ordinary geophysical factors (including wind, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, and temperature) is gender-dependent. Correlations between REG and EEG values and weather fluctuations are more frequent and stronger in men. Dependence of EEG rhythms on weather factors increases as the rhythmic activity within the δ–θ–α–β range becomes more rapid. This pattern is particularly evident in men but not women. Reactivity of neurodynamic parameters in female REG and EEG is responsive to the ovarian-menstrual cycle. Almost all cases of cerebral weather sensitivity of women were objectified in the post-ovulatory period, whereas in the preovulatory period, episodes of weather sensitivity were few.     

Cerebral pressure-flow relations in hypertensive elderly humans: transfer gain in different frequency domains.

The dynamics of the cerebral vascular response to blood pressure changes in hypertensive humans is poorly understood. Because cerebral blood flow is dependent on adequate perfusion pressure, it is important to understand the effect of hypertension on the transfer of pressure to flow in the cerebrovascular system of elderly people. Therefore, we examined the effect of spontaneous and induced blood pressure changes on beat-to-beat and within-beat cerebral blood flow in three groups of elderly people: normotensive, controlled hypertensive, and uncontrolled hypertensive subjects. Cerebral blood flow velocity (transcranial Doppler), blood pressure (Finapres), heart rate, and end-tidal CO(2) were measured during the transition from a sit to stand position. Transfer function gains relating blood pressure to cerebral blood flow velocity were assessed during steady-state sitting and standing. Cerebral blood flow regulation was preserved in all three groups by using changes in cerebrovascular resistance, transfer function gains, and the autoregulatory index as indexes of cerebral autoregulation. Hypertensive subjects demonstrated better attenuation of cerebral blood flow fluctuations in response to blood pressure changes both within the beat (i.e., lower gain at the cardiac frequency) and in the low-frequency range (autoregulatory, 0.03-0.07 Hz). Despite a better pressure autoregulatory response, hypertensive subjects demonstrated reduced reactivity to CO(2). Thus otherwise healthy hypertensive elderly subjects, whether controlled or uncontrolled with antihypertensive medication, retain the ability to maintain cerebral blood flow in the face of acute changes in perfusion pressure. Pressure regulation of cerebral blood flow is unrelated to cerebrovascular reactivity to CO(2).     

The effects of breathing different levels of O2 and CO2 on the diving responses of ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) and cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus)

Summary The effects of breathing different levels of O₂ and CO₂ before forced dives were investigated in 5 dabbling ducks (White Pekin) and 5 deep divers (Double Crested Cormorants). Breathing and heart rates, blood gases, and blood pH, were monitored. After breathing air before diving, ducks exhibited a slow decrease in heart rate that reached a minimum of 20 beats·min⁻¹ after 50 s submergence. The development of bradycardia was retarded if the duck breathed a hyperoxic gas mixture before diving and was accelerated if the gas mixture was hypoxic and hypercapnic. The cormorants' diving heart rate decreased to a minimum of about 60 beats·min⁻¹ in less than 20 s and development of bradycardia was unaffected by different levels of O₂ and CO₂ breathed before diving. Consequently, bradycardia in forced dived cormorants was unrelated to changes in blood gases in the dives which suggests that intravascular chemoreceptors are unimportant in initiating diving bradycardia in cormorants.