On the temperature tolerance of diapausing prepupae of the beet webworm Loxostege sticticalis L. (Lepidoptera,Pyraloidea: Crambidae)

The beet webworm, Loxostege sticticalis L. is a very dangerous polyphagous insect pest. The beet webworm overwinters at the pronymphal stage. In some individuals, the diapause can last from the first generation to the next spring. The influence of 30-days-long exposure at temperatures of +5, +10, +15, +20, and +25°C on survival and subsequent reactivation of diapausing pronymphs of L. sticticalis has been investigated in laboratory conditions. The beet webworm was shown to be very thermotolerant: although the temperature of +5°C, as expected, was optimal for reactivation, the other thermal regimes did not cause a significant decrease in survival and in the proportion of individuals reactivated before the end of the experiment (in 120 days). These data suggest that the southern boundary of the geographical range of L. sticticalis is determined not by high winter temperatures, but rather by some other factors (possibly, by high summer temperatures).     

Photoperiodic reaction in the beet webworm Loxostege sticticalis L. (Pyraloidea, Crambidae) from eastern and western parts of its Eurasian range

The beet webworm, Loxostege sticticalis L., is a very dangerous polyphagous insect pest whose outbreaks periodically occur in southern Russia and northern China. The aim of our work was to describe the photoperiodic response of beet webworm populations from western (Krasnodar Territory and Rostov Province) and eastern [Buryatia and China (Hebei Province)] parts of the pest range. The insects were reared under constant photoperiods of 12–18 h and constant temperatures of 19–25°C. Incidence of diapause at different photoperiods did not show any considerable geographic differences, and the critical day length at which 50% of prepupae arrested their development was about 14–15 h in all the populations studied at experimental temperatures. The results obtained agree with the hypothesis on the existence of an area (or areas) where the pest survives during adverse periods and wherefrom it spreads when an outbreak begins (Saulich et al., 1983; Goryshin et al., 1986). Presumably, the larger part of the pest native habitats (to the north of the steppe zone) is occupied by temporary populations, incapable of surviving for long periods without an inflow of migrants from more southerly steppe regions.     

Molecular detection of Cotesia vestalis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the beet webworm Loxostege sticticalis L. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Genomic DNA samples from larvae of the beet webworm Loxostege sticticalis collected in the south‐western Russia were used to amplify mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase unit I (COI) gene. In a small proportion of samples, the sequenced product showed considerable heterogeneity due to admixture of a minor sequence. A preliminary BLAST analysis of a 100‐bp‐long fragment of this minor sequence showed its maximal similarity to the COI gene region of Cotesia, a genus of braconid larval endoparasitoids of Lepidoptera. An additional primer was designed to specifically amplify ca 300 bp of the COI gene region from Braconidae. As many as seven of 25 samples were positive by PCR. Sequencing of the amplified products in all these samples showed nucleotide sequence identity to the COI region of Cotesia vestalis (Cotesia plutellae) and the presence of two molecular haplotypes among individual parasitoid samples.     

幼虫密度对草地螟血细胞数量和组成的影响

为了阐明幼虫密度对草地螟Loxostege sticticalis L.（鳞翅目： 螟蛾科）细胞免疫能力的影响, 本研究调查了在活体灰菜植株上1,5,10和20头/瓶（900 mL）4种密度条件下的其5龄幼虫血细胞种类、数量和组成。结果表明： 草地螟幼虫血淋巴中有原血细胞、浆血细胞、 颗粒血细胞、珠血细胞和类绛色血细胞等5种（类）血细胞。血细胞总数、 浆血细胞、颗粒血细胞数量随幼虫密度的增加而显著递增, 但原血细胞、珠血细胞和类绛色血细胞数量在幼虫密度间的差异不明显;各种血细胞所占血细胞总数的比例在4个密度中的排序相同, 但10和20头/瓶密度下的浆血细胞比例显著高于1头/瓶的,其余4种血细胞的比例在不同密度之间无显著差异。可见, 幼虫密度主要是通过影响草地螟幼虫浆血细胞和颗粒血细胞的数量及血细胞总数, 从而影响草地螟的细胞免疫能力。     

草地螟交配行为及能力

草地螟Loxostege sticticalis L.(鳞翅目:螟蛾科)是我国北方地区的重大农牧业害虫.但国内外对草地螟的交配行为和能力尚无报道.为了阐明草地螟的大发生机理及改善其监控技术水平,本文在(22±1)℃、相对湿度70±5%、光周期为L:D=16:8的条件下研究和揭示了草地螟的交配行为和能力.首次获得的结果表...     

Effects of larval density on flight potential of the beet webworm, Loxostege sticticalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Tethered-flight techniques were used to investigate the flight potential of 1-d-old adult beet webworm, Loxostege sticticalis L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), reared at densities of1, 10, 20, 30, and 40 larvae per 650-ml jar. Larval density had a significant effect on the flight potential, including total flight duration, distance, average velocity, and longest flight duration. Adults reared at a density of 10 larvae per jar, and those reared in isolation displayed the greatest and poorest flight capacity,respectively, relative to the other density treatments. Larval density also significantly affected length of the preoviposition period. Females with longer preoviposition period usually showed greater flight potential, and preoviposition period was positively correlated with flight potential. Body weight, water content, and triglyceride content of the moths were significantly affected by larval density, whereas glycogen content was not. Triglyceride content of adults reared at the different larval densities corresponded to the observed differences inflight potential, whereas water content and body weight were not related to their flight potential. These results suggest that larval density exerts a significant influence on preoviposition period and triglyceride content, which in turn influence flight potential of adult L. sticticalis.     

标记回收法确认我国北方地区草地螟的迁飞

为了证实草地螟Loxostege sticticalis L.（鳞翅目： 螟蛾科）由我国华北越冬区向东北迁飞危害的假说并提供直接的证据, 采用网捕成虫喷雾染料标记释放回收的方法,于2009年越冬代草地螟成虫盛发期间（6月1-4日）分别在内蒙古武川县（41.07°N, 111.42°E）和察右中旗（41.13°N, 112.58°E）的6个标放点共标记当地越冬代草地螟成虫约181万头并自然释放。标记释放后, 在东北、 西北和华北11个草地螟常发省（市、 区）组织各级监测预警部门利用虫情测报灯、 捕虫网和性诱剂诱捕器等多种器械进行回收, 先后于2009年6月7-29日在内蒙古科右中旗、 乌兰浩特、 扎兰屯分别回收到由察右中旗标记释放的成虫9头, 在辽宁省北票市回收到由武川县标记释放的成虫1头。标记释放点至回收点直线距离为725~1 117 km。这是迄今为止世界上确认的草地螟最远迁飞距离。这些证据不仅证实了我国越冬代草地螟成虫能从华北迁往东北危害, 而且为进一步了解草地螟的种群动态规律, 改善草地螟的预测预报技术提供了重要的科学依据。     

幼虫密度对草地螟生长发育及繁殖的影响

为了明确幼虫密度对草地螟Loxostege sticticalis种群增长的影响, 对室内条件下（温度22±1℃, RH 70%±5%, 光周期16L∶ 8D）不同幼虫密度[1, 10, 20, 30和40头/瓶（650 mL）］饲养的草地螟生长发育及繁殖进行了研究。结果表明: 幼虫密度对草地螟幼虫体色、 发育历期和存活率, 以及蛹重和成虫生殖等有显著影响。随着幼虫密度的增加, 幼虫体色黑化程度呈增强趋势, 幼虫密度大于10头/瓶时的体色黑化值均显著大于幼虫密度为1头/瓶时的体色黑化值（P<0.05）。20头/瓶的幼虫和蛹历期最短, 且随幼虫密度的增加而显著延长（P<0.05）。幼虫存活率以10头/瓶最高, 其他幼虫密度的幼虫存活率显著较低（P<0.05）。蛹重以1头/瓶的最重, 并随幼虫密度增加而显著下降（P<0.05）。成虫产卵量和交配率分别以1和20头/瓶的幼虫密度最高, 幼虫密度升高则产卵量、 交配率逐渐降低。成虫产卵历期随着幼虫密度的增加逐渐缩短。雌、 雄蛾寿命分别以10和20头/瓶幼虫密度时最长, 幼虫密度过高时雌雄蛾寿命又显著缩短（P<0.05）。生命表分析表明, 幼虫密度对草地螟种群增长指数有显著影响, 以10头/瓶幼虫密度的种群增长指数最高, 幼虫密度过高或过低时种群增长指数下降。据此认为, 幼虫密度是影响草地螟种群增长的重要因子之一。     

光周期和温度对草地螟滞育诱导的影响

草地螟Loxostege sticticalis以老熟幼虫滞育越冬。在室内通过人工诱导的方法对其滞育的光周期和温度诱导条件进行了研究。结果表明:草地螟是一种典型的长日照发育型种类。光周期、温度及其交互作用均对草地螟滞育诱导具有重要影响, 其中光周期起主导作用, 温度伴随着光周期起作用。对幼虫滞育诱导最有效的光周期是L12∶D12; 随着温度的升高, 临界光周期呈缩短趋势（18℃除外）。18, 22, 26和30℃条件下幼虫滞育的临界日长依次为13.97, 14.48, 13.92 和12.88 h。光敏感实验揭示:21℃时草地螟对光照反应最敏感时期为幼虫孵化后的11～17 d（约5龄幼虫）, 但孵化后7～11 d（约4龄幼虫）的短光照积累对提高滞育率也有重要作用, 可以将滞育率从40.0%提高到90.0%。     

草地螟滞育幼虫的蛋白和核酸含量变化

为了阐明草地螟Loxostege sticticalis 滞育的分子调控基础, 本研究应用Trizol法、 DNA和蛋白质定量试剂盒、 SDS-PAGE电泳技术分别对进入滞育1, 2, 3和4个月、 解除滞育以及非滞育草地螟老熟幼虫中的核酸含量、 总蛋白含量和组分的变化进行了测定。结果表明： 滞育不同月份幼虫的总RNA含量显著低于非滞育幼虫的总RNA含量（P＜0.05）; 解除滞育幼虫的总RNA含量显著高于滞育2, 3和4个月的幼虫, 但仍显著低于非滞育的对照组。滞育不同月份、 非滞育以及解除滞育幼虫的总DNA含量没有显著差异（P＞0.05）。RNA/DNA比值随滞育的开始而显著下降, 随着滞育的结束而显著上升。滞育不同月份的幼虫总蛋白含量显著高于非滞育幼虫的总蛋白含量（P<0.05）, 但解除滞育与非滞育幼虫的总蛋白含量无显著差异。利用SDS-PAGE电泳分析发现滞育幼虫体内存在滞育关联蛋白, 蛋白条带在24 kDa左右, 但非滞育和已经解除滞育的幼虫则没有该蛋白条带。这些结果表明, 总RNA含量的降低、 RNA/DNA比值下降、 总蛋白含量的升高, 以及24 kDa蛋白的存在是草地螟幼虫滞育的主要生理特征。     

幼虫密度对草地螟食物利用率及消化酶活性的影响

为了阐明草地螟Loxostege sticticalis大发生种群幼虫取食行为特征, 在室内条件下（温度22±1℃, 相对湿度70%）对不同幼虫密度［1, 10, 30头/瓶（650 mL）］饲养草地螟幼虫的食物利用率及消化酶活性进行了研究。结果表明： 幼虫中等（或高）密度对草地螟幼虫相对中肠重量、 相对取食量、 粪便干重、 食物利用率和近似消化率及总蛋白酶和亮氨酸氨肽酶活性影响显著。幼虫相对中肠重量以10头/瓶的幼虫密度最大, 1头/瓶的幼虫密度最小。随着幼虫密度的增加, 幼虫相对取食量和粪便干重增加, 而虫体干重减轻, 幼虫食物利用率降低。幼虫密度30头/瓶的幼虫相对取食量和粪便干重显著高于1和10头/瓶的, 而30头/瓶的幼虫食物利用率显著低于1头/瓶的。幼虫近似消化率随幼虫密度的逐渐增加而显著降低。幼虫密度10头/瓶的幼虫总蛋白酶和亮氨酸氨肽酶的活性显著高于1和30头/瓶的, 而淀粉酶的活性受幼虫密度影响不显著。随幼虫密度的增加, 幼虫相对中肠重量与总蛋白酶和亮氨酸氨肽酶活性变化趋势较为一致, 消化酶活性的变化可能与相对中肠重量大小有关。因此, 幼虫密度是影响草地螟幼虫取食行为的重要因子, 这些结果为阐明草地螟大发生种群与一般种群的为害特征提供了重要理论依据。     

Juvenile hormone changes associated with diapause induction, maintenance, and termination in the beet webworm, Loxostege sticticalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

At 22°C and under a long-day photoperiod of L:D 16:8, all the last fifth instar Loxostege sticticalis larvae undergo prepupal stage and pupate without diapause. Under a short-day photoperiod of L:D 12:12, in contrast, they all enter diapause with approximately 36 days diapause maintenance and then terminate diapause spontaneously, although only 44% of the larvae terminated diapause successfully. Changes in hemolymph juvenile hormone (JH I) titers of diapause-destined larvae across diapause induction, maintenance and termination were examined using HPLC, and were compared with those of non-diapause-destined larvae from the fifth instar through pupation. JH I titer of the earliest fifth instar diapause-destined larvae remained at a high level with a peak of 220.4 ng/ml, though it decreased continuously to a minimum of 69.0 ng/ml on day 5 in the fifth instar when the larvae stopped feeding to enter diapause. During the diapause maintenance, JH I titer of the mature larvae increased significantly and maintained a high level until day 31 in prepupae. JH I titer declined and fluctuated at low level from 5 days before pupation. In contrast, JH I titer of both the fifth instar non-diapause-destined larvae and prepupae remained and fluctuated at low level consistently, as well as decreased before pupation. These results indicate that diapause induction and maintenance in this species might be a consequence of high JH, whereas diapause termination can be attributed to low JH titer, which was in agreement with the hormonal regulation observed in many other larval-diapausing insects.     

Effects of larval density on food utilization efficiency and digestive enzyme activity of the beet webworm, Loxostege sticticalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

为了阐明草地螟Loxostege sticticalis大发生种群幼虫取食行为特征,在室内条件下(温度22±1℃,相对湿度70％)对不同幼虫密度[1,10,30头/瓶(650 mL)]饲养草地螟幼虫的食物利用率及消化酶活性进行了研究.结果表明:幼虫中等(或高)密度对草地螟幼虫相对中肠重量、相对取食量、粪便干重、食物利用率和近似消化率及总蛋白酶和亮氨酸氨肽酶活性影响显著.幼虫相对中肠重量以10头/瓶的幼虫密度最大,1头/瓶的幼虫密度最小.随着幼虫密度的增加,幼虫相对取食量和粪便干重增加,而虫体干重减轻,幼虫食物利用率降低.幼虫密度30头/瓶的幼虫相对取食量和粪便干重显著高于1和10头/瓶的,而30头/瓶的幼虫食物利用率显著低于1头/瓶的.幼虫近似消化率随幼虫密度的逐渐增加而显著降低.幼虫密度10头/瓶的幼虫总蛋白酶和亮氨酸氨肽酶的活性显著高于1和30头/瓶的,而淀粉酶的活性受幼虫密度影响不显著.随幼虫密度的增加,幼虫相对中肠重量与总蛋白酶和亮氨酸氨肽酶活性变化趋势较为一致,消化酶活性的变化可能与相对中肠重量大小有关.因此,幼虫密度是影响草地螟幼虫取食行为的重要因子,这些结果为阐明草地螟大发生种群与一般种群的为害特征提供了重要理论依据.     

Pyralid moths (Lepidoptera,Pyraloidea) of Buryatia. Family Crambidae

All the known bibliographical and original data on grass moths (Pyraloidea, Crambidae) of Buryatia (Western Transbaikalia) are summarized. Regional fauna is represented by 46 species, including 24 species recorded for the first time, 1 species new for Asian part of Russia, and 1 species new for Russia. The distribution and bionomics of each species are described in brief.     

草地螟的发生为害与监测预警技术研究进展

草地螟Loxostege sticticalis L.是我国北方农牧区重要的迁飞性害虫,具有突发性、暴发性和周期性危害的特点,随着第4个暴发周期的来临,将会给我国北方农牧业的安全生产带来很大的威胁.为准确掌握草地螟在我国的发生与迁飞为害规律,提高对重大迁飞性害虫的灾变预警能力,本文综述了草地螟在我国及周边国家的时空分布,发生为害、迁飞规律和监测预警等方面的研究进展,并对草地螟的监测预警技术进行了展望,以期为第4个暴发周期草地螟的监测和防控提供技术支持.     

伞裙追寄蝇和双斑截尾寄蝇对草地螟的寄生特性

为认识寄生蝇对草地螟Loxostege sticticalis L.的寄生特性,调查了河北康保田间两种寄生蝇——伞裙追寄蝇Exorista civilis Rondani和双斑截尾寄蝇Nemorilla maculosa Meigen对草地螟各龄幼虫的寄生率、寄生部位及着卵量,并通过室内饲养对寄生蝇的存活率与寄主龄期、着卵部位及着卵量的关系进行了研究。结果表明： 两种寄生蝇在田间主要寄生草地螟5龄幼虫;寄生蝇可在每头寄主幼虫上着1～8粒卵不等,其中以1粒的居多（45.3%）,2粒的次之（33.6%）,但1头寄主幼虫中仅能羽化出1头寄生蝇;寄生蝇以寄生寄主幼虫头部和胸部较多,腹部较少,并且以寄生侧面居多,背面次之,腹面最少。寄生蝇的存活与寄主幼虫着卵量之间呈相关关系,在着卵量为1粒的寄主幼虫中,寄生蝇的存活率仅为66.7%,在着卵量为2粒及以上的寄主幼虫中,单头幼虫羽化出寄生蝇的比例为100%。     

性比对草地螟生殖潜力和寿命的影响

【目的】探明性比对草地螟Loxostege sticticalis L.种群繁殖的影响,为预测预报提供科学指导。【方法】室内条件(温度(22±1℃,相对湿度70%±5%,光周期16L︰8D)下,研究了草地螟成虫雌雄比例(♀︰♂=1︰3,1︰2,1︰1,2︰1,3︰1)对主要繁殖参数和寿命的影响。【结果】草地螟成虫的产卵前期随着雌蛾比例的增大而延长;性比为1︰1时雌蛾的产卵同步性最高;雌蛾的交配次数、产卵量以及最终孵出的后代幼虫量在不同性比组之间差异变化不大,而雄蛾的交配次数、对后代的贡献量却随着雌蛾比例的加大而显著增加,而当雌雄比为3︰1时,雌雄蛾的寿命均显著下降;在雌雄比为3︰1的条件下,雄蛾的交配次数以及对后代的贡献量均为雌蛾的2倍左右。【结论】性比对草地螟雌蛾生殖影响较小,而对雄蛾生殖的影响较大。在雌成虫比例较低(性比为1︰3)的情况下,雄成虫的交配和生殖能力不能得到充分发挥,进而造成种群生殖资源的浪费。根据雌雄成虫交配潜力及对后代贡献量的比较分析,可以推测性比为2︰1至1︰1时,有利于草地螟大发生种群的形成。