MORPHOLOGY AND PAEDOGAMOUS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN CHLOROGONIUM CAPILLATUM SP. NOV. (VOLVOCALES, CHLOROPHYTA)1

Morphology and sexual reproduction in Chlorogonium capillatum Nozaki, Watanabe & Aizawa sp. nov. (Volvocales, Chlorophyta) originating from Miyatoko Mire, Japan, were studied under controlled laboratory conditions. Vegetative cells of this new species were fusiform with blunt anterior and posterior ends, and they had a massive parietal chloroplast and numerous contractile vacuoles distributed throughout the protoplast. Several to many pyrenoids were randomly distributed in the chloroplast, but they disappeared under the light microscope when grown photoheterotrophically. During asexual reproduction, the first division took place transversely without a preceding rotation of the parental protoplast. In sexual reproduction, the parental protoplast divided successively to form 32 or 64 small, biflagellate isogametes. After gametogenesis, the gametes did not escape from the parental cell (gametangial) wall, within which pairs of the adjoining gametes fused to form quadriflagellate zygotes. Such zygotes were then released from the parental cell wall and developed into hypnozygotes, which at maturity developed numerous thin spines or hairs on the zygote wall. On zygote germination, four biflagellate germ cells were released from the zygote wall separately. This type of gametic union, "paedogamy," has not previously been described in the green algae except for Chlorococcum echinozygotum Starr . Chlorogonium capillatum can be clearly distinguished from other described species of Chlorogonium by its numerous contractile vacuoles and blunt anterior and posterior ends in vegetative cells as well as by its unique sexual reproduction, in which paedogamous conjugation occurs, and numerous thin spines or hairs that develop on the hypnozygote walls .     

ANALYSIS OF CLONAL CULTURES OF THE BROWN TIDE ALGAE AUREOCOCCUS AND AUREOUMBRA (PELAGOPHYCEAE) USING 18S rRNA, rbcL, AND RUBISCO SPACER SEQUENCES

Variability among clonal cultures of the brown tide algae Aureococcus anophagefferens Hargraves et Sieburth and Aureoumbra lagunensis Stockwell, DeYoe, Hargraves et Johnson was examined by DNA sequence comparisons. Nuclear-encoded 18S rRNA and plastid-encoded rbc L gene sequences were determined for six Aureococcus strains. RUBISCO spacer sequences were determined for 14 strains of Aureococcus. No differences among Aureococcus strains were found in the DNA regions examined. The rbc L and RUBISCO spacer sequences for three Aureoumbra strains were identical but differed from those of Aureococcus. These data indicate that blooms of these species are comprised of cells that are very similar and also imply that Aureococcus and Aureoumbra do not contain varieties or cryptic species. Separate and combined phylogenetic analyses of the 18S rRNA and rbc L gene sequences were performed. Results confirm that the brown-tide-causing algae of Long Island Sound, New York ( Aureococcus ), and Laguna Madre, Texas ( Aureoumbra ), are best classified in separate genera within the Pelagophyceae. Phylogenetic trees place Aureococcus and Aureoumbra within the Pelagomonadales and Sarcinochrysidales, respectively.     

REEXAMINATION OF PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE COLONIAL VOLVOCALES (CHLOROPHYTA): AN ANALYSIS OF atpB AND rbcL GENE SEQUENCES

The chloroplast-encoded atp B gene was sequenced from 33 strains representing 28 species of the colonial Volvocales (the Volvocaceae and its relatives) to reexamine phylogenetic relationships as previously deduced by morphological data and rbc L gene sequence data.1128 base pairs in the coding regions of the atp B gene were analyzed by MP, NJ, and ML analyses. Although supported with relatively low bootstrap values (75% and 65% in the NJ and ML analyses, respectively), three anisogamous/oogamous volvocacean genera— Eudorina, Pleodorina, and Volvox, excluding the section Volvox (= Euvolvox, illegitimate name), constituted a large monophyletic group (Eudorina group). Outside the Eudorina group, a robust lineage composed of three species of Volvox sect. Volvox was resolved as in the rbc L gene trees, rejecting the hypothesis of the previous cladistic analysis based on morphological data that the genus Volvox is monophyletic. In addition, the NJ and ML trees suggested that Eudorina is a nonmonophyletic genus as inferred from the morphological data and rbc L gene sequences. Although phylogenetic status of the genus Gonium is ambiguous in the rbc L gene trees and the paraphyly of this genus is resolved in the cladistic analysis based on morphological data, the atp B gene sequence data suggest monophyly of Gonium with relatively low bootstrap values (56–61%) in the NJ and ML trees. On the basis of the combined sequence data (2256 base pairs) from atp B and rbc L genes, Gonium was resolved as a robust monophyletic genus in the NJ and ML trees (with 68–86% bootstrap values), and Eudorina elegans Ehrenberg represented a paraphyletic species positioned most basally within the Eudorina group. However, phylogenetic status and relationships of the families of the colonial Volvocales were still almost ambiguous even in the combined analysis.     

Caloglossa intermedia, sp. nov. (Rhodophyta) from the western atlantic coast: molecular and morphological analyses with special reference to C. leprieurii and C. monosticha

Caloglossa intermedia , sp. nov. is described from estuaries and salt marshes of Atlantic North America. This species is related to C. leprieurii (Montagne) G. Martens based on the position of rhizoids, whereas it is more similar to C. monosticha Kamiya in the number of cell rows at the nodes. Rhizoidal development of this alga also shows an intermediate characteristic between C. leprieurii and C. monosticha. Crosses were successful between the strains of C. intermedia from Georgia and South Carolina, but neither strain was interfertile with morphologically related species. C. intermedia from Georgia, New Jersey, and South Carolina had identical DNA sequences in the Rubisco spacer and flanking regions of rbc L and rbc S. This alga was more closely related to C. leprieurii in a molecular phylogenetic analysis. The evolution of each morphological character is discussed.     

TAXONOMIC STUDY OF TWO NEW GENERA OF FUSIFORM GREEN FLAGELLATES,TABRIS GEN. NOV. AND HAMAKKO GEN. NOV. (VOLVOCALES,CHLOROPHYCEAE)1

On the basis of LM, we isolated strains of two species of fusiform green flagellates that could be assigned to former Chlorogonium (Cg.) Ehrenb. One species, “Cg.”heimii Bourr., lacked a pyrenoid in its vegetative cells and required organic compounds for growth. The other was similar to Cg. elongatum (P. A. Dang.) Francé and “Cg.”acus Nayal, but with slightly smaller vegetative cells. Their molecular phylogeny was also studied based on combined 18S rRNA, RUBISCO LSU (rbcL), and P700 chl a‐apoprotein A2 (psaB) gene sequences. Both species were separated from Chlorogonium emend., Gungnir Nakada and Rusalka Nakada, which were formerly assigned to Chlorogonium. They were accordingly assigned to new genera, Tabris Nakada gen. nov. and Hamakko (Hk.) Nakada gen. nov. as T. heimii (Bourr.) Nakada comb. nov. and Hk. caudatus Nakada sp. nov., respectively. Tabris is differentiated from other genera of fusiform green flagellates by its vegetative cells, which only have two apical contractile vacuoles and lack a pyrenoid in the chloroplast. Hamakko, on the other hand, is distinguishable by the fact that its pyrenoids in vegetative cells are penetrated by flattened thylakoid lamellae.     

PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE BROWN ALGAL ORDERS ECTOCARPALES, CHORDARIALES, DICTYOSIPHONALES, AND TILOPTERIDALES (PHAEOPHYCEAE) BASED ON RUBISCO LARGE SUBUNIT AND SPACER SEQUENCES

Phylogenetic relationships among 23 species of morphologically simple brown algae belonging to the Ectocarpales sensu stricto , Chordariales, Dictyosiphonales, and Tilopteridales sensu stricto , Phaeophyceae (Fucophyceae), were analyzed using chloroplast-encoded RUBISCO large subunit gene sequences ( rbc L) and the associated RUBISCO spacer sequences. Comparison of the observed and expected sequence divergence at the three codon positions of rbc L showed that the level of mutational saturation within the brown algae is minor. Thus, rbc L is well suited for phylogenetic studies in this group. Unweighted parsimony analyses and a neighbor-joining distance analysis were performed using unambiguously aligned rbc L sequences from the above four orders, one marine raphidophyte and two Tribophyceae (Xantophyceae). Polyphyly of Tilopteridales sensu lato (i.e. including Dictyosiphonales) is verified; we therefore recommend the use of Tilopteridales in the strict sense. The Ectocarpales, Chordariales, and Dictyosiphonales are paraphyletic with respect to each other, forming a highly interwoven clade. A separate parsimony analysis of the RUBISCO spacer as well as a combined rbc L and spacer analysis supported the close relationship among the latter three orders, adding to the evidence that they should be subsumed into the Ectocarpales sensu lato.     

MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY,ULTRASTRUCTURE, AND TAXONOMIC REVISION OF CHLOROGONIUM (CHLOROPHYTA): EMENDATION OF CHLOROGONIUM AND DESCRIPTION OF GUNGNIR GEN. NOV. AND RUSALKA GEN. NOV.1

We examined the molecular phylogeny and ultrastructure of Chlorogonium and related species to establish the natural taxonomy at the generic level. Phylogenetic analyses of 18S rRNA and RUBISCO LSU (rbcL) gene sequences revealed two separate clades of Chlorogonium from which Chlorogonium (Cg.) fusiforme Matv. was robustly separated. One clade comprised Cg. neglectum Pascher and Cg. kasakii Nozaki, whereas the other clade included the type species Cg. euchlorum (Ehrenb.) Ehrenb., Cg. elongatum (P. A. Dang.) Francé, and Cg. capillatum Nozaki, M. Watanabe et Aizawa. On the basis of unique ultrastructural characteristics, we described Gungnir Nakada gen. nov. comprising three species: G. neglectum (Pascher) Nakada comb. nov., G. mantoniae (H. Ettl) Nakada comb. nov., and G. kasakii (Nozaki) Nakada comb. nov. We also emended Chlorogonium as a monophyletic genus composed of Cg. euchlorum, Cg. elongatum, and Cg. capillatum. Because Cg. fusiforme was distinguished from the redefined Chlorogonium and Gungnir by the structure of its starch plate, which is associated with pyrenoids, we reclassified this species as Rusalka fusiformis (Matv.) Nakada gen. et comb. nov.     

Phylogenetic Relationships between Asplenium bourgaei (Boiss.) Milde and A. jahandiezii (Litard.) Rouy Inferred from Morphological Characters and rbcL Sequences

Abstract: Micromorphological analysis reveals that A. jahandiezii, which occurs as a local endemic taxon in the Grand Canyon du Verdon in southern France, shows substantial differences to A. bourgaei, from the eastern Mediterranean region, in the surface structure of perispores, sporangial indehiscence and the size of stomatal subsidiary cells. Nucleotide sequences and genetic distances (0.9 % nucleotide substitutions) of the rbc L gene support the view that both taxa are related but distinct sibling species. Both species form a monophyletic group together with Asplenium fontanum and A. majoricum.     

秦岭地区子囊菌酵母物种多样性研究

从陕西秦岭地区的果实和叶等不同基物上分离得到子囊菌酵母262株,利用26SrDNA的D1/D2区域序列分析并结合形态学特征对这些菌株进行了分类学研究,探讨了该地区子囊菌酵母的物种多样性及其分布。共鉴定出10属31种,其中优势属为假丝酵母属Candida,12种,(其中新种2个,另文发表)、酿酒酵母属Saccharomyces,5种、毕赤酵母属Pichia,5种和有孢汉逊酵母属Hanseniaspora,3种。对分离自陕西秦岭不同地区与海拔的同一个种的不同菌株进行了D1/D2序列分析比较,以探讨子囊菌酵母种内序列稳定性和变异幅度。     

126 Porphyra Birdiae Neefus et Mathieson (Bangiales, Rhodophyta): A New Species from the Northwest Atlantic

Recent studies combining biochemical, molecular, and traditional morphological and ecological traits have shown that some currently recognized species of the red algal genus Porphyra are actually "form species" or "complexes" comprising several morphologically similar but genetically distinct taxa. Conflicting reports of chromosome numbers and differences in DNA sequences reported for Porphyra purpurea (Roth) C. Agardh have raised suspicion that more than one taxon has been confused under this name in the Northwest Atlantic. We have identified one of these cryptic taxa and have recently described it as a new species, Porphyra birdiae . Like P. purpurea (Roth) C. Agardh, it has an ovate to broadly elongate, foliose blade with reproductive areas segregated by a distinct line into male and female sectors. While reproductive specimens have historically been confused with P. purpurea , non-reproductive specimens of P. birdiae have been incorrectly identified as P. umbilicalis Kützing. Although P. birdiae is morphologically similar to both of these species, sequences of SSU (nuclear small subunit rRNA gene) and rbc L (plastid ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit gene) indicate that it is not closely related to either one. Based on rbc L sequences, P. birdiae is closely related to P. aestivalis Lindstrom et Fredericq, a proposed new species from Alaska.     

A REASSESSMENT OF PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE PHAEOPHYCEAE BASED ON RUBISCO LARGE SUBUNIT AND RIBOSOMAL DNA SEQUENCES

To better assess the current state of phaeophycean phylogeny, we compiled all currently available rbc L, 18S, and 26S rDNA sequences from the EMBL/GenBank database and added 21 new rbc L sequences of our own. We then developed three new alignments designed to maximize taxon sampling while minimizing information loss due to partial sequences. Phylogenetic analyses were performed on separate and combined data sets (with and without taxa from the sister classes Tribophyceae and Phaeothamniophyceae as outgroups) using a variety of assumption sets, tree-drawing algorithms (parsimony, neighbor joining, and likelihood), and resampling methods (bootstrap, decay, jackknife). Partition homogeneity testing (PHT) by codon position within rbc L showed that all positions could be used despite mild third position saturation. PHT by gene and domain within rDNA showed that the 26S D1 and D2 regions do not enhance phylogenetic signal even when combined with the 18S. The rbc L and rDNA (excluding the 26S D1 and D2) could be combined under PHT. The topology of the combined tree was the same as that of the rbc L tree alone, but bootstrap support was consistently higher in the combined analysis, applied to more branches, and enabled the establishment of sister group relationships among six orders. Although the taxon sampling for the combination tree was lower ( n = 22) than for individual gene analyses ( n = 58 for rbc L and n = 59 for rDNA), results show that the Laminariales (previously reported) and Sphacelariales (new) are both paraphyletic. Choristocarpus tenellus (Kützing) Zanardini is the most basal phaeophyte and the Dictyotales the most basal order. In contrast, the Laminariales sensu stricto ( s.s. ) and Ectocarpales sensu lato ( s.l. ) are the most derived. For phylogenetic studies in the Phaeophyceae, rbc L has more resolving power than rDNA, though the reason for this is unclear based on the fact that both genes are highly conserved.     

New species of freshwater Ulva, Ulva limnetica (Ulvales, Ulvophyceae) from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Ulva limnetica Ichihara et Shimada, sp. nov. (Ulvales, Ulvophyceae) is described from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, and is characterized by thalli that are: (i) branched, tubular, fragile and wrinkled; (ii) up to 80 cm in height and up to 2 cm in diameter; (iii) light to yellowish green in color; and (iv) having an asexual reproduction by means of quadriflagellate swarmers. Rhizoidal cells bear tubular extensions on the outside of the cell layer in the stipe. Ulva limnetica is distinguished from species with similar thalli by chloroplast disposition, branching pattern, number of pyrenoids per cell and gross morphology. It is also distinguished by sequences of the nuclear-encoded 18S ribosomal RNA gene, internal transcribed spacer 2 region and the plastid-encoded large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxgenase gene ( rbc L). Ulva limnetica was clustered with other Ulva species in an early diverging lineage within the genus.     

EST-derived SSR markers from defined regions of the wheat genome to identify Lophopyrum elongatum specific loci.

Lophopyrum elongatum, a close relative of wheat, provides a source of novel genes for wheat improvement. Molecular markers were developed to monitor the introgression of L. elongatum chromosome segments into hexaploid wheat. Existing simple sequence repeats (SSRs) derived from genomic libraries were initially screened for detecting L. elongatum loci in wheat, but only 6 of the 163 markers tested were successful. To increase detection of L. elongatum specific loci, 165 SSRs were identified from wheat expressed sequence tags (ESTs), where their chromosomal positions in wheat were known from deletion bin mapping. Detailed sequence analysis identified 41 SSRs within this group as potentially superior in their ability to detect L. elongatum loci. BLASTN alignments were used to position primers within regions of the ESTs that have sequence conservation with at least 1 similar EST from another cereal species. The targeting of primers in this manner enabled 14 L. elongatum markers from 41 wheat ESTs to be identified, whereas only 2 from 124 primers designed in random positions flanking SSRs detected L. elongatum loci. Addition and ditelosomic lines were used to assign all 22 markers to specific chromosome locations in L. elongatum. Nine of these SSR markers were assigned to homoeologous chromosome locations based on their similar position in hexaploid wheat. The remaining markers mapped to other L. elongatum chromosomes indicating a degree of chromosome rearrangements, paralogous sequences and (or) sequence variation between the 2 species. The EST-SSR markers were also used to screen other wheatgrass species indicating further chromosome rearrangements and (or) sequence variation between wheatgrass genomes. This study details methodologies for the generation of SSRs for detecting L. elongatum loci.     

Polyphyly of Limoniastrum (Plumbaginaceae): evidence from DNA sequences of plastid rbcL, trnL intron and trnL-F intergene spacer

Phylogenetic relationships of Limoniastrum and other genera of subfamily Staticoideae (Plumb-aginaceae) were studied using parsimony analysis of the plastid gene rbc L, the intron of trn L and the intergene spacer of trnL-trn F. Our analysis showed that Limoniastrum was polyphyletic. Limoniastrum ifniense , in both rbc L and combined data analyses, is sister to Armeria and Psylliostachys , whereas in the trn L-F (intron and spacer combined) analysis it is sister to a clade composed of Acantholimon, Dictyolimon and the remaining species of Limoniastrum . In all analyses, the five remaining species of Limoniastrum (excluding Limoniatrum ifniense ) formed a clade with two groups of species: L. monopetalum+L. guyonianum and those sometimes considered as the segregate genus Bubania ( L.feei, L. weygandiorum and L. rechingeri ). Levels of sequence divergence among these three groups of Limoniatrum were greater than for other well supported genera in the family and, in combination with morphological differences and paucity of synapomorphies, led us to conclude that separate generic status for each of the three clades is warranted.     

韩国新纪录属拟纹赤眼蜂属及一新种记述(膜翅目,赤眼蜂科)

首次报道了拟纹赤眼蜂属Lathromeroidea Girault在韩国的分布,并记述了1新种,多齿拟纹赤眼蜂Lathromeriodea multidenta sp.nov.。新种与L.ajmerensis Yousuf＆Shafee相似,但新种痣脉短于缘脉的一半,痣后脉较为发达,产卵器着生于腹部腹面基部;新种与L.silvarum Nowicki也相似,但前者个体较大,上颚具5齿,第3～5节棒节长度比例也不相同。正模标本保存于韩国首尔国立大学无脊椎动物资源库,副模保存于新疆大学生命科学与技术学院昆虫研究室。     

Phospholipid molecular species distributions of Candida isolates from the UK and Iran

AIMS: Some species of Candida have been shown to differ with respect to their polar lipid fingerprints when analysed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FABMS). The aims of this study were to contribute to the existing body of information by (i) examining representatives of species not previously examined and (ii) seeking strains differences associated with country of origin (UK or Iran). METHODS AND RESULTS: FABMS analysis was performed on extracted lipids of 22 strains representing eight species of Candida. The most abundant anion (19 isolates) in spectra was with mass to charge (m/z) 281, corresponding to C18:1 carboxylate. The major phospholipid analogue anions were m/z 515 and 501 (13 strains). These anions were putatively identified as the phosphatidyl molecular species PA(23 : 2) and PA(22 : 2) respectively. Data for strain pairs were compared using the Pearson's coefficient of linear correlation. The values generated were used to cluster strains by nearest-neighbour linkage, using both carboxylate and phospholipid analogue anion data. Isolates of C. parapsilosis were clearly distinct from other isolates. Iranian isolates tended to cluster together when phospholipid anion data were used. However, if carboxylate anion data were used, four Iranian isolates of C. albicans were tightly clustered with three UK isolates, of which two were C. albicans and one was C. dubliniensis. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that both lower, and higher, mass peaks in FABMS spectra can be of potential value in comparing Candida isolates from different countries and from different species. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: When polar lipids of different Candida species are compared, it is important to bear in mind that geographical differences affect results as has been observed with bacteria in similar studies.     

SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION OF THE GENUS HILDENBRANDIA (RHODOPHYTA): A SYNTHESIS OF TECHNIQUES

The evolutionary relationships among members of the red algal genus Hildenbrandia have not been well understood for several reasons. For example, the genus contains both marine and freshwater representatives, all of which are non-calcified and crustose, and few have definitive morphological characters for classification. Hildenbrandia is also assumed to be completely asexual (reproduction by tetrasporangia in marine forms and by gemmae in freshwater populations), and characters of the female gametangial system and post-fertilization structures are not available for comparative studies. Currently there are 14 marine and five freshwater species and infraspecific taxa recognized within the genus. We used phylogenetic analyses (parsimony, distance and maximum likelihood) of DNA sequences of commonly employed genes ( rbc L and 18S rRNA) to examine the evolutionary relationships among representatives of many of these taxa. In addition, we employed morphometrics (principal co-ordinates and cluster analyses) of several measured characters of these same representatives, as well as all available type specimens, to determine the number of morphologically-delimited entities within the genus. Thus far our results indicate that some characters traditionally used to distinguish species of Hildenbrandia , such as tetrasporangial division pattern, may not be useful in some cases, and a revision of the taxonomy of the genus will be necessary. Although the marine and freshwater species of Hildenbrandia appear to be well separated in our molecular analyses of European specimens, this trend was not observed for North American specimens. High sequence divergence values were calculated for both the rbc L and 18S rRNA genes of Hildenbrandia , compared to other red algal genera.     

PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF GELIDIALES SPECIES IN COSTA RICA

Despite a general paucity of studies on marine algae in Costa Rica, within the red algal order Gelidiales, 9 species are reported from the Caribbean, and 6 species from the Pacific. In this study 5 species from the southeast Caribbean coast and 2 species from the northwest Pacific coast of Costa Rica were collected for DNA sequence and morphological analyses. At the time of this writing, morphological observations of four Caribbean taxa have identified them as Gelidium microdonticum , Pterocladiella capillacea , P. melanoidea , and Gelidiella acerosa. In rbc L sequence analyses, Gelidium microdonticum is resolved within a clade of small Gelidium species predominantly found in the south Atlantic. Two collections representing different forms of Pterocladiella melanoidea sensu Dawson were found to have identical rbc L sequences. These samples were resolved in rbc L trees with a taxon from Texas identified as P. bartlettii and not P. melanoidea from Europe. Comparisons with type material are being made to verify these identifications so that the status of P. melanoidea in the Caribbean may be determined. The unidentified Caribbean taxon is resolved as a distinct species within the Pterocladiella clade as well. Gelidiella acerosa from Caribbean Costa Rica is closely allied with other Caribbean G. acerosa samples in rbc L trees. The two pacific taxa are small intertidal turf species and have not yet been identified. Sequence analyses resolve these taxa within a large clade of Indo-Pacific and Caribbean Gelidium species.     

几种藻类蛋白核的超微结构研究

应用电镜及免疫电镜技术对莱茵藻、小球藻、条浒苔和紫菜等藻类的叶绿体蛋白核的超微结构及主要组成成分进行了观察和研究。结果显示：不同藻类的蛋白核结构不同,显示了藻类蛋白核的多样性。蛋白核为球形或椭圆形,由蛋白质组成。莱茵藻、小球藻和条浒苔的蛋白核外围被淀粉鞘所包围,而紫菜的蛋白核外围无淀粉鞘而直接被叶绿体的类囊体所包围。淀粉鞘由淀粉组成,淀粉鞘的厚薄与藻体藻龄及增养状态有关系。在蛋白核中央,一般都具有由类囊体形成的孔道,使蛋白核与外界联系,小球藻和条浒苔蛋白核具有1条纵向孔道,而莱茵藻和紫菜为多条孔道。金相免疫技术检测结果显示Rubisco和Rubisco活化酶均在蛋白核及淀粉鞘区域中定位,表明蛋白核具有光合作用功能．