[竹思]簩竹属及其近缘属叶表皮微形态特征

用扫描电镜和光学显微镜对[竹思]簩竹属（Schizostachyum Nees）7个种,及其近缘的梨竹属（Melocanna Trin．）、泡竹属（Pseudostachyum Munro）、薄竹属（Lepzocanna Chia et H．L．Fung）各1个种以及空竹属（Cephalostachyum Munro）6个种的叶表皮微形态特征进行了观察。结果表明竹叶下表皮乳突的形状和在气孔器上及周围的排列式样在这5个属中各有不同,具有重要的分类学和系统学价值。同时我们的结果不支持广义的笃竹属;而梨竹属、空竹属和泡竹属则被支持独立成属。另外,薄竹（Leptocanna chinensis）和红毛[竹思]簩竹（Schizostachyum sanguineum）的叶表皮微形态特征非常接近空竹属;香糯竹（Cephalostachyum pergracile）和金毛空竹（C．virgatum）的叶表皮微形态特征则十分接近[竹思]簩竹属。     

中国(竹思)簩竹属(Schizostachyum Nees)的研究及其它

对国产(竹思)(竹劳)竹属(Schizostachyum Nees)进行了系统整理。对属的范围进行了修订,认为本属应包括乔草竹属(Dendrochloa Parkinson),薄竹属(Leptocanna Chia et H.L.Fung),长穗竹属(Teinostachyum Munro)和李海竹属(Neohouzeaua A.Camus),并首次建立了本属的属下分类系统。此外,对二种竹子起了新名:甲竹(Bambusa austro-sinensis Xia)和毛环单竹(B.yunnanensis Xia);作了4个新组合,即Schizostachyum coradatum(Wen et Dai)Xia, S.dumetorum(Hance)Munro var.xinwuense(Wen et J. Y Chin)Xia, Bambusa glaucescens glaucescens(Willd)Sieb. ex Munro var.annulata(W.T.Lin et Z.J.Feng)Xia和B.glaucescens (Willd)Sieb.ex Munro var.pubivagina(W.T....     

A molecular phylogenetic and fruit evolutionary analysis of the major groups of the paleotropical woody bamboos (Gramineae: Bambusoideae) based on nuclear ITS, GBSSI gene and plastid trnL-F DNA sequences

This study presented the first molecular phylogenetic analysis of the major clades of woody bamboos of the Old World tropics based on nuclear and chloroplast sequences (ITS, GBSSI and trnL-F). Sequence data from 53 species, representing 17 paleotropical woody bamboo genera, were analyzed using the maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods. All examined ingroup taxa were clustered into two clades, i.e., the Bambusinae+Dinochloa clade and the Melocanninae clade. The former clade included Bambusa, Bonia, Dendrocalamus, Dendrocalamopsis, Dinochloa, Gigantochloa, Molecalamus, Neomicrocalamus, Neosinocalamus, Oxytenanthera s. str. (sensu stricto), Racemobambos and Thyrsostachys. The Melocanninae clade consisted of Cephalostachyum, Leptocanna (better treated as part of Cephalostachyum), Melocanna, Pseudostachyum and Schizostachyum s. str. The subtribe Racemobambosinae and tribes Dendrocalameae and Oxytenanthereae were not supported and may be better placed in subtribe Bambusinae. The ovary characters seemed to be good criteria to distinguish these two clades. The reconstruction of ancestral fruit characters indicated that the bacoid caryopsis, namely, fleshy or berry-like fruits, was found to be scattered in three lineages of the examined paleotropical woody bamboos. Fruit characters are thus not reliable indicators of phylogeny and bacoid caryopsis likely represents a specialization for particular ecological conditions.     

中国(竹思)簩竹属(Schizostachyum Nees)的研究及其它

对国产(竹思)(竹劳)竹属(Schizostachyum Nees)进行了系统整理。对属的范围进行了修订,认为本属应包括乔草竹属(Dendrochloa Parkinson),薄竹属(Leptocanna Chia et H.L.Fung),长穗竹属(Teinostachyum Munro)和李海竹属(Neohouzeaua A.Camus),并首次建立了本属的属下分类系统。此外,对二种竹子起了新名:甲竹(Bambusa austro-sinensis Xia)和毛环单竹(B.yunnanensis Xia);作了4个新组合,即Schizostachyum coradatum(Wen et Dai)Xia, S.dumetorum(Hance)Munro var.xinwuense(Wen et J. Y Chin)Xia, Bambusa glaucescens glaucescens(Willd)Sieb. ex Munro var.annulata(W.T.Lin et Z.J.Feng)Xia和B.glaucescens (Willd)Sieb.ex Munro var.pubivagina(W.T.Lin et Z.J.Feng)Xia.     

Revision on Cephalostachyum Munro (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) in China

Species of Cephalostachyum Munro (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from China are distributed in Yunnan and Tibet, mainly in Yunnan. In this paper, we discussed species of Cephalostachyum and compiled a key to species from China, based on recent studies on micromorphological characters of leaf epidermis and molecular phylogenetics of paleotropical woody bamboos. There is a total of seven species of Cephalostachyum distributed in China, all in Yunnan: Cchinense (Rendle) DZ. Li et HQ. Yang, Cfuchsianum Gamble et Hook. f., Cmannii (Gamble) Stapleton et DZ. Li, Cpallidum Munro, Cpingbianense (Hsueh et YM. Yang ex Yi et al.) DZ. Li et HQ. Yang, Csanguineum (WP. Zhang) DZ. Li et HQ. Yang and Cscandens Bor. Leptocanna Chia et HL. Fung and Cvirulentum YM Yang et F. Du are synonyms of Cephalostachyum Munro and Cfuchsianum Gamble et Hook. f. respectively. On the other hand, Cpergracile Munro and Cvirgatum (Munro) Kurz are morphologically closer to Schizostachyum Nees than to Cephalostachyum, and they should be treated as members of Schizostachyum. This paper is of significance to a worldwide revision of Cephalostachyum.     

Comparative morphology of the foliage leaf epidermis, with emphasis on papillae characters, in key taxa of woody bamboos of the Asian tropics (Poaceae: Bambusoideae)

The foliage leaf epidermis of 35 species representing 12 key genera of woody bamboos of the Asian tropics was investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that papillae forms and distributional patterns around the stomatal apparatus of the abaxial foliage leaf epidermis were usually constant and were of great taxonomic significance at the specific and generic levels. However, papillae characters were not suitable for dividing subtribes within woody bamboos of the Asian tropics. On the basis of papillae characters, Schizostachyum s.s. and Cephalostachyum were confirmed, but their delimitations should be modified. The transfer of Leptocanna chinensis and Schizostachyum sanguineum into Cephalostachyum was supported, and Cephalostachyum virgatum and C .  pergracile were confirmed to be members of Schizostachyum s.s. The subtribe Racemobambosinae did not obtain support and Racemobambos appeared to be better placed in subtribe Bambusinae. Neomicrocalamus was supported as a close relative and better treated as a synonym of Racemobambos . Gigantochloa was closely related to Dendrocalamus .  © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2008, 156 , 411–423.     

The Morphology of Fruits and Starches in Bamboos,and Its Relation to Systematic Position

In this article, 30 speceis of bamboos, including 19 genera in 5 tribes, were collected and the morphology of fruits and starches of them was studied. The results are as follows. I. The morphology of fruits is important in studies of systematic position in bamboos. According to the systems of W. Munro and G. Bentham whether the pericarp is adhesive to or free from the seed coat may be taken as a basis of classification. It is also confirmed in this article. It is found in this work that all taxa with a binding pericarp and seed coat are of caryopsis that also has a ventral suture and hilum, while all others with a separated pericarp and seed coat are of bacca or nut, which has no ventral suture and hilum. The former has a hard and thin pericarp and rich endosperm, while the latter has a fleshy and thick pericarp and no endosperm. These characteristics form a basis of classification of major groups. II. In 1907, Brandis found that no any endosperm in matured fruit of Dinochloa, Melocalamus, Melocanna and Ochlandra. It has been proved by Stapf in at least one genus. We found that the baccae of Qiongzhuea, Melocanna, Ferrocalamus and Chimonobambusa Subg. Oerocalama were empty, with no endosperm. This may be a common character of the bacca. We believe, therefore, that the systematic position of Qiongzhuea, Ferrocalamus and Chimonobambusa Subg. Oreocalama is close to Melocanneae. III. Starch grains of bamboo fruits are complex in structure. They are round or ellipsoidal, consisting of 3-22 polyhedral or apple-like small grains. The morphology of starch grains is not so important as fruit in bamboo classification, but some characteristics are of a high value in the identification of genera and species, when they are combined with other features. In Cephalostachyum, the starch grain is very big, with 20-40 μm in diam, and the starch small grain is polyhedral or apple-like with 7.5-22.5 μm in diam, while in Dendrocalamus, the starch grain is small, with 10-28.9 μm in diam. and the starch small grain is only polyhedral, with 3-11.9 μm in diam. The morphology and size of the starch grain and starch small grain are also different in Melocanna and Chimonobambusa Subg. Oreocalama. IV. W. Munro’s system divided Bambuseae into three major groups according to the morphology of flower and fruit. Because the material was not sufficient at that time, the system wrongly put Cephalostachyum, Dendrocalamus into the group Bacciferea. Now it is found that both Cephalostachyum and Dendrocalamus have a nut. Later G. Bentham found this problem and divided the Bambuseae into four subtribes, treating Dendrocalamus as a separate subtribe, Dendrocalamae, and putting the bacca group into another subtribe, Melocannae. It is better, but it also has some shortcomings. Hackel, Gamble, E. G. Camus, A. Camus and Keng Pojie all accepted the view of Bentham, placing Dendrocalamus and Melocanna into different subtribes or tribes.     

Flowering in a bamboo, Melocanna baccifera (Bambusoideae: Poaceae)

Melocanna baccifera (Roxburgh) Kurtz ex Skeels, a species of bamboo introduced to Sri Lanka from India, flowered and set fruit during 2001–2002. Culms that flowered and set fruit died. The incidence of flowering is significant in that flowering took place close to the predicted mast flowering in 2007. At the onset of flowering, inflorescences were predominantly staminate. But later in 2002, bisexual and pistilate flowers also developed leading to fruiting. Both protandry and protogyny were observed in the bisexual florets. Floral characters indicated that the species was mainly out-crossing. Although anther dehiscence released pollen and stigmas were exerted, pollination of stigmas was inefficient. The few stigmas that were naturally pollinated showed limited pollen tube growth. However, fruit set took place. Fruits were very rarely seen to germinate naturally. Many fruits were devoid of an embryo, indicating that parthenocarpy and/or apomixis may have taken place. Excised embryos germinated in vitro .  © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 143 , 287–291.     

应用叶表皮结构讨论槽稃草属Euthryptochloa Cope(Gramineae)的归属问题

比较研究单种属,槽稃草属Euthryptochloa Cope与显子草属Phaenosperma Munro的叶表皮微形态,并结合外部形态特征说明槽稃草属与显子草属无论在叶表皮微形态或外部形态上都无区别。根据国际植物命名法规的优先律,槽稃草属不能独立成属,应归入显子草属。     

Variability in epidermal characters of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ginkgo tzagajanica</Emphasis> Samylina (Ginkgoales) from the Paleocene of the Tsagayan formation (Amur Region) and the taxonomy of tertiary species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ginkgo</Emphasis>

The study of new material on Ginkgo tzagajanica Samylina and earlier published data has shown that the epidermal morphology of the species in highly variable; several new characters were found. Occurrence of different states of characters was analyzed, their frequency distribution was revealed, and typical and rare states of characters within variation rows were determined. The specific diagnosis of G. tzagajanica was emended. The most variable characters are degree of undulation of the anticlinal walls of cells of abaxial and adaxial epidermises (the latter is more variable) and degree of development and number of papillae on ordinary epidermal cells. Less variable characters are degree of development of papillae on subsidiary cells of stomata and how the papillae cover the stomatal apertures. These are characters that bear maximal diagnostic significance for Cenozoic Ginkgo.     

On the validity of the genera Sinocalamus McClure and Lingnania McClure

When F. A. McClure published the new genus Sinocalamus McClure in 1940, the 4 species he listed are S. latiflorus (Munro) McClure, S. beecheyanus (Munro) McClure, S. oldhami (Munro) McClure and S. affinis (Rendle) McClure. After careful examination, the authors of this paper considered that the type species of McClure’s genus S. latiflorus (Munro) McClure should belong to the genus Dendrocalamus Nees, and the other species are of Bambusa Schreber. Owing to Sinocalamus McClure is not a taxon representative of its type species, but a mixture, it must be rejected as a synonym of Dendrocalamus Nees. In consequence then, the authors make adjustment to the taxonomic category of the 14 species and 1 variety which have ever been in Sinocalamus McClure. As for the characters of Lingnania McClure, except that some differences exist in the vegetative parts, the structure of the spikelets is in the main the same as that of Bambusa Schreber. Consequently, with regard to the systematic relationship, the authors consider it may be more resonable that the rank of Lingnania McClure should be altered to Bambusa Schreber subg. Lingnania (MeClure) Chia et H. L. Fung; all the species of Lingnania McClure, except that L. tsiangii McClure should be transferred to Dendrocalamus Nees, should be assignable to Bambusa Schreber subg. Lingnania (McClure) Chia et H. L. Fung.     

城市绿化竹子生态适应性评价

针对城市绿化竹种要求,选择生长和抗性指标,用集对分析方法,分析和评价华安竹种园200个丛生竹和散混生竹种（或变种）生态适应性,结果表明：丛生竹种中,黄竹、小叶琴丝竹、糯竹、花竹、乡土竹、妈竹、青竿竹、泰竹等在华安生态适应性好,银丝大眼竹、孟竹、大绿竹、麻竹、白节勒竹、撑篙竹、石角竹、大木竹、小刺竹、勃氏甜龙竹、鱼肚腩竹等竹种生态适应性较差,其它竹种适应性中等.而散混生竹种中,衢县苦竹、实心竹、南平倭竹、矮若竹、乌哺鸡竹、毛竹、高节竹、红哺鸡竹、毛环水竹、斑苦竹、满山爆竹、斑箨茶秆竹等竹种适应性较好;缅甸方竹、四季竹、玉山竹篌竹、花毛竹、金镶玉竹等竹种适应性较差,其它竹种适应性中等.     

Lemma micromorphological characters in the Chloridoideae (Poaceae) optimized on a molecular phylogeny

Eight lemma micromorphological characters of 83 taxa representing 61 genera in the Chloridoideae have been investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy, including long cells, cork cells, stomata, bicellular microhairs, papillae, silica cells, microprickles, and macrohairs. Five new types of lemma micromorphological characters were reported here. Data for 27 taxa representing 19 genera from previous publications were also supplied to access the homology of lemma micromorphological characters for different groups through optimization onto a molecular cladogram. Given the optimization, five characters including long cells, cork cells, stomata, papillae, microprickles are of phylogenetic significance for supra-generic groups. Seven characters including straight outline long cells, crescent-shaped cork cells, absent stomata, absent papillae, dumb-bell-shaped silica cells, c-type microprickles, and papillate-base macrohairs may not be homologous, however, the enneapogonoid-type bicellular microhairs appeared as a synapomorphy for the Chloridoideae.     

Identification of Cep169-interacting proteins and the in vivo modification sites of Cep169 via proteomic analysis

Cep169 is a microtubule plus-end tracking and centrosomal protein that interacts with CDK5RAP2. Cep169 is known to regulate microtubule dynamics and stability; however, its other cellular functions remain largely elusive. In this study, we identified novel Cep169-interacting proteins from HeLa cell extracts. Proteomic analysis via LC-MS/MS helped to identify approximately 400 novel Cep169-interacting proteins, including centrosomal proteins, cilium proteins, microtubule-associating proteins, and several E3 ubiquitin ligases. In addition, we identified in vivo posttranslational modification sites of Cep169, namely, 27 phosphorylation sites, five methylation sites, and four ubiquitination sites. Of these, 14 phosphorylated residues corresponding to the consensus Cdk phosphorylation sites may be required for Cdk1-mediated dissociation of Cep169 from the centrosome during mitosis and Cdk regulation during the G1/S phase. Furthermore, siRNA-induced Cep169 depletion was found to inhibit the growth of RPE1 cells. Our findings suggest that Cep169 regulates cell growth by interacting with multiple proteins.     

Stigma characteristics and angiosperm taxonomy

When a classification based upon certain morphological and physiological characters of the stigma was applied to ca. 1,000 species of some 900 genera of angiosperms, several taxonomic regularities emerged. Most families proved to be relatively homogeneous in stigma type, whilst others were strikingly diverse. Among the latter were certain supposedly primitive families such as the Liliaceae, a fact that may have some phylogenetical significance. Sometimes where a family proved to be homogeneous in respect to the more general characters of the stigma, fuller investigation revealed great variation in detail. An example is given by the Boraginaceae, a family in which stigma characters are of potential taxonomic importance. The stigma papillae in this family are often capitate, with heavily cutinised heads, and pollen has to be inserted forcibly between the papillae. There is a strong correlation between pollen size and stigma–papilla size, so that certain types of cross pollination are impossible. These specialisations can thus play a part as isolating mechanisms. The form of the stigma papillae is probably also important in genera of the Boraginaceae adapted to arid conditions, since the contiguous cutinised caps overarch the actual receptive surfaces and so. presumably, offer protection from desiccation.
In both monocotyledons and dicotyledons, clear relationships exist between stigma type and physiology, and notably with the type of self–incompatibility system. It is already apparent that stigma characters can have predictive value in the investigation of breeding systems.
The paper includes a comprehensive literature list, covering most ot the principal sources of structural, taxonomic and other data bearing upon angiosperm stigmas.     

The Structural Features of Leaf Epidermis in Oryza and Their Systematic Significance

The rice genus (Oryza L. ) belongs to the grass family(Poaceae) and contains 24 annual or perennial species, including two cultivated rice species, i.e., the Asian rice ( O. sativa L. ) and African rice (O. glaberrima Steud. ), and 22 wild species distributed throughout the tropics of the world. Species in this genus have been extensively studied by scientists with different approaches, including morphological characterization and cytological and molecular investigations. The leaf epidermis is an important morphological character which has been studied for taxonomic identification and studies on systematic relationships of species, particularly in grasses. In this study, morphological features of the leaf epidermis of 23 rice species were observed through light microscopy. The results showed that some characters of the rice leaf epidermis had significant diversity between species and these characters were valuable for the identifying Oryza species, and for assessing systematic relationships in the genus. For example, O.schlechteri, O.ridleyi, O.longiglumis, O.granulata, and O. rneyeriana had elliptic stomatal complexes, whereas the other species had rhombic stomatal complexes. In most cases, papillae on the surface of the epidermis were variable in size and distribution between species. The size of papillae varied from small ( 1.5～4.4µm in diameter), medium-sized (9～18µm), to large (21～30µm) , and the pattern of papillary size and distribution were very useful for identification of rice species. In addition, the number and location of the small papillae in stomatal complexes were particularly different between species. Based on the following combinations of leaf-epidermic characters, i.e., the size and distribution of papillae on the abaxial surface of the epidermis, the number and location of the small papillae in stomatal complexes, and the shape of stomatal complexes, the 23 studied Oryza species could be divided into three major groups. The first group comprises O.longiglumis, O.ridleyi, O.meyeriana, and O.granulata. In these species, neither large nor medium-sized papillae, in some cases extremely rare small papillae, were found on the surfaces of epidermis, and there were no small papillae found in stomatal complexes. All species in the first group had elliptic stomatal complexes. The second group consists of O.brachyantha, diploid and tetraploid O.officinalis, O.minuta, O.eichingeri, O. punctata, O.latifolia, O.alta, O.grandiglumis, O.rhizomatis, and O.australiensis. In these species usually no large papillae were observed, but medium-sized and densely populated small papillae were found to cover the surface of epidermis, and at least four small papillae were found in stomatal complexes (in guard cells) of most species. The third group contains O.sativa, O.nivara, O.rufipogon, O.longistaminata, O. glumaepatula, O.meridionalis, O.barthii, O.glaberrima and O. schlechteri. The abaxial leaf epidermis of these species was usually covered with large papillae, medium-sized, and small papillae. In addition, more than 4 (usually 6～8 ) small papillae were found in guard cells or/and subsidiary cells of the stomatal complexes. Most species in the second and third groups had rhombic stomatal complexes. These results agree mostly with previous re-ports on the biosystematic studies of rice species by applying other methodologies.     

Cep164, a novel centriole appendage protein required for primary cilium formation

Primary cilia (PC) function as microtubule-based sensory antennae projecting from the surface of many eukaryotic cells. They play important roles in mechano- and chemosensory perception and their dysfunction is implicated in developmental disorders and severe diseases. The basal body that functions in PC assembly is derived from the mature centriole, a component of the centrosome. Through a small interfering RNA screen we found several centrosomal proteins (Ceps) to be involved in PC formation. One newly identified protein, Cep164, was indispensable for PC formation and hence characterized in detail. By immunogold electron microscopy, Cep164 could be localized to the distal appendages of mature centrioles. In contrast to ninein and Cep170, two components of subdistal appendages, Cep164 persisted at centrioles throughout mitosis. Moreover, the localizations of Cep164 and ninein/Cep170 were mutually independent during interphase. These data implicate distal appendages in PC formation and identify Cep164 as an excellent marker for these structures.     

Oral Fimbriae and Papillae in Parasitic Lampreys (Petromyzontiformes)

There are 38 species of living lampreys, 18 parasitic and 20 nonparasitic. The parasitic species feed as adults, while the nonparasitic do not. The taxonomy and systematics of the living lampreys is based primarily on dentition characters. Since the number of oral fimbriae and oral papillae have never been systematically investigated in lampreys, we compared them in 17 of the 18 parasitic lampreys to assess their usefulness as taxonomic characters. Both showed little variation with total length and sex within a species, while exhibiting greater variation between species. Parasitic species belonging to the three lamprey families could be distinguished using the number of oral fimbriae: southern hemisphere Mordaciidae (0) and Geotriidae (55–65) and northern hemisphere Petromyzontidae (81–144). However, the taxonomic usefulness of the two characters at the species level was limited. Ten out of the 17 species of parasitic lampreys were placed into four distinct groups based on their numbers of oral fimbriae, and only in two of these was the character diagnostic. Twelve out of the 17 species were placed into two distinct groups based on their numbers of oral papillae and for none of these was the character diagnostic. Blood feeders and intermediate feeders (blood + flesh) were shown to have significantly higher numbers of oral fimbriae than flesh feeders. The higher numbers of oral fimbriae in the former two types of feeders were presumed to be linked to their greater need to create a good seal for feeding purposes. Blood feeders were also shown to have significantly higher numbers of oral papillae than either intermediates or flesh feeders. The higher numbers of oral papillae in the blood feeders were presumed to be linked to their greater need to find suitable attachment sites for feeding purposes.     

The forkhead-associated domain protein Cep170 interacts with Polo-like kinase 1 and serves as a marker for mature centrioles

We report the characterization of Cep170, a forkhead-associated (FHA) domain protein of previously unknown function. Cep170 was identified in a yeast two-hybrid screen for interactors of Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1). In human cells, Cep170 is constantly expressed throughout the cell cycle but phosphorylated during mitosis. It interacts with Plk1 in vivo and can be phosphorylated by Plk1 in vitro, suggesting that it is a physiological substrate of this kinase. Both overexpression and small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated depletion studies suggest a role for Cep170 in microtuble organization and cell morphology. Cep170 associates with centrosomes during interphase and with spindle microtubules during mitosis. As shown by immunoelectron microscopy, Cep170 associates with subdistal appendages, typical of the mature mother centriole. Thus, anti-Cep170 antibodies stain only one centriole during G1, S, and early G2, but two centrioles during late G2 phase of the cell cycle. We show that Cep170 labeling can be used to discriminate bona fide centriole overduplication from centriole amplification that results from aborted cell division.