β-Tubulin在正常及妊娠输卵管组织中的表达

目的探讨β-tubulin在正常及妊娠输卵管组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法采用免疫组织化学方法和图像分析技术检测正常输卵管及妊娠输卵管组织中β-tubulin的表达,并分别比较增生期与分泌期、分泌期与妊娠输卵管组织中β-tubulin的平均光密度。结果正常输卵管组织β-tubulin的表达分泌期明显强于增生期;妊娠输卵管组织中β-tubulin的表达比分泌期明显减弱。差异均有显著性(P<0.05)。结论β-tubulin在妊娠输卵管组织中的低表达可能是输卵管妊娠的影响因素。     

Rictor对小鼠基质细胞蜕膜化的影响及其在人自然流产子宫蜕膜组织中的表达

该研究探讨Rictor及SGK1对小鼠基质细胞蜕膜化的影响及其在人自然流产子宫蜕膜组织中的表达。分离和培养小鼠基质细胞,siRNA沉默小鼠基质细胞Rictor基因并人工诱导蜕膜化,检测Rictor和SGK1的蛋白及mRNA表达情况,并检测蜕膜化标志物Dtprp mRNA的水平;此外,过表达SGK1,检测Dtprp mRNA的水平。选取妊娠8～10周无菌新鲜自然流产及正常人工流产的蜕膜组织标本作为实验研究组(自然流产组,n=17)及正常对照组(正常妊娠组,n=34);分别用Western blot、免疫组织化学、Real-time PCR检测Rictor及SGK1的蛋白和mRNA表达水平。结果表明,沉默Rictor基因后,Rictor及SGK1的蛋白和mRNA表达水平均显著降低,同时蜕膜化指标Dtprp mRNA也显著降低,而过表达SGK1后,蜕膜化指标Dtprp mRNA较前升高且差异有统计学意义。与正常妊娠组相比,Rictor和SGK1的蛋白及mRNA表达水平在自然流产组明显降低。该研究得出,Rictor可通过影响SGK1的表达来抑制基质细胞蜕膜化;Rictor和SGK1在自然流产组的表达均显著低于正常组,从而可能成为流产发生的原因之一。     

难免流产蜕膜组织遗传印记基因PEG10的表达

采用半定量逆转录聚合酶反应(RT-PCR)、原位杂交、免疫印记(Western blot)及免疫组织化学技术检测了36例难免流产患者蜕膜组织PEG10 (Paternally expressed gene 10) mRNA及蛋白的表达与分布, 并以36例同期正常早孕妇女为对照, 研究遗传印记基因在难免流产蜕膜组织中的表达, 探讨其在自然流产中的作用。RT-PCR结果显示, PEG10在两组蜕膜组织中均有表达, 正常妊娠组平均表达水平为0.5994±0.049, 难免流产组为0.1783±0.037, 两组比较具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。原位杂交、免疫组化及Western blot分析也显示PEG10的表达规律与RT-PCR结果相吻合。研究结果表明, 遗传印记基因PEG10维持一定水平的表达对早期胚胎发育和正常妊娠的维持有重要意义, 而其表达下调可能是导致难免流产的原因之一。     

环状RNA circCapzb在早孕小鼠围植入期子宫内膜中的表达

环状RNA(circular RNA,circRNA)是一类新型内源性非编码RNA,与多种疾病的发生、发展密切相关,但在胚胎着床的过程中罕见报道。该文旨在探讨环状RNA circCapzb在早孕小鼠围植入期子宫内膜中的表达。采用Real-time PCR检测正常妊娠小鼠孕第5天(d5)至第7天(d7)胚胎着床点及胚胎着床旁组织中circCapzb的表达水平;分别构建小鼠体内人工诱导蜕膜化模型和原代小鼠子宫内膜基质细胞体外人工诱导蜕膜化模型,采用Real-time PCR分别检测circCapzb在组织及细胞蜕膜化诱导模型中的表达;通过生物信息学预测circCapzb下游靶miRNA:miR-377-3p和miR-7005-5p,并采用Real-time PCR检测其在蜕膜化诱导模型中的表达。结果表明,circCapzb在小鼠孕第5天至第7天胚胎着床点的表达明显高于着床旁;circCapzb在组织及体内外细胞蜕膜化诱导模型中诱导组的表达明显高于未诱导组(对照组);circCapzb下游靶miR-377-3p和miR-7005-5p在组织及体内外细胞蜕膜化诱导模型中诱导组的表达明显低于未诱导组。该研究初步表明,circCapzb在小鼠早孕期胚胎着床点高表达,在组织及体内外细胞蜕膜化诱导模型中高表达,在小鼠妊娠早期子宫内膜蜕膜化过程中可能发挥作用,但具体机制有待进一步研究。     

原癌基因C-MET在自然流产蜕膜中的表达降低

为探讨原癌基因C-MET在胚胎着床中的作用,本实验分别采用实时荧光定量PCR,原位杂交和免疫荧光化学方法检测C-MET的mRNA及其蛋白在正常妊娠人工流产子宫蜕膜和自然流产蜕膜中的表达情况;进一步采用围着床期小鼠(d3)单侧宫角注射C-MET多克隆抗体,观察胚胎着床变化。结果显示C-MET基因和蛋白在正常妊娠蜕膜组织中的表达量显著高于自然流产蜕膜组织(P0.01),且主要分布在蜕膜基质细胞胞浆和胞核中。围着床期小鼠单侧宫角注射C-MET多克隆抗体后,该侧多个胚胎发生流产。该结果提示原癌基因C-MET可能在胚胎着床过程中发挥了重要作用,其表达降低可能通过某些途径诱发自然流产。     

妊娠组织中CD146和HGF的表达与稽留流产的相关性分析

目的:分析妊娠组织中CD146和肝细胞生长因子(Hepatocyte growth factor,HGF)的表达与稽留流产的相关性,探讨CD146、HGF在妊娠早期的潜在作用,为早期预防稽留流产的发生提供新的思路。方法:收集2019年7月至2019年12月于我院门诊行人工流产的病例,选取妊娠时间59周,年龄1835岁,近三个月未服用激素类药物,且无子宫肌瘤、子宫内膜病变、全身免疫性疾病、内分泌疾病的病例,分为稽留流产组40例;正常妊娠组50例。分析两组资料的差异性,通过免疫组化法检测两组蜕膜组织中CD146和HGF的表达情况并分析CD146和HGF的异常表达与稽留流产是否具有相关性。结果:CD146和HGF在稽留流产组和正常早孕组蜕膜组织中均有表达;稽留流产组蜕膜组织中CD146、HGF的表达均较正常妊娠组显著降低(P<0.05);CD146和HGF的表达呈正相关性(r>0,P<0.05);CD146和HGF的异常表达与稽留流产具有相关性。结论:稽留流产患者蜕膜组织中CD146和HGF的表达均下降,可能与稽留流产的发生有关,但CD146和HGF的表达下调参与稽留流产的发生机制尚不十分明确,需进一步探讨。妊娠组织中CD146和HGF的表达可能具有正相关性。CD146和HGF可能作为稽留流产在母胎界面方向研究的新的靶点,二者在妊娠过程中可能具有正相关性,尚需实验进一步验证。     

PCOS易感基因Hmga2在小鼠子宫蜕膜化中的表达与调节

目的研究PCOS易感基因Hmga2在子宫内膜容受性和蜕膜化中的表达与调节。方法通过早期妊娠、延期着床与激活、人工蜕膜化、卵巢类固醇激素处理等实验,利用q PCR、Western blot技术,阐述Hmga2在子宫内膜容受性中的作用。结果 Hmga2随着妊娠表达量逐渐增加,着床点与非着床点相比表达量显著升高,胚胎激活组比延迟着床表达量显著增高,人工诱导蜕膜化与非蜕膜化比较表达显著升高,Hmga2的表达与雌激素和孕激素呈正相关,体内受雌孕激素调节。结论表明Hmga2的表达与小鼠早期妊娠胚胎着床过程密切相关,参与子宫内膜蜕膜化过程,受活化胚泡和类固醇激素的影响。     

印记基因PEG10 在葡萄胎组织中的表达以及意义

目的:通过免疫组化方法,探讨印记基因PEG10在葡萄胎组织中的表达及其在早期鉴别葡萄胎妊娠中的应用价值。方法:选取经病理组织学诊断为完全性葡萄胎、部分性葡萄胎、正常早孕、难免流产的标本共计156例,采用免疫组织化学技术检测PEG10在其中的表达,研究遗传印记基因PEG10在葡萄胎妊娠以及非葡萄胎妊娠中的表达。结果:PEG10在四组蜕膜组织中均有表达,在难免流产组呈弱阳性表达,在正常早孕组呈弱阳性和中度阳性表达,在部分性葡萄胎组中呈中度阳性和强阳性表达,在完全性葡萄胎组中呈强阳性表达。PEG10在葡萄胎妊娠组表达明显增多于非葡萄胎妊娠组,两组比较具有显著性差异(P0.01),部分性葡萄胎组表达增多于难免流产组,两组比较差异有显著性(P0.05)。结论:遗传印记基因PEG10在葡萄胎组织中的表达明显高于正常早期妊娠和难免流产组,PEG10基因表达上调与葡萄胎的发生可能有重要关系,是否可将其用于病理诊断鉴别困难时的辅助手段。     

β-tubulin在输卵管妊娠着床部位与非着床部位的表达

目的探讨β-tubulin在输卵管妊娠着床部位与非着床部位的表达及其意义。方法采用免疫组织化学方法和图像分析技术检测正常输卵管分泌期、输卵管妊娠着床部位与非着床部位β-tubulin的表达。图像分析技术检测各组输卵管粘膜上皮组织中的β-tubulin表达的平均光密度值,并分别比较正常输卯管分泌期与输卵管妊娠非着床部位、输卵管妊娠非着床部位与着床部位粘膜上皮中β-tubulin表达的差异。结果输卵管妊娠非着床部位β-tubulin的表达弱于正常输卵管分泌期;输卵管妊娠着床部位β-tubulin的表达弱于非着床部位。差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论β-tubulin的低表达可能是引起人输卵管妊娠的因素之一。     

β-连环素和上皮钙粘连素在肝细胞癌中的表达及其意义

目的探讨人肝癌组织中β-连环素(-βcatenin)和上皮钙黏连素(E-cadherin)的表达情况及其与肝癌转移的相关性。方法应用免疫组织化学、原位分子杂交和细胞图像分析技术对30例原发性肝细胞癌及其癌旁肝组织中-βcate-nin和E-cadherin的表达情况进行观察,并分析了两者的表达与门静脉有无癌栓之间的相关性。结果在癌旁肝组织中,β-catenin和E-cadherin蛋白主要在细胞膜表达,胞浆表达较少;而在肝癌组织中,两者的表达特征发生改变,胞膜表达明显减少或缺失,-βcatenin的胞浆表达增强,甚至可见核表达,而E-cadherin在癌细胞胞浆内也明显减少或缺失。-βcatenin在有门静脉癌栓组的表达强度(平均光密度)高于无门静脉癌栓组(P<0.05),而E-cadherin则相反。结论-βcatenin在肝癌组织中的异位表达、过表达及E-cadherin的表达下降在肝癌转移过程中可能起重要作用。     

沙眼衣原体感染对大鼠着床期间子宫内膜E-cadherin的影响

目的 研究沙眼衣原体（Chlamydia trachomatis,CT）感染后大鼠着床期间子宫内膜上皮钙粘蛋白（E-cad-herin,E-cad）的变化。方法 大鼠雌雄合笼建立早孕模型,取正常和CT感染后妊娠4-7d的子宫组织,免疫组化SP法检测E-cad的表达。结果 正常和感染后妊娠组E-cad的表达均存在先上升后下降的趋势,表达峰值均在妊娠第6d,CT感染组低于正常组,且存在显著性差异（P〈0.05）;其表达部位在子宫内膜上皮细胞的胞膜或/和胞浆,蜕膜细胞无或少量表达。结论 沙眼衣原体感染后可能通过影响子宫内膜黏附分子E-cad的表达,破坏子宫内膜微环境,进而干扰早期妊娠。     

The disappearance of CD34-positive and alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive stromal cells associated with human intra-uterine and tubal pregnancies

In order to elucidate the change in alpha-smooth muscle actin (ASMA)-positive and CD34-positive stromal cells associated with pregnancy, we examined endometrial and Fallopian tube tissues from 40 patients including normal endometrium (n=10), intra-uterine pregnancy (n=10), normal Fallopian tube (n=10), and tubal pregnancy (n=10), using immunohistochemistry. In normal endometrium, only a few ASMA-positive cells were focally observed. Additionally, a wide range of CD34-positive stromal cell abundance was observed. In normal Fallopian tube mucosa, a small to moderate number of both ASMA-positive and CD34-positive stromal cells was observed. Neither ASMA-positive nor CD34-positive stromal cells were observed anywhere in the decidual stroma during both intra-uterine and tubal pregnancies. Likewise, a varying abundance of ASMA-positive cells but no CD34-positive stromal cells were observed at the fetal side during both intra-uterine and tubal pregnancies. In conclusion, the disappearance of CD34-positive and ASMA-positive stromal cells may be an indicator of decidualisation induced change in the stroma during both intra-uterine and tubal pregnancies. ASMA-positive stromal cells at the fetal side associated with pregnancy may play a role in the production of villous extracellular matrix or regulation of blood flow.     

Cytosolic phospholipase A(2)and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase mRNA expression in murine uterine and gestational tissues during late pregnancy.

We evaluated the changes in mRNA expression of cytosolic phospholipase A(2)(cPLA(2)) and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) in intrauterine and gestational tissues during mid-late murine pregnancy. Tissues (decidual caps, fetal membranes, and placentae, uterus, and cervix) were collected from pregnant mice at days 12, 14, 16, 18, and 19 (am and pm) of gestation. Total RNA was isolated and evaluated for cPLA(2)and PGDH expression by northern blot analysis normalized to GAPDH expression. Expression of mRNA for cPLA(2)increased in the placentae and decidual caps on day 18 and 19 pm, respectively. There was also increased expression for PGDH mRNA in the placenta and fetal membranes at the later stages of pregnancy. The tissue specific differences in expression of cPLA(2)and PGDH suggest that changes in enzymatic regulation of PG production and degradation may be crucial for the initiation of labour.     

Histological changes and transglutaminase 2 expression in the oviduct of advanced pregnant cows

The oviduct is a dynamic organ that has not been assigned specific functions during advanced pregnancy. However, since changes in the oviductal epithelium during the estrous cycle are attributed mainly to variations in estradiol (E2) levels, and E2 levels increase along pregnancy, we hypothesized that advanced pregnant cows should present changes in the oviductal epithelium. In advanced pregnant cows, the oviducts showed higher leaf-like folds and lower mucosa width and epithelium height than those of cycling animals. Also, PAS-positive apical protrusions and TUNEL-positive extruded cytoplasmic material were observed in advanced pregnant cows. Oviductal fluid from advanced pregnant cows showed lower protein concentration than that from cycling cows. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) was detected exclusively in oviductal fluid of pregnant cows but not in cells from any stage, whereas its mRNA was detected in different amounts in cells from all stages. This protein was identified by LC/MS-MS and its identity was corroborated by Western blot. The observations in histology of the epithelium and the presence of TG2 in oviductal fluid correlate with high levels of E2 in serum. In conclusion, important histological changes in the oviductal epithelium and secretion of TG2 to the oviductal fluid appear to be triggered by the high E2 levels exclusive of advanced pregnancy.     

Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on ovum transport and oviductal smooth muscle activity in the rat oviduct

The effect of the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) on ovum transport and oviductal motility in rats was investigated. Three different NOS inhibitors were injected into the ovarian bursa at oestrus or day 3 of pregnancy. Oviducts and uteri were flushed 24 h later and the presence of ova was recorded. In oestrous and pregnant rats, treatment resulted in accelerated egg transport, as shown by a decrease in the number of ova present in the oviducts. In cyclic rats, intrabursal injection of 1 mg kg-1 of either N-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) or N omega nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) elicited a 30% reduction in the number of ova present in the oviducts, whereas in pregnant animals, the same dose of L-NMMA produced a reduction of 40%. Simultaneous administration of the NO donor spermine NONOate (5 mg kg-1) completely reversed the effect of L-NMMA. Tubal motility was assessed by microsphere displacement analysis within the oviduct. Surrogate ova were transferred to the oviductal lumen at oestrus and 24 h later the effect of intraoviductal injection of 1 microgram L-NMMA or vehicle was assessed. The microspheres in the isthmus showed an oscillating motion, and periods in which movement was not detectable. However, L-NMMA treatment produced a 3.6-fold increase in the maximum instant velocities and a significant reduction in the resting periods of the microspheres compared with the control group (P < 0.001). These results provide evidence that NO inhibition increases tubal motility that results in accelerated ovum transport, and indicate that NO could act as a paracrine signal between different layers of the oviductal wall, providing a role for endogenous NO in regulation of tubal function.     

Murine abortion is associated with enhanced interleukin-6 levels at the feto-maternal interface

CBA/JXDBA/2J murine abortion is known to be associated with increased local and peripheral Th1-cytokines levels. The role of the pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 (IL-6) in murine abortion remains unclear. In humans, IL-6 was reported to be elevated at the onset of spontaneous abortion. The aim of our study was to evaluate the levels of IL-6 during murine pregnancy in (1) the normal murine pregnancy combination CBA/JXBALB/c and in (2) the CBA/JXDBA/2J abortion prone mating combination. We measured IL-6 serum levels by ELISA and local (placental and decidual) IL-6 levels by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. The expression of the IL-6 receptor gp80 was further analyzed. We additionally evaluated the number of mast cells and macrophages at the feto-maternal interface as a putative IL-6 source in reproductive tissues. IL-6 and gp80 were expressed in decidual cells as well as in different trophoblast types. Flow cytometry analysis showed increased numbers of IL-6+ cells in abortion placentas and deciduas compared to control pregnant mice. We observed an elevated number of mast cells and macrophages at the feto-maternal interface from abortion mice in comparison to control mice. Interestingly, we found very high numbers of mast cells, macrophages and IL-6+ cells in resorption tissue compared to control tissues. Flow cytometry studies confirmed that macrophages are being an important source of IL-6 at the feto-maternal interface. The mRNA IL-6 levels were also enhanced in placenta and decidua from mice with high abortion rate compared to normal pregnant mice, as analyzed by RT-PCR. Our results suggest that IL-6 produced not only by immunocompetent cells such as macrophages and mast cells, but also by trophoblasts and decidua cells, is directly involved in the pathology of abortion.     

Induction of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-2beta, a cysteine protease inhibitor in decidua: a potential regulator of embryo implantation

During early pregnancy, the steroid hormone progesterone induces differentiation of uterine stroma to decidual cells, which regulate embryo-uterine interactions. The progesterone-induced signaling molecules that participate in the formation and function of decidua remain poorly understood. We recently utilized high-density oligonucleotide microarrays to identify several genes whose expression is markedly altered in pregnant uterus in response to RU486, a well characterized antagonist of the progesterone receptor (PR). Our study revealed that the gene encoding cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-2beta (CTLA-2beta), a cysteine protease inhibitor, is expressed during PR-induced decidualization. The spatio-temporal expression of CTLA-2beta mRNA precisely overlapped with the decidual phase of pregnancy. Interestingly, administration of progesterone to estrogen-primed ovariectomized mice failed to induce CTLA-2beta expression. A concomitant artificial decidual stimulation was necessary to trigger this expression. Uteri of PR knockout mice failed to express this mRNA, even after a combined administration of steroid hormones and artificial stimulation. The uterine expression of CTLA-2beta was, therefore, dependent on PR as well as other unknown factor(s) associated with decidual response. To identify the molecular target(s) of CTLA-2beta,we analyzed its interaction with proteins present in soluble extracts prepared from day 7 pregnant uteri containing implanted embryos. A protein affinity strategy employing recombinant CTLA-2beta helped us to determine that cathepsin L, a cysteine protease, is one of its targets in the pregnant uterus. Consistent with this finding, expression of cathepsin L was detected in the giant trophoblast cells of the ectoplacental cone on day 7 of pregnancy. Collectively, our results support the hypothesis that expression of CTLA-2beta in the decidua may regulate implantation of the embryo by neutralizing the activities of one or more proteases generated by the proliferating trophoblast.