GSK3在人、鼠、猪的肺组织及培养的猪支气管上皮细胞中的表达

目的探讨GSK3在动物肺组织及培养的猪支气管上皮细胞中的表达.方法用免疫组化,免疫细胞荧光法检测GSK3在人、大鼠、小鼠和猪的肺组织及培养的猪支气管上皮细胞中的表达.结果 GSK3α和β广泛表达于人、鼠和猪的肺组织中,定位于胞浆.它们在几种动物肺组织中的表达分布大致相似,主要见于各级支气管上皮细胞、肺泡上皮细胞、粘膜平滑肌细胞和粘膜下腺体.但GSK3α在软骨细胞中表达明显强于GSK3β;几种哺乳动物肺组织中均未检测到GSK3的磷酸化.免疫荧光检测培养的猪支气管上皮细胞中有丰富的GSK3α、β的表达,磷酸化的GSK3信号弱.结论 GSK3α、β丰富表达于不同种属哺乳动物肺组织的支气管上皮、腺体以及肺泡上皮,提示其可能在肺组织的生理功能和病理发生机制中起着重要作用.     

GSK3β在几种气道上皮损伤模型中的表达

目的观察糖原合成酶激酶3β(glycogen synthase kinase 3β,GSK3β)在气道上皮细胞(airway epithelialcells,AECs)损伤修复中的变化。方法利用吸烟/香烟提取物(cigarette smoke extract,CSE)、脂多糖(lipopolysacchor-id,LPS)和博来霉素(bleomycin,BLM)刺激分别建立几种体内、外气道上皮损伤模型,采用免疫细胞荧光、共聚焦成像和Western blot方法,观察GSK3β在几种不同损伤模型中的表达变化。结果①荧光共聚焦成像:GS3β在对照组小鼠AECs胞质内呈均匀分布的红色荧光颗粒,而吸烟、LPS和BLM三种体内模型中AEC胞质内红色荧光均明显减弱;免疫细胞荧光:GSK3β在对照组AECs胞质内呈强阳性均匀分布的红色荧光颗粒,而CSE、LPS、BLM刺激后的三种体外模型GSK3β在胞质内红色荧光均明显减弱。②Western blot:在体内模型中,吸烟组、LPS刺激组及BLM刺激组GSK3β表达均低于对照组,其中吸烟1w、LPS刺激1d、BLM刺激7d时表达最低(P≤0.05);而P-GSK3β均高于对照组,其中吸烟1w、LPS刺激7d和14d达到高峰(P<0.05)。在体外模型中,以上三种刺激均可导致抑制性磷酸化GSK3β的水平升高并呈浓度依赖性(P<0.05),而GSK3β表达则完全相反,随着浓度的升高趋势越明显(P<0.05)。结论吸烟/CSE,LPS、BLM刺激致AEC损伤修复过程中伴有GSK3β表达的活性改变,提示其在损伤修复中发挥重要作用。     

姜黄素对食管癌Ec109细胞增殖和PTEN/PI3K/Akt信号通路的影响

目的:观察姜黄素对食管癌Ec109细胞增殖的抑制作用及肿瘤抑制基因/磷酯酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B(PTEN/PI3K/Akt)信号通路的影响。方法:体外培养人食管癌Ec109细胞,不同浓度姜黄素作用后,MTT法检测其对Ec109细胞的增殖抑制作用,透射电镜观察细胞超微结构,Annexin V-FITC/PI双染流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,Western blot法分析肿瘤抑制基因(PTEN)、蛋白激酶B(Akt)、糖原合成酶激酶-3(GSK3β)和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspase 3)蛋白的表达情况。结果:MTT检测结果显示姜黄素能显著抑制Ec109细胞的增殖,且呈明显的剂量和时间效应关系;透射电镜观察发现姜黄素能诱导Ec109细胞发生凋亡;流式细胞仪分析显示随药物浓度的增加,Ec109细胞凋亡率明显升高;Western blot结果表明姜黄素可增强细胞中PTEN、GSK3β和Caspase 3的表达,抑制Akt的表达。结论:姜黄素通过上调PTEN、GSK3β和Caspase 3的表达,抑制PI3K/Akt信号通路,从而抑制食管癌Ec109细胞增殖。     

糖原合酶激酶3β以细胞周期蛋白D1依赖性方式引发人肺腺癌细胞A549细胞周期阻滞

对糖原合酶激酶3β（glycogen synthase kinase 3β,6SK3β）在细胞增殖中的作用研究,在不同细胞系和不同刺激因素作用下得出了不同结论,本文旨在探讨GSK3β在人肺腺癌细胞系A549细胞生长中的直接作用。A549细胞瞬时转染持续激活型S9A-GSK3β以及显性负突变型KM-GSK3β两种GSK3β突变型质粒,改变GSK3β活性。24 h后,分别进行细胞计数,流式细胞术及Western blot检测。结果显示,增强GSK3β活性可导致细胞数量下降,G．期细胞百分比升高。细胞周期蛋白D1表达水平被GSK3β下调。结果提示,GSK3β可能以细胞周期蛋白D1依赖性方式引发A549细胞的G,期阻滞,从而发挥生长抑制效应。     

Wnt5a通过PI3K/Akt/GSK3β信号通路调控人卵巢癌SKOV3/VCR细胞对长春新碱的敏感性

本研究旨在探究Wnt5a对人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞长春新碱(vincristine, VCR)耐药性的影响,并探讨其分子机制。采用浓度梯度递增法构建耐药株SKOV3/VCR细胞,将人WNT5A基因的干扰质粒转染SKOV3/VCR细胞并筛选出稳定干扰Wnt5a的细胞株,用RT-PCR检测Wnt5a的mRNA表达水平,用CCK-8法检测细胞活力,用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,用Western blot法检测Wnt5a、MDR1、Survivin、β-catenin、Akt、p-Akt(S473)、GSK3β和p-GSK3β(Ser9)的蛋白表达水平。结果显示,SKOV3/VCR细胞中Wnt5a、MDR1、β-catenin和Survivin蛋白的表达水平、Akt和GSK3β蛋白的磷酸化水平以及Wnt5a mRNA表达水平均显著高于其亲代SKOV3细胞;WNT5A基因沉默使VCR抑制SKOV3/VCR细胞活力的IC50从38.412降至9.283 mg/L,提高SKOV3/VCR细胞凋亡率并协同增强VCR诱导的细胞凋亡(P 0.05),下调MDR1、β-catenin和Survivin蛋白的表达水平(P 0.05),抑制Akt和GSK3β蛋白磷酸化(P 0.05);此外,PI3K抑制剂LY294002也可下调SKOV3/VCR细胞中MDR1、β-catenin和Survivin蛋白表达水平,并降低Akt和GSK3β蛋白磷酸化水平(P 0.05)。以上结果提示,沉默WNT5A基因可在体外逆转人卵巢癌耐药株SKOV3/VCR细胞耐药性,作用机制可能与其抑制PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin通路,继而下调MDR1和Survivin蛋白表达有关。     

麦角甾苷通过PI3K/Akt/GSK3β通路抑制H_2O_2诱导的小鼠胚胎肝细胞凋亡

该文建立了H_2O_2诱导小鼠胚胎肝细胞损伤模型,并探讨了麦角甾苷通过PI3K/Akt/GSK3β通路抑制H_2O_2诱导的胚胎肝细胞凋亡作用机制。CCK-8检测细胞存活率,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,Western blot法检测Bcl-x L、Bax、Cyt-c、Akt、p-Akt、GSK3β和p-GSK3β蛋白质水平。结果显示,麦角甾苷可通过降低Bax/Bcl-x L比值、抑制线粒体Cyt-c释放、增加Akt和GSK3β蛋白质磷酸化水平来提高细胞存活率、减少凋亡细胞数量。该研究结果表明,麦角甾苷可通过PI3K/Akt/GSK3β通路调节H_2O_2诱导的小鼠胚胎肝细胞凋亡。     

APC蛋白、GSK3β在吸烟小鼠气道上皮损伤修复中的动态变化

为了探讨结肠腺瘤性息肉病（adenomatous polyposis coli,APC）蛋白、糖原合成酶激酶3β（glycogen synthase kinase3β,GSK3β）在吸烟致气道上皮细胞（airway epithelial cell,AEC）损伤修复中的作用,本实验建立了吸烟导致AEC损伤修复的小鼠模型,采用HE染色、免疫组织化学染色、免疫荧光共聚焦成像和Western blot方法,观察损伤修复过程中APC蛋白、GSK3β在AEC中表达及分布的动态变化.结果显示：（1）随着吸烟时间延长,AEC形态学上呈现损伤（1、4周）、修复（8周）、再损伤（12周）的变化.（2）免疫组化染色显示：AEC中APC蛋白表达在吸烟1周时较对照组明显增强,4周时较对照组明显减弱,8、12周时均较4周时增强但与对照组无差异;对照组GSK3β表达较强,吸烟组表达较对照组均减弱.Western blot检测小鼠肺组织中APC蛋白、GSK3β的表达变化与免疫组化结果一致,磷酸化GSK3β（p-GSK3β）在吸烟组的表达较对照组均有不同程度增高,尤以吸烟1周时明显.（3）荧光共聚焦成像显示：对照组APC蛋白在AEC胞质内均匀分布,吸烟1、8周时APC蛋白定位发生改变,呈簇状聚集于AEC腔面和侧面质膜下;GSK3β在对照组和吸烟组AEC胞质内均匀分布,无定位改变.由上述结果可见,吸烟致小鼠AEC损伤修复过程中APC蛋白表达及在胞质内分布呈动态变化,同时伴有GSK3β表达下调和磷酸化水平增高,提示二者可能通过参与修复过程中细胞迁移、分裂增殖等活动,在气道上皮损伤修复过程中发挥重要作用.     

长链非编码RNA CCAT2与癌症

长链非编码RNA (lncRNA)与癌症的发生发展密切相关。结肠癌相关转录因子(CCAT) 2是2013年鉴定的一种新的lncRNA,已发现其在结直肠癌、肝癌、乳腺癌以及胃癌等多种癌细胞中表达异常升高,通过Wnt、PI3K/AKT/m TOR和GSK3β/β-catenin等信号通路形成复杂的癌症调控网络,在癌症的增殖、侵袭/转移和细胞凋亡等过程中发挥着重要的作用,提示CCAT2有望成为癌症诊断与治疗的新的分子靶点。现综合近年来CCAT2在癌症中的研究进展作一综述。     

探讨As2O3诱导人胃癌SGC-7901细胞凋亡过程中AKT相关 抗凋亡通路表达情况

目的:探讨三氧化二砷诱导胃癌细胞凋亡过程中,对AKT相关抗凋亡通路表达的影响。方法:分别用不同浓度(0μmol/L、7.5μmol/L、10μmol/L、12.5μmol/L和15μmol/L)三氧化二砷(As_2O_3)溶液处理胃癌细胞48 h,倒置显微镜观察细胞凋亡情况,并用Western blot方法检测p70S6kα、p-p70S6kα、p70S6kβ(S6蛋白激酶β,Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinaseβ)、p-p70S6kβ、rpS6、p-rpS6、p-BAD、BAD、p-GSK3β、GSK3β及NF-κB2等蛋白的表达情况与As_2O_3作用浓度之间的关系。结果:随As_2O_3作用细胞的浓度增大,p70S6kα、p-p70S6kα、p70s6kβ、p-p70S6kβ、p-BAD、p-GSK3β、NF-κB2蛋白的表达减少,rpS6、p-rpS6、GSK3β蛋白表达增多,各组间数据经统计学分析,P值均0.05,具有统计学意义。BAD蛋白的表达无明显改变,P0.05。结论:As_2O_3诱导人胃癌SGC-7901细胞凋亡机制中包括AKT相关的多个抗凋亡途径的激活,AKT在其中发挥重要作用。     

糖原合成激酶3β与乙肝病毒胎盘组织感染的关系

目的:初步探讨糖原合成激酶3β(GSK3β)与乙肝病毒胎盘组织感染关系,为进一步研究乙肝病毒在宫内感染中的作用机制奠定基础。方法:选择2011年-2012年在哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院妇产科剖宫产结束妊娠的乙肝表面抗原阳性(HBsAg+)孕妇60例(实验组),正常妊娠孕妇的胎盘组织20例(对照组)。于分娩前留取孕妇肘静脉血,分娩时留取脐血及胎盘组织。采用ELISA法检测实验组静脉血及脐带血的乙肝五项与HBV-DNA定量;采用免疫组化方法,检测各实验组中HBsAg的表达及分布;检测实验组与对照组GSK3β的分布及表达情况;采用TUNEL法检测实验组及对照组细胞凋亡情况。结果:60例HBsAg(+)产妇中,37例脐带血HBsAg阳性,12例脐带血HBV-DNA阳性;实验组胎盘组织中均检测出HBsAg、GSK3β蛋白表达,且随着血清HBV-DNA滴度增高,HBsAg与GSK3β的表达均呈增高趋势(P0.05);实验组和对照组的胎盘组织中均可检测出凋亡细胞,实验组的凋亡程度低于对照组,随HBV-DNA滴度增高,凋亡呈下降趋势(P0.05)。结论:在乙肝病毒的垂直传播过程,HBsAg可能通过GSK3β抑制胎盘细胞凋亡,影响正常胎盘组织的屏障功能,可能是造成宫内感染的相关机制。     

Leptin-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells requires β-catenin activation via Akt/GSK3- and MTA1/Wnt1 protein-dependent pathways

Perturbations in the adipocytokine profile, especially higher levels of leptin, are a major cause of breast tumor progression and metastasis; the underlying mechanisms, however, are not well understood. In particular, it remains elusive whether leptin is involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Here, we provide molecular evidence that leptin induces breast cancer cells to undergo a transition from epithelial to spindle-like mesenchymal morphology. Investigating the downstream mediator(s) that may direct leptin-induced EMT, we found functional interactions between leptin, metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1), and Wnt1 signaling components. Leptin increases accumulation and nuclear translocation of β-catenin leading to increased promoter recruitment. Silencing of β-catenin or treatment with the small molecule inhibitor, ICG-001, inhibits leptin-induced EMT, invasion, and tumorsphere formation. Mechanistically, leptin stimulates phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) via Akt activation resulting in a substantial decrease in the formation of the GSK3β-LKB1-Axin complex that leads to increased accumulation of β-catenin. Leptin treatment also increases Wnt1 expression that contributes to GSK3β phosphorylation. Inhibition of Wnt1 abrogates leptin-stimulated GSK3β phosphorylation. We also discovered that leptin increases the expression of an important modifier of Wnt1 signaling, MTA1, which is integral to leptin-mediated regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway as silencing of MTA1 inhibits leptin-induced Wnt1 expression, GSK3β phosphorylation, and β-catenin activation. Furthermore, analysis of leptin-treated breast tumors shows increased expression of Wnt1, pGSK3β, and vimentin along with higher nuclear accumulation of β-catenin and reduced E-cadherin expression providing in vivo evidence for a previously unrecognized cross-talk between leptin and MTA1/Wnt signaling in epithelial-mesenchymal transition of breast cancer cells.     

Role of STRAP in regulating GSK3β function and Notch3 stabilization

Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) can regulate a broad range of cellular processes in a variety of cell types and tissues through its ability to phosphorylate its substrates in a cell- and time-specific manner. Although it is known that Axin and presenilin help to recruit β-catenin/Smad3 and tau protein to GSK3β, respectively, it is not clear how many of the other GSK3β substrates are recruited to it. Here, we have established the binding of GSK3β with a novel scaffold protein, STRAP, through its WD40 domains. In a new finding, we have observed that STRAP, GSK3β and Axin form a ternary complex together. We show for the first time that intracellular fragment of Notch3 (ICN3) binds with GSK3β through the ankyrin repeat domain. This binding between STRAP and GSK3β is reduced by small-molecule inhibitors of GSK3β. Further studies revealed that STRAP also binds ICN3 through the ankyrin repeat region, and this binding is enhanced in a proteasomal inhibition-dependent manner. In vivo ubiquitination studies indicate that STRAP reduces ubiquitination of ICN3, suggesting a role of STRAP in stabilizing ICN3. This is supported by the fact that STRAP and Notch3 are co-upregulated and co-localized in 59% of non-small cell lung cancers, as observed in an immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarrays. These results provide a potential mechanism by which STRAP regulates GSK3β function and Notch3 stabilization and further support the oncogenic functions of STRAP.     

Complex formation and reciprocal regulation between GSK3β and C3G

GSK3β, a ubiquitously expressed Ser/Thr kinase, regulates cell metabolism, proliferation and differentiation. Its activity is spatially and temporally regulated dependent on external stimuli and interacting partners, and its deregulation is associated with various human disorders. In this study, we identify C3G (RapGEF1), a protein essential for mammalian embryonic development as an interacting partner and substrate of GSK3β. In vivo and in vitro interaction assays demonstrated that GSK3β and Akt are present in complex with C3G. Molecular modelling and mutational analysis identified a domain in C3G that aids interaction with GSK3β, and overlaps with its nuclear export sequence. GSK3β phosphorylates C3G on primed as well as unprimed sites, and regulates its subcellular localization. Over-expression of C3G resulted in activation of Akt and inactivation of GSK3β. Huntingtin aggregate formation, dependent on GSK3β inhibition, was enhanced upon C3G overexpression. Stable clones of C2C12 cells generated by CRISPR/Cas9 mediated knockdown of C3G, that cannot differentiate, show reduced Akt activity and S9-GSK3β phosphorylation compared to wild type cells. Co-expression of catalytically active GSK3β inhibited C3G induced myocyte differentiation. C3G mutant defective for GSK3β phosphorylation, does not alter S9-GSK3β phosphorylation and, is compromised for inducing myocyte differentiation. Our results show complex formation and reciprocal regulation between GSK3β and C3G. We have identified a novel function of C3G as a negative regulator of GSK3β, a property important for its ability to induce myogenic differentiation.     

Prolyl isomerase Pin1 promotes amyloid precursor protein (APP) turnover by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) activity: novel mechanism for Pin1 to protect against Alzheimer disease

Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of senile plaques of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP) and neurofibrillary tangles made of hyperphosphorylated Tau. Increasing APP gene dosage or expression has been shown to cause familial early-onset AD. However, whether and how protein stability of APP is regulated is unclear. The prolyl isomerase Pin1 and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) have been shown to have the opposite effects on APP processing and Tau hyperphosphorylation, relevant to the pathogenesis of AD. However, nothing is known about their relationship. In this study, we found that Pin1 binds to the pT330-P motif in GSK3β to inhibit its kinase activity. Furthermore, Pin1 promotes protein turnover of APP by inhibiting GSK3β activity. A point mutation either at Thr-330, the Pin1-binding site in GSK3β, or at Thr-668, the GSK3β phosphorylation site in APP, abolished the regulation of GSK3β activity, Thr-668 phosphorylation, and APP stability by Pin1, resulting in reduced non-amyloidogenic APP processing and increased APP levels. These results uncover a novel role of Pin1 in inhibiting GSK3β kinase activity to reduce APP protein levels, providing a previously unrecognized mechanism by which Pin1 protects against Alzheimer disease.     

Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase beta is regulated by multisite phosphorylation

Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ) is a serine/threonine-directed kinase that is activated following increases in intracellular Ca(2+). CaMKKβ activates Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I, Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV, and the AMP-dependent protein kinase in a number of physiological pathways, including learning and memory formation, neuronal differentiation, and regulation of energy balance. Here, we report the novel regulation of CaMKKβ activity by multisite phosphorylation. We identify three phosphorylation sites in the N terminus of CaMKKβ, which regulate its Ca(2+)/calmodulin-independent autonomous activity. We then identify the kinases responsible for these phosphorylations as cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3). In addition to regulation of autonomous activity, we find that phosphorylation of CaMKKβ regulates its half-life. We find that cellular levels of CaMKKβ correlate with CDK5 activity and are regulated developmentally in neurons. Finally, we demonstrate that appropriate phosphorylation of CaMKKβ is critical for its role in neurite development. These results reveal a novel regulatory mechanism for CaMKKβ-dependent signaling cascades.