家庭背景、影子教育和学生学业成绩--基于Wisconsin 模型的经验研究

基于Wisconsin模型,引入父母和子女自我的教育期望作为影响学生学业成绩和影子教育参与的中介变量,并探讨以往研究是否高估影子教育对学生学业成绩的影响效应。研究结果表明：父母受教育程度、家庭经济水平、父母教育期望与子女自我教育期望均对学生参与影子教育时间具有显著正向影响;家庭社会经济地位通过父母教育期望和子女自我教育期望中介变量间接影响学生影子教育参与;影子教育部分调节了父母的受教育程度、家庭经济水平等家庭背景变量对学生学业成绩的影响;影子教育参与时间对学生学业成绩的影响呈现先升后降的非线性关系,并且控制父母教育期望和子女自我教育期望之后,影子教育参与时间对学生学业成绩的影响效应下降。本研究验证了Wisconsin模型在影子教育获得过程中的适用性,教育期望尤其是学生自我教育期望是学生学业成绩和影子教育参与的关键中介因素,并且发现已有研究在探讨家庭背景和影子教育对学生学业成绩的影响时,高估了家庭背景和影子教育的影响效应。     

甘肃汉族头面部特征亲子相关研究

本文对甘肃永登农村地区69个汉族家庭的父母和成年子女头面部特征进行了亲子相关研究。结果表明:头颅部指数似乎儿子受父亲母亲的影响较强,测量项目似乎女儿受父亲的影响较强;脸面部测量项目的亲子相关表现出一定程度的方向性,儿子或女儿垂直方向的尺寸(高度)似乎受父亲的影响较强,横向(宽度)似乎受母亲的影响较强,从指数上来看,母亲对子女脸面部的影响似乎比父亲强一些。     

生计资本对农户再参与退耕还林意愿的影响——以卧龙自然保护区为例

运用参与式农户评估方法,以卧龙自然保护区为例,研究了生计资本对于农户再次参与下一轮退耕还林意愿的影响。研究结果表明约77%的农户愿意再次参与退耕工程,愿意再参与退耕的农户和不愿意再参与退耕的农户生计资本具有显著差异性。逻辑斯蒂回归结果表明,自然资本、金融资本以及社会资本对农户的再参与意愿有显著影响,但是作用方式不同:其中自然资本对农户再参与有着显著的负影响,金融资本、社会资本对农户再参与意愿有显著的正影响。生计资本二级指标中,农户拥有的耕地面积、现金收入、家庭村委会成员数量以及劳动力受教育程度对农户的再参与意愿具有显著影响,其中农户拥有的耕地面积对其再参与意愿具有显著负影响,且贡献较大((β=-23.041)),而现金收入、家庭村委会成员数量以及劳动力受教育程度对农户再参与意愿具有显著正影响,以现金收入的影响最大(β=38.591),其次分别是家庭村委会成员数量(β=13.625)和劳动力的受教育程度(β=7.717)。最后,论文探讨了生计资本及其组成指标对于农户再参与意愿的作用机制,建议降低农户对于土地资源的依赖,提高非农业收入和补偿标准,提高劳动力素质以及优化区域发展环境来提高农户的再参与意愿。     

甘南高原农户对极端天气的适应障碍及适应意向

基于入户调查数据,探讨了甘南高原农户对极端天气的适应障碍,并采用二元Logistic回归模型分析了适应障碍对农户适应意向的影响。结果发现:(1)甘南高原农户面临的规范性障碍最严重,信息技术障碍次之,再次为制度障碍和认知障碍。不同生计农户面临的适应障碍存在差异,其中,纯农户主要面临信息技术障碍,兼业户和非农户则主要面临规范性障碍。(2)纯农户对极端天气的适应意向主要受认知障碍、信息准确性障碍、适应策略选择时机障碍、政策激励障碍和牲畜拥有量的影响,兼业户主要受认知障碍、技术服务障碍、政策激励障碍影响,非农户主要受认知障碍、资源获取性障碍影响。除适应策略选择时机障碍外,其余适应障碍越小,不同生计农户的积极适应意向均越强。最后,提出了解决农户适应障碍的对策建议。     

大都市碳标签蔬菜的消费影响因素研究——基于上海市消费者的实证分析

研究消费者对碳标签蔬菜的认知和购买意愿,对推进低碳蔬菜生产,有效发展低碳蔬菜市场,促进农业节能减排,以及推进都市现代绿色农业的发展具有重要意义。采用Logit回归模型,分析影响碳标签蔬菜认知和购买因素,发现性别、是否有未成年子女、消费习惯、环保意识会对碳标签蔬菜的认知产生较显著的影响;受教育程度、消费习惯、环保意识、碳标签蔬菜认知水平会显著影响消费者是否愿意购买碳标签蔬菜,最后基于研究结论提出相关政策建议。     

北京市学龄前儿童对不安全零食消费行为及影响因素研究

以北京市学龄前儿童为研究对象,调查了儿童对不安全零食的消费情况,并对影响儿童频繁食用不安全零食行为的因素进行了实证分析,结果显示：儿童家庭频繁购买和儿童频繁食用排名前四位的不安全零食是蛋糕/派类、饼干类、膨化类和糖果类零食,其中显著影响儿童对这四类零食频繁食用程度的因素主要包括家长对零食安全的认知和态度、家长对相应零食的喜爱程度以及是否隔代代养等。本研究结果为家长科学指导儿童正确的零食消费行为和相关部门维护安全的零食消费环境提供了参考和建议。     

两种践踏胁迫下克隆整合对入侵植物空心莲子草生长的影响

研究了两种践踏胁迫下克隆整合对入侵植物空心莲子草生长的影响.结果表明:(1)切断分株间的匍匐茎连接,会降低先端分株的生物量、分株数、总匍匐茎长度和总叶片数,但会显著增强基端分株的生物量.(2)对先端分株的践踏胁迫会显著降低先端分株叶片的叶绿素相对含量,对基端分株的践踏胁迫会显著降低基端分株的生物量和总匍匐茎长度.(3)对于基端分株的分株数、总匍匐茎长度和总叶片数来说,当进行基端分株践踏胁迫时,匍匐茎连接对其影响不大,而当进行先端分株践踏胁迫时,则明显对其不利.(4)对于整个克隆片段,践踏胁迫的差异和匍匐茎是否切断对其生长没有显著影响.     

幼儿入园焦点问题探讨

离开家庭进入幼儿园作为幼儿走向社会的第一步,他们会多少有些不适应,其原因是多方面的,从心理学角度分析,主要是安全需要的缺失和分离焦虑以及幼儿心理能力有限致使每个幼儿都会有不同程度的分离焦虑,出现或这或那的不适。因此,这需要教室和父母一起努力,找到每一位幼儿入园的适应方法。通过家园互动,为幼儿营造温暖快乐的幼儿园生活,同时运用教育技巧,循序渐进的使幼儿喜欢并适应幼儿园的生活。     

干旱区绿洲土地利用/覆被及景观格局变化特征——以新疆精河县为例

从宏观上运用3S技术,利用1972年MSS、1990年Landsat TM、2001年Landsat ETM+和2005年CBERS 4个时期遥感影像数据,将GIS和景观生态学的数量分析方法相结合,运用ArcGIS以及Fragstats,分析了干旱区绿洲精河县1972～2005年间的土地利用/覆被和景观格局的变化.结果表明:(1)1972～2005年的33a中,精河县LUCC的总体变化趋势是绿洲面积有小幅度扩张,其中人工绿洲面积扩张尤为显著,天然绿洲面积减少.(2)研究区水域面积的变化受艾比湖湖面面积的变化影响较大,变化不显著,但总体上呈缓慢增长的趋势.(3)盐渍地面积的变化经历了先扩张后减小的一个过程.1990年达到最大值,但到2005年面积又有很大程度减少.沙地面积小幅度减小,其他地类的面积始终呈增加趋势.(4)景观在各个研究时段也发生显著变化.总的来说,整个研究区景观的密度持续增大,最大斑块指数先减小后增大,面积加权形状指数减小,形状趋于规则;斑块间的最邻近距离减小.表明1972年时景观中的优势斑块类型的连接性较2005年好,逐渐向具有多种要素的密集格局演变,景观更加破碎.同时不同斑块间的分离度增大,也说明景观破碎化程度加深.从香农多样性指数和香农均度指数的变化可以看出,景观的多样性增加,且均度增强.景观多样性及破碎化程度增加,也反映了土地利用越来越丰富.总之,要实现区域土地资源的可持续发展和景观生态功能的良性发挥,必须注重土地利用格局优化,维护景观生态过程与格局的连续性.     

北京中学生营养知识知晓现况及其影响因素分析

目的：了解北京市中学生营养知识掌握现况并探讨影响因素。方法：采用整群典型抽样,抽取北京核心城区和郊县城区数所代表性中学学生,开展现场问卷调查。结果：北京市6所中学1 192名学生参与问卷调查,其中初中生789人、高中生392人,男生600人（50.80%）、女生581人（49.20%）,平均年龄13.72±1.58岁（最小11岁、最大19岁）;中学生营养知识平均得分为59.37,初中生59.78,高中生58.53;女生61.08,男生57.71;学生对不同类别营养知识的知晓率差异显著（P<0.05）;女性学生、与父母同住、父母学历高与学生营养知识得分存在正相关关系。结论：北京市中学生营养知识得分处于不及格水平,对不同知识类别的知晓度差异显著,学生在初高中阶段学习和掌握营养知识缺乏系统连贯性。学校课程设置、年级、性别、父母学历、居住状况等影响学生营养知识掌握状况。学校应考虑家庭和社会参与,衔接初高中阶段课程教学,加强系统、综合和连贯性的学生营养教育。     

A person-centered exploration of children of immigrants’ social experiences and their school-based well-being

This study aimed to explore commonalities among discrimination, stereotyping, and peer-related social experiences of children of immigrants, and to see if these experiences might relate to children’s school-based well-being. Two age-based cohorts of 294 children and their immigrant parents from Portugal, the Dominican Republic, and Cambodia were interviewed. Person-centered analyses resulted in four unique clusters of children’s social experiences. Notably, children in clusters with positive views of cultural in-group and out-group members also reported positive school-based well-being. Person-centered analyses on parent variables found three clusters based on parents’ ethnic/racial socialization practices. There was no overlap between parent and child clusters, indicating unique profiles between parent socialization and child social experiences within immigrant families. Implications of connections among social experiences and school-based emotional well-being for children of immigrants are discussed.     

The Integrative Learning Value of Field Courses

The integrative learning ethos pervades modern higher education. Broadly speaking, this aims to produce well-rounded, adaptable graduates suited to a range of working environments. In a more narrow sense it should produce students that are able to make connections across learning experiences and achieve learning at the highest cognitive level. Our study made use of field courses, which are uniquely placed to offer students integrative learning experiences. Although cognitive gains for students on field courses have been demonstrated previously, this study investigated whether students appreciate the integrative learning gains that students may achieve and applied these findings to the design of a new field course. This course specifically targeted integrative learning outcomes that we subsequently assessed. We found undergraduate students surveyed across three departments at the University of Nottingham recognised that field courses facilitated integrative learning in both the narrow and broad sense. Importantly, students themselves realised the integrative learning gains associated with attending a field course. We found this was also true for the newly designed field course. Overall, we found that field courses offer valuable integrative learning gains, and that these are recognised and appreciated by students. These findings provide strong support for continued offering and increased provision of field course modules in the sciences.     

Grateful parents raising grateful children: Niche selection and the socialization of child gratitude

Given that children’s exposure to gratitude-related activities may be one way that parents can socialize gratitude in their children, we examined whether parents’ niche selection (i.e., tendency to choose perceived gratitude-inducing activities for their children) mediates the association between parents’ reports of their own and their children’s gratitude. Parent-child dyads (N = 101; children aged 6–9; 52% girls; 80% Caucasian; 85% mothers) participated in a laboratory visit and parents also completed a 7-day online diary regarding children’s gratitude. Decomposing specific indirect effects within a structural equation model, we found that parents high in gratitude were more likely to set goals to use niche selection as a gratitude socialization strategy, and thereby more likely to place their children in gratitude-related activities. Placement in these activities, in turn, was associated with more frequent expression of gratitude in children. We describe future directions for research on parents’ role in socializing gratitude in their children.     

Emplotting Hikikomori: Japanese Parents’ Narratives of Social Withdrawal

Hikikomori, often glossed as “social withdrawal,” emerged as a sociomedical condition among Japanese youth at the end of the twentieth century, and it continues to fascinate and concern the public. Explanatory frameworks for hikikomori abound, with different stakeholders attributing it to individual psychopathology, poor parenting, and/or a lack of social support structures. This article takes an interpretive approach to hikikomori by exploring parents’ narrative constructions of hikikomori children in support group meetings and in-depth interviews. I argue that some parents were able to find hope in hikikomori by ‘emplotting’ their children’s experiences into a larger narrative about onset, withdrawal, and recovery, which helped them remain invested in the present by maintaining a sense of possibility about the future. Contrary to literature that examines hikikomori as an epidemic of isolated individuals, I demonstrate how parents play a key role in hikikomori through meaning-making activities that have the potential to shape their children’s experiences of withdrawal.     

Parental misclassification of child overweight/obese status: The role of parental education and parental weight status

Childhood overweight and obesity is a major public health challenge for policymakers in many countries. As the most common supervisors of children’s activities, parents have a potentially important role to play in obesity prevention. However, a precondition for parents to improve their children’s diets, encourage them to be more physically active, or take them to see a doctor about their weight is for the parent to first recognize that their child is overweight or obese. This paper examines the extent of parental misclassification of child weight status, and its correlates, focusing on the role of parental education and the parent’s own obesity status. We find evidence that, among non-obese parents, those who are better-educated report their child’s weight status more accurately, but among obese parents, the better-educated are 45.18% more likely than parents with lower secondary education to give a false negative report of their child’s overweight/obesity; this may reflect social desirability bias.     

Changes in the Diagnosis of Autism: How Parents and Professionals Act and React in France

The category of autism has undergone huge changes over the past 20 years. This study was undertaken to analyze the changes and how parents have experienced the diagnostic process in France. Data were obtained from in-depth interviews with parents and psychiatrists, and from 248 questionnaires with open-ended questions filled in by parents. We compared the experiences of parents with adult autistic children to those of parents with young autistic children. Progressively earlier age at diagnosis was evidenced. These changes occurred later than in North America and the UK, due to the reluctance of French professionals to adopt the new classifications of diseases which they viewed as undervaluing both the physician’s holistic clinical skills, and psychoanalytical interpretations. Parents’ experiences and interviews with psychiatrists were analyzed in order to document changes over time in the diagnostic process following tensions between parents and professionals, and intra-professional debates in psychiatry. Our data support the notion that the diagnosis of autism is historically and nationally contingent. The interactions between changes in the diagnostic process, policy, and parental experiences have led to changes in the way autism is defined, understood, and experienced.     

Parents’ and Physicians’ Perceptions of Children’s Participation in Decision-making in Paediatric Oncology: A Quantitative Study

The goal is to present how shared decision-making in paediatric oncology occurs from the viewpoints of parents and physicians. Eight Swiss Pediatric Oncology Group centres participated in this prospective study. The sample comprised a parent and physician of the minor patient (<18 years). Surveys were statistically analysed by comparing physicians’ and parents’ perspectives and by evaluating factors associated with children’s actual involvement. Perspectives of ninety-one parents and twenty physicians were obtained for 151 children. Results indicate that for six aspects of information provision examined, parents’ and physicians’ perceptions differed. Moreover, parents felt that the children were more competent to understand diagnosis and prognosis, assessed the disease of the children as worse, and reported higher satisfaction with decision-making on the part of the children. A patient’s age and gender predicted involvement. Older children and girls were more likely to be involved. In the decision-making process, parents held a less active role than they actually wanted. Physicians should take measures to ensure that provided information is understood correctly. Furthermore, they should work towards creating awareness for systematic differences between parents and physicians with respect to the perception of the child, the disease, and shared decision-making.     

Cultural values and other perceived benefits of organized activities: A qualitative analysis of Mexican-origin parents’ perspectives in Arizona

The limited understanding on why Latino parents endorse organized activities is problematic given that these beliefs can help elucidate why they overcome barriers to support their children’s participation. In this study, we analyzed interviews from a diverse group of 34 Mexican-origin parents who resided in Arizona. Results of the study indicate that although organized activities were perceived as contexts that can help youth gain skills reflecting mainstream American values (e.g., school engagement, interpersonal skills), parents also thought that activities promoted positive behaviors associated with their ethnic culture based on traditional values related to respeto, familism, and religiosity. The implications of this study suggest that understanding Mexican-origin parents’ perspectives can help organized activity leaders design programs that fully address the benefits that families seek from organized activities.     

Peer Victimization Experienced by Children and Adolescents Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing

Victimization is a relatively common, yet serious problem, with potentially severe consequences for children''s psychosocial and academic functioning. Children who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing (DHH) may be at a higher risk for victimization than hearing children. The aims of the present study were to compare DHH and hearing children on i) self-reported experiences of victimization and ii) associations between victimization, parental- and child variables. In total 188 children (mean age 11;11 years) from the Netherlands and Dutch-speaking part of Belgium participated in the study. No difference between DHH and hearing children were found on general experiences of victimization. However, differences between the groups were found on specific forms of experienced victimization and on the associations between victimization and parental variables. For DHH children, parental sensitivity and parents who challenge their DHH children to become competent in the practical, emotional, cognitive and social domain is associated with them being less victimized. For hearing children at this age these relations were reversed, absent or more complex. Finally, DHH children in special schools were more victimized than DHH children in regular schools. It can be concluded that parents can play an important role in reducing social problems experienced by DHH children and young adolescents.     

Multiple infection diagnosis of intestinal helminthiasis in the assessment of health and environmental effect of development projects in Nigeria

Patterns of intestinal helminth infections among school-aged children have been assessed in Eko-ende and Ore, as part of an overall assessment of the public health impact of Erinle Dam Reservoir in Osun State, Nigeria. The investigation was carried out between January and May 2005 using the Kato Katz thick smear technique and simple questionnaire for information on the bio-data, knowledge, attitude and practice of individuals towards disease transmission and control. Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Trichuris trichiura, Taenia spp., Strongyloides stercoralis and Schistosoma mansoni were recovered at an overall prevalence of 78.3% among 309 children examined. Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, T. trichiura and S. mansoni were the most common infections while S. stercoralis and Taenia spp. were found only among a few children. Infection patterns of the common diseases were age-specific with peaks in the 11-15 age bracket. Children not attending school were significantly (P < 0.05) more at risk of infection than those attending school. Multiple infections were pronounced with over 54% double infections and 6% four parasites or more infections. The need for urgent intervention to arrest the obviously serious public health situation attributable to Erinle Dam is emphasized.