单边匹配理论及其在美国肾交换系统应用的启示

美国肾交换系统是经济学家与医学专家一个跨学科合作的成果,也是单边匹配理论在现实生活中的具体应用。通过对单边匹配理论及在美国肾交换系统应用的回顾,旨在促进该理论在我国肾交换领域的发展和研究,为缓解我国肾源紧张以及提高其匹配效率提供启示和借鉴。     

RNAi技术及其在口腔医学研究中的应用

RNAi(RNA interference)技术在医学研究中的应用发展迅速,运用RNAi可用来进行特定基因功能的研究和特异性基因治疗,在包括肿瘤、遗传性疾病、发育性疾病、病毒感染等的发病、预防、治疗方面的研究有着广阔的应用前景.本文就RNAi技术及其在口腔医学领域研究中的应用现状和前景做一综述.     

昆虫学中的计算机专家系统

专家系统（ExpertSystem,以下简称EXS）是人工智能研究的一个应用领域,目前和自然语言理解、机器人一起并列为人工智能研究最活跃的三大领域。从60年代开始到现在,专家系统技术从孕育、产生、研究、开发到应用,取得了重大的进展,应用范围涉及到化学分析、医疗诊断、过程控制、有理决策等十多个领域,有的已进入商品化实用阶段,开始产生巨大的经济效益[1]。最近,昆虫学家和农学家也开始探索其应用了[2～11]。专家系统在昆虫分类鉴定、虫情预测、杀虫剂选择、害虫综合管理、系统设计以及人员培训等方面都取得了一定的进展,拓宽了害…     

Er-YAG激光在牙体硬组织中的应用

随着科学技术的进步,激光技术正以惊人的速度向前发展。激光具有许多优异的性能,已被应用到人类生活的各个领域。伴随激光医学的进展,近来在口腔医学方面的研究已逐步开展起来,除了应用于口腔软组织处理外,激光用于牙体硬组织也得到了越来越多的关注。其中Er-YAG激光在口腔领域的实用性和安全性已得到多方面的认证。该文就激光在口腔医学特别是牙体硬组织中的应用作一综述。     

壳聚糖及其衍生物在口腔疾病防治中的研究进展

壳聚糖是一种天然高分子多糖,在食品、纺织、美容、医疗等行业被广泛应用.在口腔医学领域,壳聚糖及其衍生物因多种优良的生物学性能,如抗菌性能、载药功能、再矿化性能和成骨作用等,被广泛应用于多种口腔常见疾病的预防和治疗.文中介绍了壳聚糖的生物学性能、壳聚糖常见衍生物,与壳聚糖及其衍生物在口腔疾病防治方面的最新应用研究进展.     

Er-YAG 激光在牙体硬组织中的应用

随着科学技术的进步,激光技术正以惊人的速度向前发展。激光具有许多优异的性能,已被应用到人类生活的各个领域。伴随激光医学的进展,近来在口腔医学方面的研究已逐步开展起来,除了应用于口腔软组织处理外,激光用于牙体硬组织也得到了越来越多的关注。其中Er-YAG激光在口腔领域的实用性和安全性已得到多方面的认证。该文就激光在口腔医学特别是牙体硬组织中的应用作一综述。     

Er-YAG激光在口腔软组织中的应用

随着科学技术的进步,激光技术正以惊人的速度向前发展。自激光引入口腔治疗中以来,被广泛的应用于口腔硬组织中。由于激光杀菌、消毒等特性研究的广泛报道,近来激光应用于口腔软组织也得到了越来越多的关注。其中Er-YAG激光在口腔领域的实用性和安全性已得到多方面的认证。该文就激光在口腔医学特别是软组织中的应用作一综述。     

高压氧的应用进展

高压氧逐渐被广泛的应用于多个医疗实践领域。作为一种特殊的治疗手段,临床医生会为他们的病人提供这种治疗选择,但对其机制却不十分了解。通过对高压氧作用机制详细阐述,为临床医生在医疗实践中提供科学依据。通过全面阐述高压氧的临床应用、并发症及禁忌症,更全面、系统的了解高压氧这种治疗手段,全面评估高压氧的治疗安全性。因高压氧具有增加氧输送、免疫功能和改变血液流变学的复合效应,而且安全性较高,用于治疗创伤、栓塞、感染等多种疾病。突发性耳聋是耳鼻咽喉科常见的急症,患者主要表现为突然发生的不同程度的感音神经聋,影响患者的生活。因目前突发性耳聋的病因尚不明确,治疗方案多种多样,如激素、抗凝药物、抗病毒药物等,但疗效均为得到肯定,无有效的统一治疗方案。通过分析评价多个随机对照试验,发现高压氧治疗可明显改善突发性耳聋（Sudden hearing loss,SHL）的听力下降,希望能为临床医生的治疗提供科学依据。可能存在其他的尚未发掘的治疗领域,期待临床上有更多的相关研究。     

高压氧的应用进展

高压氧逐渐被广泛的应用于多个医疗实践领域。作为一种特殊的治疗手段,临床医生会为他们的病人提供这种治疗选择,但对其机制却不十分了解。通过对高压氧作用机制详细阐述,为临床医生在医疗实践中提供科学依据。通过全面阐述高压氧的临床应用、并发症及禁忌症,更全面、系统的了解高压氧这种治疗手段,全面评估高压氧的治疗安全性。因高压氧具有增加氧输送、免疫功能和改变血液流变学的复合效应,而且安全性较高,用于治疗创伤、栓塞、感染等多种疾病。突发性耳聋是耳鼻咽喉科常见的急症,患者主要表现为突然发生的不同程度的感音神经聋,影响患者的生活。因目前突发性耳聋的病因尚不明确,治疗方案多种多样,如激素、抗凝药物、抗病毒药物等,但疗效均为得到肯定,无有效的统一治疗方案。通过分析评价多个随机对照试验,发现高压氧治疗可明显改善突发性耳聋(Sudden hearing loss,SHL)的听力下降,希望能为临床医生的治疗提供科学依据。可能存在其他的尚未发掘的治疗领域,期待临床上有更多的相关研究。     

《微机在生化上的应用》

《微机在生化上的应用》(Microcomputers in biochemistry)由C.F.A.Bryce编著,1992年IRL出版社出版,307页。计算机在生物科学上应用的重要性日益增长,生化学就代表了其中最活跃的领域之一。该书提供了计算机的各种应用,其关键领域为核酸和蛋白质顺序分析及处理、酶学和电泳分析的数值领域。生化等其它方面的问题也成为计算机应用的方向。该书对网络和专家系统也提供了必要信息,这有利于检索和探讨计算机上的生化数据。它将对生化学研究的专家和学者都将有所裨益。     

Prediction of Vegetation Succession in Human-Disturbed Habitats Using an Expert System

Detailed information, both quantitative and observational, on the course of vegetation succession in various human-disturbed habitats in Central Europe was used to construct an expert system named SUCCESS. Using the system, it is possible to predict tentatively the sequence of seral stages and dominant species exchange in successional seres initiated on bare ground and lasting up to 50 years. Simple information on geographical position, type of substratum, relief, moisture, nutrient content, character of surrounding vegetation, and size of the disturbed area is taken into consideration to predict site-specific succession in the particular habitats. The expert system is supposed to help landscape managers, nature conservationists, and environmental impact assessment experts in decision-making procedures to take into account the development of vegetation in man-made sites. Moreover, it also summarizes scientific information on the pattern of vegetation change in human-disturbed habitats in the geographical area considered.     

国家公园管理评估体系构建与应用

国家公园是我国新的自然保护地类型之一,在我国自然保护地体系中具有主体地位。为保障国家公园的可持续发展,对其管理的有效性进行科学、客观和全面的评估至关重要。遵循国家公园生态保护第一、国家代表性和全民公益性的理念,及其生态保护和科研、教育、游憩等功能定位,按照"条件基础-过程行动-取得成效"的思路,构建了包括管理基础、管理行动和管理成效3个一级指标、9个二级指标、22个三级指标的国家公园管理评估指标体系;沿用基于专家评议的快速记分评价法,通过专家咨询法和层次分析法计算权重和分级赋值,并进行综合评估;基于上述方法,对钱江源国家公园体制试点区管理工作进行了试评估。结果表明,该评估体系能够较好反映钱江源国家公园体制试点管理的现状,有效指导钱江源国家公园体制试点的管理工作,并可为国家公园管理评估标准体系的建立提供借鉴。     

Expert system for aiding diagnosis in hearing tests]

For expert systems intended to aid diagnosis, a structure with five levels is proposed. These levels are the original area, the parameter and a reduced parameter layer, the classification and the final-decision layer. On the basis of this structures, an expert system was developed specifically for neonatal hearing screening with transitory evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE). In a second step, this system was investigated for its suitability to classify emissions, regardless of patient age. For the comparison measurements in 252 mainly adult patients, some with an acquired hearing impairment, were used. To adapt the pass/fail decision to the extended evaluation criteria, the false classifications from a first run with the new data were used for training. Thereafter, the expert system, working with a wider data basis, classified the new data with a sensitivity that was increased by 4.8% to 97.2%, and a 2.0% improvement in specificity to 95.5% when classifying new data, These results, together with those of 97.3% and 94.3% achieved with exclusively neonatal TEOAE classification, clearly show the advantage of the expert system structures chosen, and document evidence of the practical applicability of the method.     

利用GIS对吉林针阔混交林TM遥感图像分类方法的初探

为提高林区TM遥感图像自动分类识别精度,在GIS技术辅助下,以吉林省汪清林业局针阔混交林TM遥感图像为例,对研究区DEM、坡向等地理因子和土壤类型等环境因子与森林植被分布之间的内在规律进行了定量分析,并结合对遥感图像预分类的定性分析,形成分类知识库,建立了适用于针阔混交林的自动分类识别专家系统.分类试验证明,该系统能比较明显地削弱混合像元和地形阴影的影响,分类精度较无监督分类法提高了14.22%,Kappa指数为0.7556,达到区别森林类型的分类目的.将GIS数据引入专家系统,应用先验知识建立推理机制,可以解决遥感图像中云区和云阴影区由于不能接收到正确的光谱值而无法进行分类的问题.     

Development of an expert system for preoperative assessment of female urinary incontinence

We developed a simple expert system for preoperative assessment of women complaining of involuntary loss of urine and scheduled to undergo surgery for incontinence. The aim of the system was to use the parameters obtained at urodynamic investigation to arrive at the correct diagnosis. We used an IBM-PC with two disk drives and 256k RAM, and the expert system shell EXSYS, a rule based system with the possibility of assigning probabilities to the different solutions. To write the rules forming the knowledge base we used a two-fold approach: we constructed tree diagrams for each diagnosis and calculated the corresponding predictive values (statistical approach), and we added rules based on our experience (heuristic approach). The expert system has been found reliable in a clinical setting and is useful for teaching purposes.     

Expertise in expert systems: knowledge acquisition for biological expert systems

In this paper it is argued that an expert system requires morethan factual knowledge before it can display expertise in agiven domain. The additional knowledge consists of the heuristicsor ‘rules of thumb’ used by an expert to manipulateand interpret the factual knowledge. The knowledge acquisitionphase of an expert system project involves determining the factualknowledge (which may be obtained from published sources) andthe heuristics used by an expert to manipulate that knowledge-theseheuristics can only be obtained from an expert. In reviewingexisting biological expert systems it is apparent that manycontain only the factual knowledge relating to the domain, andlack the heuristics that enable such systems to show expertise.This paper reviews a number of knowledge acquisition techniqueswhich could be used for acquiring heuristic knowledge and discusseswhen their use is appropriate. The knowledge acquisition techniquesdiscussed are those suitable for the development of small-scaleexpert systems as these are most likely to be of interest tobiologists. The techniques include the use of questionnaires,interview techniques and protocol analysis; particular emphasisis placed on a mod cation to the ‘twenty questions’interview technique which was developed specifically to elicittaxonomic knowledge relating to water mite identification.     

Application of rule nets to temporal reasoning in the monitoring of a chemical analysis process

On-line monitoring of the content of ethanol during an alcoholic fermentation process is carried out by means of an expert system based on rule nets. Time has been fully incorporated into the reasoning of the expert system through several timers, which help the rule net to emulate the human reasoning without increasing its complexity. The hierarchy of the variables used is also described in order to understand the whole system.     

Expert systems in treating substance abuse.

Computer programs can assist humans in solving complex problems that cannot be solved by traditional computational techniques using mathematic formulas. These programs, or "expert systems," are commonly used in finance, engineering, and computer design. Although not routinely used in medicine at present, medical expert systems have been developed to assist physicians in solving many kinds of medical problems that traditionally require consultation from a physician specialist. No expert systems are available specifically for drug abuse treatment, but at least one is under development. Where access to a physician specialist in substance abuse is not available for consultation, this expert system will extend specialized substance abuse treatment expertise to nonspecialists. Medical expert systems are a developing technologic tool that can assist physicians in practicing better medicine.     

Unravelling landscape variables with multiple approaches to overcome scarce species knowledge: a landscape genetic study of the slow worm

Landscape genetics was developed to detect landscape elements shaping genetic population structure, including the effects of fragmentation. Multifarious environmental variables can influence gene flow in different ways and expert knowledge is frequently used to construct friction maps. However, the extent of the migration and the movement of single individuals are frequently unknown, especially for non-model species, and friction maps only based on expert knowledge can be misleading. In this study, we used three different methods: isolation by distance (IBD), least-cost modelling and a strip-based approach to disentangle the human implication in the fragmentation process in the slow worm (Anguis fragilis), as well as the specific landscape elements shaping the genetic structure in a highly anthropized 16 km² area in Switzerland. Friction maps were constructed using expert opinion, but also based on the combination of all possible weightings for all landscape elements. The IBD indicated a significant effect of geographic distance on genetic differentiation. Further approaches demonstrated that highways and railways were the most important elements impeding the gene flow in this area. Surprisingly, we also found that agricultural areas and dense forests seemed to be used as dispersal corridors. These results confirmed that the slow worm has relatively unspecific habitat requirements. Finally, we showed that our models based on expert knowledge performed poorly compared to cautious analysis of each variable. This study demonstrated that landscape genetic analyses should take expert knowledge with caution and exhaustive analyses of each landscape element without a priori knowledge and different methods can be recommended.     

Expert systems in the control of animal cell culture processes: Potentials,functions, and perspectives

In recent years, the development of advanced systems for bioprocess monitoring and control has become an area of intensive research. Along with traditional techniques, there are several new approaches which are increasingly being applied to bioprocess operations. Among these, of special note is expert system technology, which provides possibilities for the design of efficient bioprocess control systems with new functional capabilities. This technology has been successfully applied to variety of microbial processes at laboratory and industrial scale. The present paper analyzes the possibility for application of expert systems to animal cell cultures processes whose high complexity is well suited to expert control. The discussion focuses on the organization and the functionality of the intelligent control systems, and covers some practical aspects of their design.