Studies on the Karyotypes and the Cytogeography of Cupressus (Cupressaceae)

The present paper deals with the karyotype analysis of 10 species of Cupressus including C. arizonica, C. bakeri ssp. mathewsii, C. chengiana, C. duclouxiana, C. funebris, C. goveniana, C. lusitanica, C. macrocarpa, C. pygmaea and C. sargentii. Except for C. arizonica, C. chengiana and C. macrocarpa they are all reported for the first time.The karyotype formula of the 10 species is K(2n)=22=22m which belongs to Stebbins'1A type. After making comparison among the karyotypes of 13 representive species in Cupressus, combined with data from geography, fossil, palaeogeography and palaeoclimate, the author thinks that C. sempervirens in Mediterranean region might be the most promitive one, the species in East Asia-China intermediate, those in North America advanced and C.lusitanica in Mexico and Guatemala the most advanced. The genus may have originated in the Mediterranean during the Jurassic or even earlier and then migrated from East Asia to North America via the Beringia in the Miocene or Pliocene. The regions, covering California, New Mexico, Mexico, Guatemala etc. are the present distribution center and the differentiation center of Cupressus. Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug. Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. 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Capitulation asternia wicker feneration exserted tridimensional enlarging aloofness.     

Quantitative analyses of the genetic structure of closely related conifers with disparate distributions and demographics: the Cupressus arizonica (Cupressaceae) complex

Seedling populations of seven Cupressus taxa were compared in common gardens to assess relationships among taxa and to elucidate the genetic structure of three taxa with different distributions and demographics. Discriminant analyses of 15 quantitative traits separated C. sargentii and C. forbesii from taxa within the C. arizonica complex (C. arizonica, C. glabra, C. stephensonii, C. nevadensis, and C. montana); aligned a population of C. arizonica from Sierra de Arteaga, Mexico, with families of the same taxon from southwestern United States; and described a close relationship between C. nevadensis and C. glabra. but nevertheless separated taxa within the C. arizonica complex. Analyses of wind-pollinated progenies of single trees showed the narrow endemic, C. glabra, to have a greater degree of population differentiation than the more broadly dispersed C. arizonica. In addition, genetic variances within the numerically small populations of C. arizonica were about the same as in the much larger populations of C. glabra. The results also suggested that genetic variability in C. stephensonii, a taxon occurring in a single population, may occur primarily among inbred lines. While the genetic structures of C. arizonica and C. glabra have counterparts among broadly dispersed conifers, that of C. stephensonii appears to be unique. Together, the results support the view that genetic structure primarily reflects the uncertain, chance events that are interspersed throughout evolutionary history.     

Variation and inheritance of resistance to cypress aphid, Cinara cupressi Buckton in Cupressus lusitanica Miller

Cupressus lusitanica seedlings from open-pollinated seeds of 18 families were inoculated with day-old first instar Cinara cupressi. Aphid survival was used to determine the genetic basis and inheritance of resistance to the insect. There was marked variation in aphid survival both between and within families. An individual-tree narrow-sense heritability of 0.76 ± 0.30 shows strong additive genetic control which could allow effective selection and breeding for resistance. Resistant parents produced resistant progeny while susceptible parents produced susceptible progeny. There were notable exceptions as some susceptible parents produced highly resistant progeny, indicating that they had acquired pollen from resistant neighbours. Recovery of aphid damaged trees is evident implying that care should be taken in selecting for resistance. The strong additive variance and potentially high heritability indicate that one cycle of selection may yield a resistant population, while intraspecific crossing may give better results. Implications of the results in a C. lusitanica breeding programme are discussed.     

The Peroxidase Isoenzymes of Cupressus Linn.

By means of disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, peroxidase isoenzymes of 9 species of Cupressus Linn, were analysed. The interspecific zymogramatic differences are obvious. Each species possesses its specific zymogram, distinguishable form the others. According to the zymogramatic similarity among these species calculated with the method of polar ordination, they may be grouped into 5 groups, which may be grouped in turn into two categories. C. gigantea Cheng et L. K. Fu, C. torulosa D. Don, C. duclouxiana Hichel, C. chengiana S. Y. Hu, and C. jiangeensis N. Chao. fall into one category. The second category contains C. sempervirens, C. arizonica Greene, C. lusitanica and C. funebris Endl. The experimental result about peroxidase comfirms the interspecific relationships of Cupressus suggested by the previous works. A positive relation is found between the peroxidases isoenzyme zymogramatic similar degree and the geographical vicarism of the related species, which has been used for analysing the regularity of phytogeographical vicarism. The mean zymogram distance of Cupressus Linn. among species is 0.75, from which it is inferred that the divergency took place the Jurassic. The advantage of polar ordination method in the study of iso-enzyme zymogram is discussed.     

柏科4个属(Fokienia、Cupressus、Chamaecyparis和Juniperus)植物雌球果的发育(英文)

通过扫描电镜和常规石蜡切片技术,观察了柏科4个属(Fokienia、Cupressus、Chamaecyparis和Juniperus)植物雌球果中胚珠的发育及苞片的结构变化。在所有研究的种类中,可育苞片腋部最先观察到的结构是一扁平的突起,并在其上分化出发育为胚珠的胚珠原基。在雌球果的发育过程中,未观察到独立的珠鳞发育。不同的种中,胚珠的数量和发育顺序有所不同,但苞片的发育是相似的。传粉前,苞片的结构与叶相似。传粉后,由于剧烈的居间生长,苞片发育为盾形,形成球形的球果。另外,在发育后期,苞片内维管系统变得复杂,并且在近轴面有反向的维管束发育。我们还对柏科植物雌球果的形态学特性及其可能的演化趋势进行了讨论。     

柏科4个属(Fokienia、Cupressus、Chamaeyparis 和Juniperus)植物雌球果的发育

通过扫描电镜和常规石蜡切片技术,观察了柏科4个属(Fokienia、Cupressus、Chamaeyparis 和Juniperus)植物雌球果中胚珠的发育及苞片的结构变化.在所有研究的种类中,可育苞片腋部最先观察到的结构是一扁平的突起,并在其上分化出发育为胚珠的胚珠原基.在雌球果的发育过程中,未观察到独立的珠鳞发育.不同的种中,胚珠怕数量和发育顺序有所不同,但苞片的发育是相似的.传粉前,苞片的结构与叶相似.传粉后,由于剧烈的居间维管束发育.我们还对柏科植物雌球果的形态学特性及其可能的演化趋势进行了讨论.     

Cupressaceae pollen in the atmosphere of Ascoli Piceno (Central Italy) and sensitization of allergic subjects

The aim of this work is to study the incidence of pollinosis in the Health District of Ascoli Piceno, Central Italy (U.S.L.24). this being an underestimated pathology from the clinical point of view and also as a result of the recent introduction of this taxa in the National Aeroallergen Network. Since 1990, 5055 patients of both sexes with respiratory symptomatology of suspected IgE mediated aetiology have been examined in our Centre with the Skin Prick Test (SPT) using allergen panels including Cypress; 171 (3.38%) patients were found to be positive to this allergen. These results show that the subjects with symptoms in the period January–March in most cases have a sensitization toCupressus pollen and new studies will evaluate the possibility of specific immunotherapy.     

Cupressaceae pollen in the atmosphere of Ascoli Piceno (Central Italy) and sensitization of allergic subjects

The aim of this work is to study the incidence of pollinosis in the Health District of Ascoli Piceno, Central Italy (U.S.L.24), this being an underestimated pathology from the clinical point of view and also as a result of the recent introduction of this taxa in the National Aeroallergen Network. Since 1990, 5055 patients of both sexes with respiratory symptomatology of suspected IgE mediated aetiology have been examined in our Centre with the Skin Prick Test (SPT) using allergen panels including Cypress; 171 (3.38%) patients were found to be positive to this allergen. These results show that the subjects with symptoms in the period January–March in most cases have a sensitization toCupressus pollen and new studies will evaluate the possibility of specific immunotherapy.     

中国小鲵科属、种分类变更的回顾

小鲵科为亚洲特有的有尾两栖动物,是现生有尾目10科中第三大科.中国是小鲵科动物属、种分布的主要区域,且研究其分类历史较久,学者较多,故导致学术观点差异较大.本文对中国小鲵科分类地位发生变更的部分属(巴鲵属Liua、拟小鲵属Pseudohynobius、肥鲵属Pachyhynobius)、种(秦巴巴鲵L. tsinpaensis、满洲小鲵Hynobius mantchuricus、豫南小鲵H. yunanicus、弱唇褶山溪鲵Batrachuperus cochranae和太白山溪鲵B. taibaiensis)的变更历史进行回顾,旨在为小鲵科动物的分类提供一个清晰的背景知识.     

单性木兰属(木兰科)植物的分类学订正

根据对单性木兰属Kmeria(Pierre)Dandy植物标本的研究和野外调查,补充描述了该属的一些形态特征,纠正了前人对该属描述中的一些错误,阐述了保留单性木兰属的理由,列出了分种检索表,将焕镛木属Woon-youngiaLaw和单性木兰组MagnoliaLinn.sect.Kmeria(Pierre)Figlar&Noot.作为单性木兰属的新异名,将焕镛木Woonyoungiaseptentrionalis(Dandy)Law和广西木兰MagnoliakwangsiensisFiglar&Noot.作为单性木兰KmeriaseptentrionalisDandy的新异名。     

西藏高原濒危植物西藏巨柏光合作用日进程

研究采用目前先进的光合作用测定系统L i-Cor-6400测定濒危物种西藏巨柏的光合作用,自然环境条件下的西藏巨柏光合日进程表现为单峰型曲线,在12:00时左右达到最高峰,其光合作用不存在“午休现象”。在12:00时,西藏巨柏的气孔限制值和水分饱和亏缺分别达到最大值,此时的水分利用效率较高,在9:00时,西藏巨柏获得一天中最大的表观量子效率,水分利用效率达到最大值。其蒸腾速率在13:00时最大,这个时间并不与光合速率最大值同步,这说明在西藏特殊的气候环境条件下,影响光合速率的因素很多。在光合速率的日进程中,高光合速率值(大于4.00μm o lCO2/(m2.s))持续时间在5h左右,这使得西藏巨柏的光合作用产物得以有效积累,也为西藏巨柏在半干旱环境中的生长创造了有利条件。     

Palynological study of Cupressus sempervirens L. var. pyramidalis and var. horizontalis

ABSTRACT

Cupressus sempervirens L. var. pyramidalis and C. sempervirens var. horizontalis were examined for their pollen morphometry and ultrastructure to verify whether, in addition to phenotype, pollen could also show characteristics useful to discriminate the two infraspecific taxa. C. sempervirens var. pyramidalis compared to C. sempervirens var. horizontalis has mainly larger, subcircular pollen with a higher percentage of apolar and germinating grains, and a wall with thicker intine; the cytoplasm has a greater number of callose-containing vesicles. C. sempervirens var. horizontalis has pollen distributed in five classes of shape. In addition it is smaller and shows a higher percentage of ruptured grains, and a lower percentage of germination in vitro. The cytoplasm contains vesicles rich in callose and also a higher amount of osmophilic bodies. Pollen grains in both varietas contain only one cell at dispersal. The reported differences in pollen morphometry, structure and biology, together with the phenotypic characteristics of the tree, support the validity of two infraspecific taxa.     

我国岷江柏林分类及群落特征

调查了位于马尔康县、金川县、小金县、丹巴县和理县的37个岷江柏样地中的乔木、灌木和草本层的信息.利用TWINSPAN将37个样地划分为8个群丛,NMDS的结果与之相似;在群落结构方面,岷江柏乔木层郁闭度约55.68％,3m以上植株密度1 518 ind/hm2,高度分布和直径分布均呈倒“J”型分布,位于金川的群落乔木层...     

Sun子属黄杨叶系的分类修订

重新界定了栒子属(Cotoneaster)高山组(Sect.Alpigeni Hurusawa)黄杨叶系(Series BuxifoliiKlotz)的范围,仅含4种植物,即C. buxifolius Wall. ex Lindl.,C.delavayanus Klotz,C. insolitus Klotz和C. poluninii Klotz。将原作者建立该系时包含的5种,即C. argenteus Klotz; C. brevirameus Rehd.& Wils.; C. hodjingensis Klotz; C. lijiangensis Klotz; C. rockii Klotz,被原作者置另一系的C. marginatus Lindl. ex Schlecht.以及被俞德浚教授等误认为红花栒子小叶变种C. rubens var. miniatus Yu,一共7个名称归并为黄杨叶栒子(C. buxifolius Lindl.)的同物异名;又把C.buxifolius f. vellaea Franch.和C. astrophores J. Fryer et E.C. Nelson归并为绒毛细叶栒子C. poluninii Klotz同一种。经修订后的黄杨叶系在栒子属高山组中以普遍直立的习性,叶下表面、萼片和萼筒密被绒毛和常具2个小核等特征组成相对自然的一群。     

鞭角华扁叶蜂对自然生境柏木挥发物释放的影响

植物挥发物（Volatile organic compounds;VOCs）在植物抵御害虫侵袭的过程中具有重要作用。本研究以重庆市云阳县长江林场人工林中健康和受害柏木为研究对象,通过VOCs测定分析发现鞭角华扁叶蜂虫害发生之前,两种柏木共计有37种VOCs成分,主要为萜类化合物,其次为醇、酯、醛、烷烃等类化合物;其中健康柏木特有驱赶作用的2-莰醇（龙脑）,受害柏木特有吸引作用的顺式-2-癸烯醛,其余35种为共有成分;各成分浓度在两种柏木中存在较大差异。虫害发生之后,两种柏木共计有32种VOCs成分,而2-莰醇、顺式-2-癸烯醛、薄荷醇、臭樟脑和α-石竹烯等5种成分消失;许多成分的浓度变化趋势与虫害发生前的相反。结果表明健康与受害柏木VOCs释放的差异可能是柏木能否抵御鞭角华扁叶蜂侵害的主要防御机制之一,这将为优良抗虫柏木选育提供理论依据和参考指标。     

Biometrical variability of foliage and cone characters inCupressus bakeri (Cupressaceae)

Biometrical variability of foliage, cones, and seeds were analyzed in 8 native populations (throughout the range) of a relictual species,Cupressus bakeri Jeps. (Cupressaceae) from California and Oregon. The partition of variation within and among populations for this rare plant was investigated and the justification for subspecies status was reviewed. Morphological characters varied significantly, with more of the variation among populations than at the population level. Multivariate analyses indicated close affinities among populations on serpentine sites suggesting the presence of a serpentine race. However, the high degree of variation among populations did not permit their clear separation into the two subspecies described byWolf (1948). We conclude thatC. bakeri should be treated as a monotypic species.     

不同温度下四川金川县岷江柏种子的发芽特征

岷江柏(Capressus chenggiana S．Y．Hu)是我国川甘地区特有的濒危乔木。通过对不同温度下岷江柏种子的发芽特征研究,分析了种子的发芽周期和最适发芽温度,以及温度对种子发芽的影响,并讨论了岷江柏的发芽特征与环境温度的关系,从而为岷江柏的人工繁育和物种保护提供了理论依据。结果表明：种子发芽周期为20d,其中0～5d为萌动期,5～15d为高峰期。种子发芽温度为5℃～30℃,适宜发芽温度为10℃～25℃,5℃和30℃不利于种子发芽。在贮藏过程中,贮藏开始阶段10℃不利于种子发芽,贮藏4～10个月后10℃～25℃种子发芽的差别不明显。种子最适发芽温度在2003年1月、4月、7月和10月分别为：20℃、15℃、20℃、25℃。在贮藏过程．不同温度下种子的发芽率、发芽势和T50都有显著影响。岷江柏种子的发芽周期和最适发芽温度．以及贮藏过程中的发芽特征与环境温度有着密切的关系．这是植物对自然环境的一种适应。