Important laboratory animal resources: selection criteria and funding mechanisms for their preservation

Members of the committee were Dorothea Bennett (Chairman), Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin (deceased); Linda C. Cork, Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Thomas J. Gill III, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Jon W. Gordon, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York; Andrew G. Hendrickx, California Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California; Larry E. Mobraaten, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine; and John L. VandeBerg, Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas.     

中国猕猴的分类及分布

本文根据外部形态、头骨特征及地理分布,对猕猴（Macaca mulatta）在中国的亚种分类进行了重新整理。结果表明M.m.mulatta、M.m.breuvcaudus、M.m.lasiotis、M.m.littoralis和M.m.uestita均为有效亚种,M.m.tcheliensis可能也是一有效亚种。     

Palynofloristical investigation on the late Cretaceous and Paleocene of China

As late cretaceous and Paleocene was an important stage in the evolution of angiosperms, so studies on flora of this periiod are of great significance. In recent years many palynological data of late Cretaceous and Paleocene have been recorded from different parts of China, especially the Southeastern China. An attempt is made here to allow deductions regarding the problem of existence of some palynological provinces during this period in China. Three provinces may be divided as follows. I. The wet subtropical and warm-temperate palynofioristical province of northeastern China. During late Cretaceous, this palynoflora was marked by occurrence of Aquilapollenites, Mancieorpus, Fibrapollis and Wodehouseia. Aquilapollenites amplus, A. crassus, A. megaprojeetus, A. asper, A. affenatus A. alatus, Mancieorpus andaensis, FiburapaUis mirifieus and Wodehouseia oeulata ...... are noted. Besides these eharacteriestic elements, there are many species of Proteaeiites and some species of Beaupreaidites, Loranthacites, Quereoidites, Salixipollenites, Gothanipollis, Plicapollis, Utmoideipites, Cranwellia, Alnipollenites and Trieolporopollenites. Gymnosperms pollen comprise Abietineaepollenites, Pinuspollenites, Cedripites, Taxodiaceaepollenites and Araueariacites. Sehizaeoisporites are very rich in species and numbers. Polypodiaceoisporites, Osmundacidites and Cyathidites are rarely Maud. Paleocene palynoflora is characterized by scantiness or absence of Aquilapollenites and Wodehouseia. Paraalnipollenites eonfusus, P. orthoeostatus, BetulaepoUenites pli eoides and some species of Myricipites, Comptonia and Momipites are predominant. These pollen may be related to Betulaceae, Juglandaceae and Myricaseae. Taxodiaceaepollenites, Cedripites and Podoearpidites are commen, It reflects that during late Cretaceous the flora was wet and subtropical, but in Paleocene, it turned to be wet and warm-temperate. According to the abundanee of Aquilapollenites and Wodehouseia, this palynoflora may belong to the Eastern AsianWestern North American Paly-nofioristical Province. II. Arid subtropical palynofioristieal province of South China. During late-Cretaceous this palynofiora comprises Morinopollenites Wang & Zhao (M. normalis, M. minor, M. polyprojeetus, M. rhombiformis) and Janhangpollis Wang & Zhao (J. radiatus, J. arciformis, J. sayaxngensis, J. ringes, J. mikros). Besides this, species of Proteacidites, Beaupreaidites, Myoporumpollenites, Crassimarginpollenites, Cranwellia, Magnolipollis, Rutaceoipollenites, Ilexpollenites, Symplocospollenites, Nyssapollenites, Palmaepollenites and Chenopodipollis were recorded. Classopollis, Exessipollenites and Rugubivesieulites were abundant in this assemblage. Aquilapollenites is rarely recorded, except along the coast region of eastern China. In paleocene some species of Nanlingpollis Sun & He, Pentapollenites jiangsiensis, Tricolporopollenites rombicus and Sapotaceoidaepollenitess trieoloporatus are recorded, but Morinopollenites and Janhanpollis were unknown. Ulmoideipites, Ulmipollenites, Ephedripites and some verrucate spores (Pterisispora) were very abundant. According to the feature of the pouch assemblages, the flora of South China during that time was of arid subtropical in nature. It seems to be nothing to do with other palynofloristical provinces in the world. III. Arid subtropical palynofloristical province of Northwestern China. Palynofiora of this period has been recorded from a few localities throughout this area. Normapolles group (Atlantopollis, Pseudoatlantopollis, Chaonopollenites, BasopoUis and ExtratriporopoUenites), Proteacigites microverrucatus, Eehitriporites magnus and Triatriapollenites echinatus were present. Besides that, Beaupreaidites, Rutaceoipollenites, Lonicerapollis and Engelhardtioipollenits were also occurred. In gymnosperms Ephedripites and some disaccate pollen were abundant. The percentage of Normapolles is increasing from east to west, while Proteaeidites is decreasing. In Paleocene Nudopollis and Trudopollis of Normapolles group were present, while Proteacidites 8issappeared. The palynoflora of this province was of an arid and subtropical in nature, which is somewhat in connection with the European-Eastern American Palynofloristical Province by the presence of Normapolles.     

Gifts of Pride and Love: The Cultural Significance of Kiowa and Comanche Lattice Cradles

Gifts of Pride and Love: The Cultural Significance of Kiowa and Comanche Lattice Cradles. Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, Brown University, Bristol, RI, 1998; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, OK, December 4, 1999-February 2000; Heard Museum, Phoenix, AZ, April 20-July 16, 2001; Fowler Museum of Cultural History, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, August 27, 2000-January 16, 2001; National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution, Gustav Heye Center, New York, NY, March-May 2001; Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman, OK, June-September 2001; Mashantucket Pequot Museum and Research Center, Ledyard, CT, October 2001-January 2002.
Gifts of Pride and Love: Kiowa and Comanche Cradles. Barbara A. Hail. ed. Bristol, RI: Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, Brown University, 2000. 135 pp.     

利用培养特征和生理特性鉴别担子菌菌种的研究

担子菌菌种多是菌丝型的培养物,在长期保藏中如发生错误也较难辨别。本文报道了以培养特征和生理特性作为保藏的担子菌菌种的特征集要,并根据集要制定出鉴别他们的检索表。通过对48属、71种、142株菌种的实验结果,利用培养特征和生理特性鉴别保藏的担子菌菌种是可行的。     

中国古蚤属分类研究(蚤目,栉眼蚤科)

通过对我国现有古蚤属标本和有关资料进行全面整理和系统分类研究,认为目前我国已知古蚤属共有27种,它们隶属于4个种团,分别为钝刺古蚤种团obtuspina group(1种)、鼩鼱古蚤种团soricis group(2种)、偏远古蚤种团remota group(16种)和短额古蚤种团brevifrontata group(8种),其数量已近该属世界已知种的一半.文中分别对我国已知各种古蚤的鉴别特征、生物学和地理分布状况作了介绍,并编制了各种团、种及亚种检索表.根据它们的分布特征认为我国西南部横断山区可能是古蚤属的分布中心.文中对偏远古蚤种团目前存在的问题进行了讨论.     

Ecophysiological variabilities in ectohydrolytic enzyme activities of some Pseudoalteromonas species,P. citrea,P. issachenkonii,and P. nigrifaciens

The ecophysiological variabilities in the ectohydrolytic enzyme profiles of the three species of Pseudoalteromonas, P. citrea, P. issachenkonii, and P. nigrifaciens, have been investigated. Forty-one bacteria isolated from several invertebrates, macroalgae, sea grass, and the surrounding water exhibited different patterns of hydrolytic enzyme activities measured as the hydrolysis of either native biopolymers or fluorogenic substrates. The activities of the following enzymes were assayed: proteinase, tyrosinase, lipase, amylase, chitinase, agarase, fucoidan hydrolase, laminaranase, alginase, pustulanase, cellulase, beta-glucosidase, alpha- and beta-galactosidases, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, beta-glucosaminidase, beta-xylosidase, and alpha-mannosidase. The occurrence and cell-specific activities of all enzymes varied over a broad range (from 0 to 44 micromol EU per hour) and depended not only on taxonomic affiliation of the strain, but also on the source/place of its isolation. This suggests 'specialization' of different species for different types of polymeric substrates as, for example, all strains of P. citrea and P. issachenkonii hydrolyzed alginate and laminaran, while strains of P. nigrifaciens were lacking the ability to hydrolyze most of the algal polysaccharides. The incidence of certain enzymes such as fucoidan hydrolases, alginate lyases, agarases, and alpha-galactosidases might be strain specific and reflect its particular ecological habitat.     

金粟兰属植物根的组织发育研究

观察金粟兰属7种、4变种植物不定根的组织发育,发现本属大多数植物不定根具有典型的单子叶植物不定根的组织特征,特别是在同一条根中初生木质部的脊数可以随根的发育而增加。双子叶植物和单子叶植物根的组织学系统发育不仅在本属大多数种内不定根的个体发育中得以重演,而且在属内种间得以重演。     

死胎的病因及终止妊娠的方式分析

目的：探讨死胎的病因及终止妊娠的方式。方法：收集我院住院分娩的死胎病例23 例,对孕妇一般资料、死胎发生原因、终 止妊娠方式进行统计分析。结果：①死胎发生孕妇中,年龄＞36 岁者最多,共8 例,占34.8%,孕周在28-36+6 周的孕妇数最多,共 10 例,占43.5%,初产妇17 例,占73.9%,有流产史孕妇9 例,占39.1%;②在所有病因中,脐带因素占比最大,共11 例,占47.8%, 其次为胎盘因素和母体因素,各5 例,各占21.7%,胎儿原因与不明原因各2 例,各占8.7%;③在对终止妊娠方式的选择上,施行 羊膜腔穿刺引产例数最多,共13 例,占56.5%,其次为剖宫产,共5 例,占21.7%,米索流产3 例,占13.0%,自娩患者2 例,占 8.7%。结论：脐带因素为造成死胎发生的主要原因,其次为胎盘因素及母体因素,应对孕妇进行全面的孕期检查及孕期健康教育, 以减少死胎的发生,并选择合适的终止妊娠方式以减轻孕妇痛苦。     

Recent ornithological publications

Aspinwall , D.R. & Beel , C. A Field Guide to Zambian Birds not Found in Southern Africa. Beaman , M. & MADGE, S. The Handbook of Bird Identification for Europe and the Western Palearctic. Beletsky , L. The Ecotraveller's Guide to Belize and Northern Guatemala. Bellairs , R. & Osmond , M. The Atlas of Chick Development. 323 + xii pages, 63 figures, 8 tables, 2 appendices. London: Academic Press, 1998. Bibby , C, Jones , M. & Marsden , S. Expedition Field Techniques: Bird Surveys. Byrkjedal , I. & Thompson , D.B.A. Tundra Plovers: the Eurasian, Pacific and American Golden Plovers and Grey Plover. Devort , M. (ed.) The Snipe: Elements of an Action Plan. Erritzoe , J. & Erritzoe , H.B. Pittas of the World. A Monograph on the Pitta Family. Feare , C. & Craig , A. Starlings and Mynas. Frith , C.B. & Beehler , B.M. The Birds of Paradise. Knobil , E. & Neill , J.D. (eds) Encyclopedia of Reproduction. Mc Cullough , D.R. (ed.) Metapopulations and Wildlife Conservation. Meyburg , B.U., Chancellor , R.D. & Ferrero , J.J. (eds) Holarctic Birds of Prey: Proceedings of an International Conference. Mock , D.W. & Parker , G.A. The Evolution of Sibling Rivalry. Morris , P. & Hawkins , F. Birds of Madagascar: a Photographic Guide. Sinclair , I. & Langrand , O. Birds of the Indian Ocean Islands. Murrey , R.D., Holling , M., Dott , H.E.M. & Vandome , P. (eds) The Breeding Birds of South-east Scotland. A Tetrad Atlas 1988–1994. Oatley , T. & Arnott , G. Robins of Africa. Osborne , J. The Ruby-throated Hummingbird. DE LA Peña M.R. & Rumboll , R. Birds of Southern South America and Antarctica. Polhill , R. & Wiens , D. Mistletoes of Africa. Rothstein , S.I. & Robinson , S.K. (eds) Parasitic Birds and Their Hosts: Studies in Coevolution. Schmid , H., Luder , R., Naef -Daenzer , B., Graf , R. & Zbinden . N. Schweizer Brutvogelatlas: Verbreitung der Brutvögel in der Schweiz und im Fürstentum Liechtenstein 1993–1996. Atlas des Oiseaux Nicheurs de Suisse: Distribution des Oiseaux Nicheurs en Suisse et au Liechtenstein en 1993–1996. Strads , M. Latvian Countryside Birds. Tennekes , H. The Simple Science of Flight: from Insects to Jumbo Jets. Vaughan , R. Seabird City: a Guide to the Breeding Seabirds of the Flamborough Headlands. Woods , R.W. & Woods , A. Atlas of Breeding Birds of the Falkland Islands. Blokhin , YU.YU. & Mazin , L.N. (eds) Problems of Conservation of Poorly-studied Fauna of the North, Parts 1–2 (in Russian, with English summaries). Bocca , M. & Maffei , G. Gli Uccelli della Valle d'Aosta: Indagine Bibliografica e Dati Inediti. 307 pages, 75 color photos, few black-and-white illustrations and tables. Aosta: Regione Autonoma Valle d'Aosta, 1997 Girard , O. Echassiers, Canards et Limicoles de I'Ouest Africain. [Waterbirds of West Africa]. 136 pages, 22 colour plates, many illustrations, figures, maps. Le Château d'Olonne: Castel Editions, 1998 Ca. Low, R. Hancock House Encyclopedia of the Lories. 432 pages, 140 colour photographs. Surrey, BC: Stagg , A. & Hearl , G. A Birdwatching Guide to Cyprus. 85 pages, colour photographs, maps. Chelmsford: Arlequin, 1998 van Wetten , J.C.J. & Spierenburg , P. (eds) Waders and Waterfowl in the Floodplains of the Logone, Cameroun, January, 1993 . 76 pages, tables, maps. WIWO Report No. 67. Zeist: Working Group International Waterbird & Wetland Research,     

红毛草不同程度入侵区土壤微生物群落结构和部分理化指标的比较及其相关性分析

采用磷脂脂肪酸( PLFAs)分析法比较了红毛草﹝Rhynchelytrum repens ( Willd.) C. E. Hubb.﹞非入侵区、轻度入侵区和重度入侵区土壤微生物群落结构的差异,并对不同程度入侵区土壤部分理化指标的差异进行比较;在此基础上,对土壤中不同类型微生物含量与部分理化指标的相关性进行分析。结果表明：在不同程度入侵区土壤中共检测到37种微生物,包括28种细菌、4种放线菌、4种真菌和1种原生动物,其中,细菌含量最高。6种微生物的PLFAs含量较高,且它们在3类入侵区均有分布;27种微生物的PLFAs含量较低,且它们在3类入侵区也均有分布;4种微生物的PLFAs含量较低,且它们仅分布在个别入侵区。随红毛草入侵程度加剧,土壤中细菌、真菌和原生动物的含量均逐渐升高,且它们在重度入侵区土壤中的含量分别较非入侵区增高11.34%、19.60%和13.95%;并且,土壤中的微生物种类也逐渐升高。随着红毛草入侵程度的加剧,土壤的过氧化氢酶活性逐渐下降,蔗糖酶和脲酶活性以及pH值和含水量均逐渐升高,而纤维素酶活性变化较小;与非入侵区相比,重度入侵区土壤的过氧化氢酶活性下降59.27%,而蔗糖酶和脲酶活性以及 pH 值和含水量分别升高73.71%、68.60%、15.09%和32.95%。相关性分析结果表明：土壤中的细菌含量与过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性以及pH值和含水量均存在极显著相关性(P<0.01),相关系数分别为-0.909、0.864、0.868、0.836和0.889;土壤中的真菌含量与过氧化氢酶活性存在显著负相关(P<0.05),与蔗糖酶活性和pH值存在极显著正相关,相关系数分别为-0.739、0.868和0.832。研究结果显示：红毛草能够改变土壤的微生物群落结构及理化性质,使土壤条件更利于红毛草的生长。     

略论棕榈科与新分出的省藤科的系统分类、演化、区系地理及主要的经济用途

棕榈科原省藤亚科因其子房壁及外果皮被倒生、螺旋状排列的鳞片所覆盖,而区别于其他亚科,因而独立分出成一新科--省藤科。作者讨论了棕榈科的祖先种可能在石炭纪时,自原始裸子植物开以顿目在分化、衍生出苏铁目祖先种的进化干上,于白垩纪时分化出的一个分支。在棕榈科的祖先种出现不久后,在其进化的分支上,于白垩纪后期又分化出一旁支,成为棕榈科的姊妹科--省藤科的祖先种。从两祖先种分别再分化、衍生出现今分布地球上该二科的属与种。两科、尤其前者是被子植物、尤其是单子叶植物中最原始的类群之一。作者还提出棕榈科象牙椰亚科与贝叶棕亚科是该科最原始或较原始的两类群;槟榔亚科和腊材榈亚科是较进化的两类群;而水椰亚科祖先种可能源于象牙椰亚科的祖先种,但又演化为该科最进化与特化的类群。省藤科省藤亚科略比鳞果榈亚科原始。作者讨论了两科为泛热带分布的科,指出两科的"现代分布区"在南北两半球热带地区,少数种还延伸分布到两半球暖亚热带、甚至达中亚热带地区,分布区边缘最北达日本中部、中国长江流域及黄河下游的南部,美国加利佛尼亚州与佛罗里达州和地中海北部;最南达智利中部和新西兰南部;而"现代分布中心"在热带与暖亚热带的亚洲,中、南美洲,大洋洲及非洲的东、南、西部;但分布区的"密集中心"则在热带亚洲、热带中及南美洲、南太平洋群岛及非洲东南部。作者还介绍了近50年我国南方引种驯化成功的两科植物近400种(见^*图谱),其中少数为耐寒的种类,有的种已引种到长江流域或更北的地区。引种的大部分种都有其重要的经济用途,包括:1. 食用,如淀粉和树液可制"西米"或制糖,酿酒、醋或作饮料;果或种子榨油,供食用或工业用;某些种的嫩芽作蔬菜,甚至种子代咖啡饮用;2. 药用,有消炎、止血、活血、驱虫、抗癌等用;3. 建筑、工艺与日用品,包括不少种的树干供建普通房子、桥梁、小船;少数种可提制工业用蜡;许多种的纤维制高级缆绳和编织品;还制工艺品与日用品等;4. 代表热带景观的园林工程、绿化及美化环境的观赏树和人行道树及建造园林景观生态类型的树种等。     

Phylogenetic analysis of Adephaga (Coleoptera) based on characters of the larval head

Abstract. Characters of the head of adephagan larvae were examined and analysed phylogenetically. A labrum which is completely fused to the clypeofrons and the presence of a closed prepharyngeal tube are autapomorphies of Adephaga. Partial reduction of the fossa maxillaris, cardo and stipes forming a functional unit, the immobilization of the lacinia, attachment of M. craniolacinialis to the lateral stipital wall, and loss of one stipitopalpal muscle, are considered autapomorphies of Adephaga excluding Gyrinidae. Complete reduction of the fossa maxillaris and the presence of M. craniostipitalis medialis are possible autapomorphies of Adephaga excluding Gyrinidae and Haliplidae. The presence of caudal tentorial arms, insertion of the galea on the mesal side of palpomere I, and absence of the lacinia are considered synapomorphies of Trachypachidae and Dytiscoidea (Noteridae, Amphizoidae, Hygrobiidae, Dytiscidae). The presence of a slender, elongated process of the head capsule, which articulates with a corresponding socket of the cardo, is a possible autapomorphy of Dytiscoidea. The sinuate frontal sutures, distinctly protruding prementum, shortened M. craniostipitalis medialis, and absence of M. submentopraementalis are considered autapomorphies of Geadephaga excluding Trachypachidae. The presence of a regular row of hairs along the anterior hypopharyngeal margin is a possible autapomorphy of Geadephaga excluding Trachypachidae and Rhysodidae. Improvement of the hypopharyngeal filter apparatus suggests the monophyly of Anisochaeta. Presence of a penicillum and partial reduction of the lacinia are possible autapomorphies of Anisochaeta excluding Omophronini. Larvae of Cychrini, Carabini, Nebriini and Notiophilini are characterized by a strongly developed, cone-shaped hypodon. Postocular and cervical ridges, crosswise arrangement of antennal muscles, and a completely flattened hypopharynx are considered autapomorphies of Caraboidea Limbata.     

基于着生藻类的太子河流域水生态系统健康评价

本研究以辽宁省太子河流域为研究范例,调查了全流域范围内69个样点的着生藻类群落和水环境理化特征,并在此基础上应用硅藻生物评价指数(DBI)和生物完整性评价指数(P-IBI),同时结合栖息地环境质量评价指数(QHEI),对太子河流域水生态系统进行健康评价。结果表明,太子河流域着生藻类群落结构具有明显的空间异质性,CCA结果显示驱动着生藻类群落结构形成的水环境因子为电导率、总溶解固体和总氮。虽然DBI、P-IBI和QHEI在太子河流域某些河段上的评价结果有较大出入,但从全流域尺度上看,DBI、P-IBI和QHEI的评价结果基本一致,表现为太子河上游健康状况较好,中游健康状况一般,而下游健康状况较差。文中讨论了水环境理化因子与着生藻类群落结构的相互关系,并对比分析了DBI、P-IBI和QHEI这三种河流健康评价方法。