中国植被分类系统修订方案

为了推动《中国植被志》研编工作, 该文回顾了中国植被分类系统的发展过程和主要阶段性成果, 提出了作为《中国植被志》研编技术框架组成部分的中国植被分类系统修订方案, 对各植被型组及各植被型进行了简单定义和描述, 并针对中国植被分类系统若干问题, 特别就中国植被分类系统总体框架、混交林的界定以及土壤在植被分类中的重要性等问题进行了讨论。1960年侯学煜在《中国的植被》中首次提出了中国植被分类的原则和系统, 1980年出版的《中国植被》制定了分类等级和划分依据等更加完善的系统, 之后《中国植被及其地理格局——中华人民共和国1:1 000 000植被图说明书》和《中国植物区系与植被地理》以及很多省区的植被专著对该系统进行过修订。2017年宋永昌在《植被生态学》中提出了一个分类等级单位调整的方案。本次提出的中国植被分类系统修订方案基本沿用《中国植被》的植被分类原则、分类单位及系统, 采用“植物群落学-生态学”分类原则, 主要以植物群落特征及其与环境的关系作为分类依据, 包含三级主要分类单位, 即植被型(高级单位)、群系(中级单位)和群丛(低级单位); 在三个主要分类单位之上分别增加辅助单位植被型组、群系组和群丛组, 在植被型和群系之下主要根据群落的生态差异和实际需要可再增加植被亚型或亚群系。修订方案包含了森林、灌丛、草本植被(草地)、荒漠、高山冻原与稀疏植被、沼泽与水生植被(湿地)、农业植被、城市植被和无植被地段9个植被型组, 划分为48个植被型(含30个自然植被型、12个农业植被型、5个城市植被型和无植被地段)。自然植被中有23个植被型进一步划分出了81个植被亚型。     

Bioclimatic classification of US vegetation along a coast-to-coast macrotransect crossing central United States. I: Mediterranean vegetation

This report presents the first of two parts of a bioclimatic classification of the vegetation of the United States. Using a geographical information system, 987 weather stations were located along a longitudinal macrotransect from the shores of the Atlantic to Pacific on four maps: Map of the Physiographic Divisions of the Conterminous US, US Potential Natural Vegetation Map, US Ecoregion Map, and Terrestrial Ecosystems-Isobioclimates Map of the Conterminous United States. Based on these maps, bibliographic resources and field data, we deduced the potential natural vegetation (PNV) of each weather station; then, we assigned the different PNV types to alliance or association levels using the US National Vegetation Classification (USNVC). In a next step, USNVC groups were related with similar level phytosociological syntaxa described in the study area. The bioclimatic distribution of the USNVC units defined was then interpreted using the bioclimatic classification proposed in successive approximations by S. Rivas-Martínez. The distribution of USNVC alliances was mainly linked to the macrobioclimates (Mediterranean, Temperate, and Tropical) of the longitudinal gradient examined, though some edaphic factors induced the appearance of specialized plant groups. Herein, we present our data for the Mediterranean macrobioclimate, in which 53 alliances and 28 isobioclimates were identified.     

《中国植被志》研编内容与规范

植被志是基于植被(或植物群落)调查资料, 全面记叙植被的外貌、物种组成、结构和功能, 以及地理分布和生境条件等特征, 并对同类植被进行归纳和总结的志书。《中国植被志》是第一部对中国植被进行全面记述的志书, 预计完成约48卷110册。在借鉴《中国植被》(1980)(简称“80方案”)植被分类基本原则的基础上,《中国植被志》将对中国植被分类系统的高级分类单位(植被型组、植被型和植被亚型)进行归纳和总结, 对中级和低级分类单位(群系组、群系、亚群系, 群丛组、群丛)进行详细描述。植被高级分类单位的描述具有概括性质, 是在中国植被分类系统中级和低级分类单位描述的基础上, 对其在全球和中国境内的地理分布、自然环境、群落外貌、植被类型及多样性、优势种或共优势种、生物多样性保育价值以及资源现状等进行概述, 并对“80方案”相关内容进行修订和拓展, 将提供对中国植被基本特征客观、准确的记述。在植被中级和低级分类单位中, 群系组描述的内容包括地理分布、自然环境、群落外貌、植被类型以及价值与保育等内容; 群系描述的主要内容包括地理分布、自然环境、生态特征、物种组成、群落结构、群丛组和群丛的分类与描述、优势种的生物学特性、生物量与生产力、植被动态与演替以及价值与保育等方面。作为植被志研编的核心内容, 群丛组和群丛的分类与描述主要基于植被调查资料, 采用数量分类方法, 根据群落结构和物种组成的差异划分出不同的植被类型, 并对其基本特征进行定量描述和归纳。其中, 群落的层片结构、特定植被分类单元的特征种或特征种组的筛选与甄别是植被类型划分的关键环节; 而群落外貌, 群落结构, 物种组成, 各类物种的生长习性、生境的偏适性等是群丛组和群丛描述与归纳的重点内容。该文提出了中国植被中级和低级分类单位的命名方案, 其特点在于植被类型的科学名称中同时体现了植被分类单元特征种或优势种的名称及其所属的高级植被分类单位(植被型组或植被型)的名称, 兼顾了植被名称的规范性与实用性。《中国植被志》的研编工作由文献整编、群落调查、数据分析与整理、文本撰写等环节组成。该文对植被样方的调查与收集, 文献收集与整编, 气候、土壤、地形等相关数据的来源及其整理方法, 植被分类方法, 植被命名, 植被分类单元描述的内容, 植被志章节编写大纲、体裁及撰写等多个规范进行了详细的阐述或示例。     

《中国植被志》的植被分类系统、植被类型划分及编排体系

植被志(vegegraphy)是基于植被调查资料, 全面记叙植被的群落外貌、种类组成、结构和功能、生境条件, 以及地理分布等特征, 并对同类植被进行归纳和总结的志书。“植被志”的英文译为“vegegraphy”, 是本文的新造词, 它是由“vegetation”的词头“vege-”和英文后缀“-graphy” (记叙之意)组成的合成词。《中国植被志》的研编是一项时间紧迫、内容复杂、工作量浩繁的重大科学工程。它的完成将极大提升中国植被科学和生态学的研究水平, 并为中国植被资源的合理利用、生物多样性保护及生态环境治理等提供不可或缺的基础资料。本文首先简述了植被的基本特征(主要包括外貌特征、种类组成、群落结构以及动态变化等)和国内外植被调查的进展情况, 简要回顾了中国植被分类系统的研究历史, 并对以往的分类系统进行了若干修订。在此基础上, 着重讨论并提出了《中国植被志》卷册编排体系和用于《中国植被志》研编的植被类型划分方案。在对植被分类系统的修订方面, 主要对高级分类单位及相对应的英文名称进行了讨论和修订。按照本文修订的分类系统, 中国植被的分类单位及其对应的英文名称分别是: 植被型组(Vegetation Formation Group)、植被型(Vegetation Formation)和植被亚型(Vegetation Subformation)、群系组(Alliance Group)、群系(Alliance)和亚群系(Suballiance)、群丛组(Association Group)以及群丛(Association)。在植被型组中, 划分为9类: 森林、灌丛、草本植被、荒漠、高山冻原与稀疏植被、沼泽与水生植被、农业植被、城市植被及无植被地段。关于《中国植被志》的卷册编排和“植被类型”划分, 首先按高级分类单位——植被型划分相应的“卷”; 在此框架下, 模糊“植被亚型”、“群系组”和“群系”的概念, 确定“植被类型” (Vegetation type), 并将其作为植被志各卷中的“册”。这样处理不仅保证了研编工作的可操作性, 也保持了同一卷册中特定植被类型的完整性。《中国植被志》编排体系中的“植被类型”的划分很重要, 它是指具有相同建群种及相同优势类群(如种、属)的植被组合, 但它不是严格意义上的植被分类单位。“植被类型”的划分遵循“优势类群及生活型的同一性, 生境条件的相对重要性, 植被特征及用途的差异性, 以及突出植被志的应用性”等原则。按该编排体系, 《中国植被志》将由48卷约110册组成。     

中国常绿阔叶林分类试行方案

植被分类是植被生态学研究中最复杂、充满着争论的问题之一,直到现在并没有一个能为植被学家共同接受的、统一的分类系统。常绿阔叶林的复杂性仅次于热带雨林,加之在人类长期干扰下,变化极大,过渡性群落极多,更增加了分类的困难。中国常绿阔叶林分类经历了漫长的道路,20世纪50年代学习苏俄学派,60年代初引进威斯康星学派的“重要值"概念,在研究云南滇青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides)林时也曾试用过法瑞学派的理论和方法。80年代《中国植被》(1980)一书的作者们提出,对于“南方某些类型"在“群系(Formation)"和“群丛(Association)"划分时应采用“标志种(Diagnostic species)"的原则,当时由于资料所限,这一原则并未得到贯彻。本文在总结以往分类方案的基础上,根据高级单位以生态外貌、中级单位以优势度类型、低级单位以特征种组的分类原则,构建了从“群丛"、“群系"、“群系组"到“植被亚型"和“植被型"的中国常绿阔叶林分类系统。将中国常绿阔叶林划分出3个植被型、8个植被亚型、14个群系组和53个群系。这些群系大都占据一定的地理区域,并与一定的生境相联系。     

卫星景象目视解释方法在湖区植被制图中的应用——以湖南洞庭湖区水域、洲滩植被图为例

植被(包括天然植被、人工植被)作为一种可更新资源始终是遥感应用专家们热心研究的课题。植被分类是植被研究的重要方面之一。利用卫星影象进行植被分类,国内外学者都进行了许多有意义的探索。本文以洞庭湖水域、洲滩植被为对象,试用卫星影象进行植被分类。本文从植被与环境相互依赖关系及在影象上的综合反映出发,提出了影象的景观生态学分析方法;即把影象上色调、形态特征与群落生态学规律结合起来分析,并以此作为植被目视解译的方法论。在此基础上,将洞庭湖水域,洲滩划分成五个景观生态模型,17个基本植被类型。     

卫星影象目视解译方法在湖区植被制图中的应用——以湖南洞庭湖区水域、洲滩植被图为例

植被(包括天然植被、人工植被)作为一种可更新资源始终是遥感应用专家们热心研究的课题。植被分类是植被研究的重要方面之一。利用卫星影象进行植被分类,国内外学者都进行了许多有意义的探索。本文以洞庭湖水域、洲滩植被为对象,试用卫星影象进行植被分类。本文从植被与环境相互依赖关系及在影象上的综合反映出发,提出了影象的景观生态学分析方法;即把影象上色调、形态特征与群落生态学规律结合起来分析,并以此作为植被目视解译的方法。在此基础上,将洞庭湖水域、洲滩划分成五个景观生态模型,17个基本植被类型。     

Zoning Northern Eurasia based on the fauna of terrestrial vertebrates and their classification by similarity of distribution

For the purpose of zoning on the basis of fauna of terrestrial vertebrates, Northern Eurasia was considered within the boundaries of the Soviet Union in 1991 and divided into 245 mapping units. Mapping units were marked on the World Vegetation Map at a scale of 1: 20000000 in such a way that each mapping unit occupied a territory within the limits of a natural subzone having a latitudinal distance of 10°. A list of the vertebrate species was generated for each unit. Jaccard similarity coefficients were calculated for the lists; the coefficients were used as the basis for performing the cluster analysis of fauna of the mapping units. Based on the results of calculations, a hierarchical classification has been created. This classification includes 5 faunistic regions (regional groups of subregions), 6 subregions, 18 provinces, and 14 districts. Environmental factors that correlate with faunistic heterogeneity in the studied territory were described. The proposed zoning takes into account 57% of the variance of the similarity coefficients of the faunas of specific regions (coefficient of multiple correlation is 0.75). It is 2–2.5 times more informative than the previously developed schemes on particular groups of animals, which reflected, as the researchers thought at that moment, the heterogeneity of fauna of terrestrial vertebrates in general. Association with environmental factors and natural conditions may explain 82% of the heterogeneity of the fauna (correlation coefficient is 0.91). Comparing the results of zoning that were carried out for different classes of terrestrial vertebrates (amphibians, reptilians, birds, and mammals), we found significant similarity between causes of fauna heterogeneity (zonal features, provinciality, heat availability, and their combined effect). Nevertheless, differences in tolerance to the environment among the studied animal classes resulted in the substantial discordance of the boundaries of the described taxa and their hierarchy. This discordance was found during zoning. A classification of 1243 species of terrestrial vertebrates inhabiting the territory under study is performed based on the similarity of their occurrence (the average in the lower taxon faunistic zoning) and covers three types of distribution: Northern, Middle and Southern. These in turn are divided into 7 subtypes and 13 classes. The informative presentation of the classification is equal to 53% of the variance (correlation coefficient is 0.73).     

辽宁植被区划的研究

作者在1:50万植被类型图上,采用定量与定性相结合的方法,将辽宁省划分为7个一级植被区、15个二级植被区和25个三级植被区。 分出的每级植被区,不仅具有定量的依据,而且符合植被的区域分异规律。 最后作者提出本植被分区所遵循的区划程序。     

对中国植被分类系统的认知和建议

《中国植被志》的编写工作已经启动, 藉此征求修订《中国植被分类系统》意见之际, 提出几点看法与建议: 1)贯彻原先制定的中国植被“高级分类单位偏重于生态外貌, 而中、低级分类单位则着重种类组成和群落结构”的分类原则。这一思想与当前国际上植被分类的发展是一致的。2)中国植被分类既要符合中国植被的特点, 又要适应全球植被分类的发展, 名词概念应尽量与国际上的广泛理解相一致。3) “群丛”是《中国植被志》描述的基本对象, 其概念需要统一, 以避免歧义和可能导致的南北“群丛”的不等质。资料不足的类型应组织野外补点调查。4)植被分类等级系统是严格的, 但各等级又是开放的, 可适当地增设高级分类单位, 以适应类型扩展之需要。该文附有从植被型纲到植被型的建议草案。     

Vegetation map of Europe: Current state

In the present contribution, a brief survey of the progress of work on the Vegetation map of Europe within the last two years is given. The most important tasks of this period were: 1) Continuing compilation and completion of the thirteen remaining sheets of the Map, scale 1∶2,500,000, 2) Elaboration of the explanatory text, 3) Compilation of a General vegetation map of Europe, scale 1:10,000,000.     

1:100万中国植被图森林和灌丛群系类型的补充资料

《中华人民共和国植被图(1:1,000,000)》是我国植被研究的最重要数据。受当时研究基础和制图技术限制, 部分植被群系未能体现在中国植被图上。为了给新一代中国植被图的编研提供基础数据, 本文在搜集从20世纪50年代至今的中国植被研究的相关文献的基础上, 提取其中的植被群系名称和分布信息, 采用植物群落学-生态学原则, 以优势种相同作为依据, 合并部分相近的群系类型。与《中华人民共和国植被图(1:1,000,000)》中的森林和灌丛群系进行对比, 本文新增了1,475个森林和灌丛群系。     

Vegetation classification at the association level under the China Vegetation Classification System: an example of six Stipa steppe formations in China

Aims The latest China Vegetation Classification System (China-VCS) for natural/semi-natural vegetation has eight hierarchical levels: Association < Association-group < Subformation < Formation < Formation-group < Vegetation-subtype < Vegetation-type < Vegetation-type-group. The classification is based on dominant species and their growth forms and has been completed at the formation level. The principal challenge today in Chinese vegetation classification is to develop the China-VCS at levels below the formation in a way that is consistent with current international standards. We explored the following question: how can existing vegetation plot data help develop the China-VCS and improve its compatibility with other international classification systems?     

Predicting cover types in a mountain range with long evolutionary grazing history: a GIS approach

Aim To determine how the distribution and cover of different vegetation types are affected by physical factors and livestock in a mountain range with a long evolutionary history of grazing. Location Upper vegetation belt of the Córdoba mountains (1700–2800 m a.s.l., 31º34′ S, 64º50′ W) in central Argentina. Methods Using GIS, we analysed the relationships of plant cover types to physical features (physiography and topography) and indicators of accumulated livestock pressure (distance to human settlements and roads) through multinomial logistic regression. We predicted a present vegetation map which was validated with a real map. We then constructed two maps simulating minimum and maximum values of accumulated livestock pressure for the whole area. Map comparisons allowed evaluation of the possible influence of livestock, both in extension and intensity. Results Both physical features and livestock pressure influenced the occurrence of vegetation units. The overall accuracy of the predicted map at the pixel level was low (26%) indicating low habitat specificity of the vegetation units. We suggest that some part of the unaccounted for variance was due to livestock pressure patterns that were not fully captured by our indicators. Our models proved adequate for predicting the total percentages of vegetation units at coarser scales. The extrapolations showed that under a history of low livestock pressure, such as in sites far away from human settlements and roads, the area would be dominated by woodlands, tussock grasslands and natural rock outcrops. Under a history of heavy livestock pressure, in turn, rock exposed by erosion, tussock grasslands and natural rock outcrops would dominate. Main conclusions Vegetation units showed low habitat specificity, and were associated with accumulated livestock pressure, indicating that livestock and its associated activities are important factors structuring the landscape and have important consequences for the integrity of the ecosystem. Results suggest that although this system evolved with large herbivores, it has experienced irreversible degradation processes, and intensification of current domestic livestock pressure is likely to lead to even more land degradation.     

The theriofaunistic zoning of northern Eurasia

For the purpose of zoning on the basis of theriofauna, Northern Eurasia was considered within the boundaries of the Soviet Union in 1991 and was divided into 245 mapping units. Mapping units were marked on the World Vegetation Map at a scale of 1: 2000000. Each mapping unit occupied a territory within the limits of a natural subzone with a latitudinal distance of 10°. A list of mammal species was generated for each unit. Jaccard similarity coefficients were calculated for these lists; the coefficients were used as the basis for performing cluster analysis of theriofauna of the mapping units. The results of calculations were used to create a hierarchical classification, which includes three theriofauna regions divided into seven subregions. They were classified as island or mainland. All the subregions (except one) were delimited into 18 provinces and 17 districts; one of the districts was delimited into four subdistricts. Environmental factors that correlate with heterogeneity of theriofauna within the studied territory were described. The proposed zoning is 1.9–3 times more informative than previously developed schemes and takes into account 69% of the variance of the similarity coefficients of the faunas of specific regions (coefficient of multiple correlation is 0.83). The association with environmental factors and natural conditions may explain 83% of the heterogeneity of the theriofauna (correlation coefficient is 0.91). Comparing the results of zoning that were carried out for different classes of terrestrial vertebrates, we found significant similarity between causes of fauna heterogeneity (zonal features, remoteness, sun exposure, and their combined effect). In addition, the differences in tolerance to the environment among the studied animal classes resulted in substantial discordance of the boundaries of the described taxa and their hierarchy. This discordance was found during zoning. Because of this, general conclusions concerning the heterogeneity of the fauna of terrestrial vertebrates can be made only after the total analysis of their fauna is completed.     

An update of the vegetation classification in China

The vegetation classification in China was updated by referring to recent advances for vegetation classification worldwide and on the basis of our former paper Recognition and Proposal on the Vegetation Classification System of China (hereafter, “Recognition and Proposal”). In this revision, the criteria for vegetation classification were discussed and unified, and a quantified standard for high, medium, and low level units in a new hierarchical classification scheme was supplemented. Compared with the old classification scheme in “Recognition and Proposal”, the units at the level of vegetation type were substantially changed. Finally, in order to improve mutual communication among international peers, a comparison was carried out between the new revised scheme and each of International Classification and Mapping of Vegetation of UNESCO, The National Vegetation Classification Standard of United States, and The Braun-Blanquet Classification Scheme.     

高黎贡山北段植物群落TWINSPAN数量分类研究

采用TWINSPAN数量分类方法对高黎贡山北段植物群落进行研究,将研究区68个样地归并为18个聚组,并参照《云南植被》和《中国植被》的分类原则和系统将研究区植物群落划归为6个植被型、7个植被亚型、7个群系组、10个群系和18个群落;TWINSPAN数量分类反映了群落分布随海拔和干扰变化的规律。     

An update of the vegetation classification in China北大核心CSCD

The vegetation classification in China was updated by referring to recent advances for vegetation classification worldwide and on the basis of our former paper Recognition and Proposal on the Vegetation Classification System of China (hereafter, "Recognition and Proposal"). In this revision, the criteria for vegetation classification were discussed and unified, and a quantified standard for high, medium, and low level units in a new hierarchical classification scheme was supplemented. Compared with the old classification scheme in "Recognition and Proposal", the units at the level of vegetation type were substantially changed. Finally, in order to improve mutual communication among international peers, a comparison was carried out between the new revised scheme and each of International Classification and Mapping of Vegetation of UNESCO, The National Vegetation Classification Standard of United States, and The Braun-Blanquet Classification Scheme.     

红皮云杉林的植被分类及其环境解释

红皮云杉林(Picea koraiensis Forest Alliance)是以红皮云杉为群落共优势种的森林植被类型, 具有结构复杂及物种多样性高等特点。在遵从《中国植被志》研编规范的基础上, 提出了红皮云杉林新的分类系统, 包括5个群丛组8个群丛, 分别归属于常绿针叶林、落叶与常绿针叶混交林和针叶与阔叶混交林3个植被型。群丛组分类主要基于群落层片分化, 以及乔木层的共优势种和特征种的差异, 并以常绿针叶树层片重要值的66%为阈值划分常绿针叶林和针叶与阔叶混交林。在群丛分类中, 通过双向指示种分析筛选特征种, 综合考虑群落生境和群落演替阶段等因素确定分类方案。该分类方案是《中国植被志》研编规范的一个应用示例, 对植被分类工作的借鉴意义表现在4个方面。(1) 作为植被分类的重要凭证, 样方数据质量控制是植被分类工作的重要环节; 其中, 物种的准确鉴定对确保植被分类方案的合理性至关重要。(2) 对于乔木层物种组成丰富、优势种不明显的群落, 群落层片分化和特征种是植被类型划分的重要依据。(3) 以特定物种组合为共建种所组成的多个植被类型可归属为不同的植被型。(4) 森林采伐等人类活动可能对植被与环境的关系形成干扰。因此, 在植被分类中应考虑群落的干扰历史和演替阶段等因素。