长沙市开福区小学生超重和肥胖现况调查

目的:了解长沙市开福区小学生超重、肥胖情况,为小学生单纯性肥胖的防治工作提供科学依据.方法:随机抽取长沙市开福区7-12周岁小学生4140名,按照体重指数(BMI)法判定出超重和肥胖.结果:长沙市开福区儿童超重及肥胖检出率分别为9.76%和7.39%.其中,男女生超重检出率分别为12.31%和6.84%,肥胖检出率分别为9.37%和5.13%,男生超重和肥胖检出率均显著高于女生.结论:长沙市开福区小学生超重和肥胖的发生率在国内处于高水平,男童肥胖的发展趋势较为突出,提示及早预防和控制儿童肥胖的重要性.     

脉搏波传导速度检测在评价高血压病患者大动脉弹性中的应用 与影响因素分析

目的:探讨脉搏波传导速度(PWV)检测在评估高血压病患者大动脉弹性中的应用价值与影响因素分析 方法:采用分层整体抽样法随机抽取高血压病患者2178例,同时抽取非高血压2182人作为对照组.应用Complior SP VP-1000动脉硬化检测仪测定颈一股动脉脉搏波传导速度(C-FPWV)评估大动脉弹性.采用多元逐步线性回归分析性别、年龄、体质指数(BMI)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、空腹血糖(FPG)和尿酸(UA)等指标与高血压痛患者大动脉弹性下降的影响因素.结果:C-FPWV平均值高血压组(1594± 264cm/s)显著高于对照组(1216± 231cm/s),两组差异有显著性意义(X2=31.659,P=0.00).＞40岁各年龄段PWV值上升程度,高血压组明显高于对照组(X2＝ 18.954～36.924,P=0.00),两组PWV值上升程度与年龄呈正相关.多元逐步线性回归分析表明:BMI≥28kg/m2、SBP≥ 140mmHg、DBP≥90mmHg、TC＞5.28± 0.62 mmol/L、TG＞ 1.68± 0.64mmol/L等指标高血压组明显高于对照组(t=14.314～17.428,P＜0.05).在性别、UA和FPG等指标两组无明显差异(X2=6.368～13.618,P＞0.05).结论:高血压痛患者PWV值上升程度显著高于非高血压者,BMI、SBP、TG、TC是高血压病患者大动脉弹性下降的主要影响因素.PWV值可作为评价大动脉弹性的可靠指标.     

脉压、脉压指数对肥胖预测的前瞻性队列研究

目的:分析成都地区1992年时非肥胖中年居民脉压(PP)、脉压指数(PPI)对该人群15年后(2007年)肥胖发生的预测价值。方法:本研究纳入1992年时年龄处于45～60岁且BMI正常者1017人,依据PP(PP≤60mmHg及PP>60mmHg)及PP(I PPI≤0.450及PPI>0.450)分为PP/PPI正常组及增高组,分析两组人群在15年后(2007年)BMI分布特征及肥胖的患病情况。结果:①1992年PP/PPI增高人群2007年时BMI皆高于PP/PPI正常人群,t检验示BMI组间差异有统计学意义。2007年肥胖患病率亦呈类似BMI的特点,亦为PP/PPI增高组高于PP/PPI正常组,经x2检验,肥胖患病率的组间差异有统计学意义。②根据该队列人群1992年的PP增高与否计算2007年的肥胖患病率的相对危险度(RR)为4.109,P值为0.000,95%可信区间为2.874～8.847;1992年PPI与2007年肥胖患病的RR为4.998,P值为0.000,95%可信区间为2.876～8.687。③使用logistic回归模型分析1992年基线PP/PPI对2007年肥胖患病的影响,在调整了SBP、WC、BMI、HR、TG后,PP、PPI的相对危险度仍为1.040及1.044。其各自相应95%CI分别为1.017～1.065、1.025～1.063。结论:脉压、脉压指数的异常与肥胖的发生关系密切,脉压、脉压指数可以预测肥胖的发生。     

父母及个人行为对学龄前儿童超重和肥胖的影响

目的：探讨学龄前儿童超重和肥胖的现状及其影响因素。方法：从青岛市幼儿园招募年龄在3-6 岁儿童参与本调查,通过健 康体格检查和问卷调查两部分进行。其中体格检查包括身高和体重的测量,问卷调查内容包括父母的相关变量以及儿童个人饮 食行为等因素。其中1080 份为完整有效数据。结果：学龄前儿童超重和肥胖人数分别占总数的18.80%和8.98%。男孩的超重和 肥胖率（31.8%）高于女生（23.8%）。父亲和母亲的超重和肥胖均与儿童超重和肥胖存在关联性(P<0.05)。较长屏幕时间、快速进食 是超重和肥胖的危险因素(P<0.05),而增加体力活动时间为保护因素（P<0.05）。偏爱肉类也是与超重/ 肥胖相关的因素(P<0.05）。 结论：孩子个性习惯和父母均与学龄前儿童超重和肥胖相关,学龄前儿童超重和肥胖问题仍然是一个重要的公共卫生问题。     

血清唾液酸和超敏C反应蛋白与高血压前期的关系及临床意义

目的:探讨血清唾液酸(SA)和超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)与高血压前期的关系及临床意义。方法:将160例2012年10月至2014年9月于我院进行体检者分为正常血压组、高血压前期组和高血压组,分别测量所有研究对象的血压、身高和体重,检测所有对象同一天的血清SA、hs-CRP、血清总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、三酰甘油(TG)和空腹血糖(FPG)水平,采用多元线性回归方法探究血清SA和hs-CRP水平对收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)的影响。结果:三组间的DBP、SBP、BMI、SA、hs-CRP、TC、LDL、HDL和FBG水平差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05),其中BMI、SA和hs-CRP水平随着血压升高逐渐上升,而HDL水平逐渐下降(P0.05);TC和LDL水平仅高血压组高于正常血压组,高血压前期组与正常血压组的TC和LDL水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05);多元线性回归发现:BMI、SA、hs-CRP和FBG均与SBP成正相关,BMI、SA、hs-CRP和LDL均与DBP呈正相关。结论:血清SA与hs-CRP水平均与血压值呈现独立正相关,可作为高血压前期的评估指标。     

原发性高血压患者红细胞抗高血压因子对高血压大鼠血压的影响

本工作观察了原发性高血压患者 (EHS) 红细胞抗高血压因子(AHF)对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)和肾性高血压大鼠(RHR)及正常血压的 wistar Kyoto(WKY)大鼠和 wistar 大鼠的收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)的影响。结果如下:(1)从腹腔一次注入 AHF(1.6mg/kg体重),可明显降低 SHR 和 RHR 的 SBP。给 AHF10min 后,SHR 的 SBP 平均降低34.0 mmHg,至3h 恢复;RHR 在注射 AHF 后24h,SBP 平均降低92.5mmHg,且持续时间较长,至第九天仍维持在低水平。(2)从股静脉一次推注 AHF(0.8 mg/kg体重)后,SHR 和 RHR的 SBP 和 DBP 均有显著性降低,且对 RHR 作用时间较 SHR 长,对 DBP 作用时间较 SBP长。给 AHF 后12 min,SHR 的 SBP 和 DBP 分别降低42.8和48.2 mmHg;RHR 在给AHF 后25 min,SBP 和 DBP 分别降低38.3和42.5 mmHg;AHF 后5min,wistar大鼠 DBP 由96.7±12.9mmHg 降到 83.3±11.7 mmHg(P<0.05),而 SBP 无明显变化。AHF 的降压作用具有剂量依赖性。(3)AHF 可拮抗去甲肾上腺素对 Wistar 大鼠的升压作用。     

干休所健康体检人群糖尿病的发病率及相关危险因素分析

目的:探讨健康体检人群中糖尿病的发病率及相关危险因素,为糖尿病的预防提供参考。方法:对参加健康体检的500名离退休人员的空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(OGTT 2 h)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、体重指数(BMI)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度胆固醇(HDL-C)及甘油三脂(TG)进行检测。应用logistic分析糖尿病发生的相关危险因素。结果:500名参加体检的患者中,确诊糖尿病167例,糖尿病的发病率为33.4%,其中男性88例,占52.7%;女性59例,占47.31%。糖尿病患者的SBP、DBP、BMI、TC、LDL-C、HDL-C及TG水平与健康人群呈显著差异,数据具有统计学意义(P0.05)。Logistic分析结果显示血压、血脂异常、体重指数与糖尿病的发生呈正相关(P0.05)。结论:离退休人员发生糖尿病的比例较高,且高血压、高血脂、超重或肥胖等是糖尿病发生的危险因素,应引起临床的重视。     

老年人分层脉压与其它血压指标特点及分析

目的:了解老年人的分层脉压情况及其它血压指标的特点.方法:集中体检唐山市3860名60岁以上老年人,将其脉压分为四个层次.分别为≤60mmHg,60～80 mmHg,80～100 mmHg和>100mmHg,分析其脉压及其它血压指标,包括收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、平均动脉压(MBP)的特点.结果:在不同脉压层次,随着PP的增加,SBP逐渐增加,分别为132.3±17.6 mmHg、154.8±14.1 mmHg、173.5±15.6 mmHg、194.2±16.9 mmHg,MBP逐渐增加为82.7±13.2 mmHg、83.5±12.1 mmHg、82.6±13.5mmHg、82.1±12.1 mmHg,各组间比较差异著有显著性(P＜0.001),而DBP无明显变化(P＞0.05).结论:老年人PP的增宽与SBP的增加有密切关系.     

厄贝沙坦片联合益生菌对高血压伴肥胖患者的疗效及对肠道菌群的调控作用

目的 探讨厄贝沙坦片联合益生菌对高血压伴肥胖患者的疗效及对肠道菌群的调控作用。方法 选取2021年10月—2022年10月本院400例高血压伴肥胖患者。随机法分组：对照组(200例)给予厄贝沙坦治疗,研究组(200例)在对照组基础上联用益生菌。比较两组治疗前后舒张压(DBP)、收缩压(SBP)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素(IL)-6水平和肠道菌群变化,统计治疗期间不良反应发生情况。结果 治疗后,研究组DBP、SBP、CRP和IL-6水平均低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,研究组乳杆菌、拟杆菌及双歧杆菌水平高于对照组,肠杆菌及肠球菌水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组不良反应发生率为3.0%,对照组为4.5%,差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.623,P=0.430)。结论 厄贝沙坦联合益生菌治疗高血压伴肥胖可提升患者血压控制效果,减轻炎症反应,改善肠道紊乱菌群,且不良反应少。     

特定人群超重及肥胖与相关疾病患病分析

目的:分析特定人群超重患病率,以及超重与高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、脂肪肝等相关疾病的关系,为及早预防慢性非传染性疾病奠定基础。方法:对平房地区采取长效避孕措施的603名户籍农村已婚育龄妇女进行健康体检,按体重指数(BMI)分为正常组、超重组和肥胖组,比较各组间高血压、高血糖、高血脂、脂肪肝等相关疾病检出率的差异。结果:特定人群超重发病率及超重相关疾病检出率的差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:平房地区特定人群超重及肥胖发病率未明显高于国内平均水平及全市水平。但超重及肥胖与高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、脂肪肝等疾病存在较大相关关系,为了进一步降低心脑血管高危因素和死亡率,需采取早期、有效的措施控制超重和肥胖倾向。     

Associations of Maternal Prenatal Smoking with Child Adiposity and Blood Pressure

Objective: To examine the extent to which maternal prenatal smoking is associated with adiposity, central adiposity, and blood pressure in 3‐year‐old children. Research Methods and Procedures: We studied 746 mother‐child pairs in Project Viva, a prospective cohort study, and categorized mothers as never, early pregnancy, or former smokers. Main outcome measures were overweight (BMI for age and sex > 85th percentile), BMI z‐score, sum of subscapular (SS) and triceps (TR) skinfolds, SS:TR skinfold ratio, and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Results: One hundred sixty‐one (22%) mothers quit smoking before pregnancy, 71 (10%) smoked in early pregnancy, and 514 (69%) never smoked. At age 3 years, 204 (27%) children were overweight. On multivariable analysis, compared with children of never smokers, children of early pregnancy smokers had an elevated risk for overweight [odds ratio (OR), 2.2; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2, 3.9] and higher BMI z‐score (0.30 units; 95% CI, 0.05, 0.55), SS + TR (2.0 mm; 95% CI, 0.9, 3.0), and SBP (2.4 mm Hg; 95% CI, ?0.1, 4.9). Children of former smokers were not more overweight (BMI z‐score, 0.02 units; 95% CI, ?0.15, 0.19) but had higher SBP (1.5 mm Hg; 95% CI, ?0.1, 3.2). We saw no relationship of smoking with central adiposity (SS:TR). Discussion: Former and early pregnancy smokers had children with somewhat higher SBP, but only early pregnancy smokers had children who were more overweight. Mechanisms linking smoking with child adiposity and blood pressure may differ. A long‐term impact of maternal smoking on offspring cardiovascular risk provides further reason to reduce smoking in women.     

The relationship between body mass index, blood pressure and pulse rate among normotensive and hypertensive participants in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

Obesity is associated with high insulin and leptin levels. Studies also suggest that high levels of insulin and leptin increase sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity and engender increased chronotropy, vasoconstriction and antinatriuresis that may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity related hypertension. Sympathetic modulation of cardiovascular responses requires good baroreceptor sensitivity and optimal vascular compliance. The vascular changes associated with isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) have been shown to modify baroreceptor sensitivity and vascular compliance and may mitigate sympathetic modulation of cardiovascular responses and attenuate the hypertensive effect of obesity. The purpose of this study is to examine the differences in the relationship between body mass index, pulse rate (PR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) among participants with normal blood pressure and ISH using data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Data from 13,761 non-institutionalized adults 18 years and older not receiving antihypertensive therapy were analyzed. Results showed that PR, SBP and DBP increase with increasing BMI. The rise in PR, SBP and DBP with BMI is higher among participants with normal blood pressure than among those with ISH. We concluded that increasing level of obesity is associated with a rise in pulse rate and blood pressure but the effect of obesity on blood pressure and pulse rate might be weaker among participants with ISH.     

Headaches in overweight children and adolescents referred to a tertiary-care center in Israel

Objective: To assess the association between obesity and primary headaches in children and adolescents. Methods and Procedures: In a prospective study, the short‐questionnaire version based on existing International Headache Society diagnostic criteria was administered. Two hundred and seventy‐three children and adolescents (61% females) aged 9–17 years were assessed. One hundred and sixteen (42.5%) subjects were of normal weight, 45 (16.5%) were at risk for overweight (BMI >85th and <95th percentile for age and gender) and 112 (41%) were overweight (BMI ≥95th percentile). The outcome measures were prevalence of headaches, type of headaches, association between headaches and elevated blood pressure in overweight subjects. Results: Headache was reported in 39 (14.3%) subjects, with a similar rate in females (14.5%) and males (14%). Among 39 subjects with headaches, 20 (17.9%) were overweight, 7 (15.6%) were at risk for overweight and 12 (10.3%) were normal‐weight children. Among females, 7.7% of normal‐weight group suffered from headaches, compared with 14.8% of the at risk for overweight group and 20.3% of the overweight group (P for trend 0.04). Among males, the occurrence of headaches was similar in all three weight groups (P = 0.96). The occurrence of headaches increased from 10.6% among children aged 9–11 years to 21.8% in the 15–18 years age group (P < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, a significant independent risk for headaches was present in overweight females (odds ratio (OR) = 3.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28–12.1) and in adolescents aged 15–18 years (OR = 2.62, 95% CI 1.07–6.45). Elevated blood pressure was not independently associated with headaches. Of the 15 children with migraine, 12 were either at risk for overweight or overweight. Discussion: Overweight females had an almost fourfold excess risk of headaches when compared with normal‐weight girls.     

Association between Serum Leptin Levels and 24‐Hour Blood Pressure in Obese Women

Objective: To assess the relationship between serum leptin and 24‐hour blood pressure (BP) in obese women, according to body fat distribution. Research Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional study was carried out in a population of 70 nondiabetic, normotensive, obese women (40 with android and 30 with gynoid type of obesity) and 20 nonobese healthy women as a control group. All subjects underwent 24‐hour ambulatory BP monitoring. Blood samples were collected for serum leptin and plasma insulin measurements. Total cholesterol and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were also measured. Results: Serum leptin levels were significantly higher in obese subjects than in controls, and they were more elevated in android obese women than in gynoid ones. Leptin levels were positively related to body mass index (BMI), insulin, and waist and hip circumferences in the android group. Among gynoid subjects, leptin levels showed positive associations with BMI and insulin. In women with android obesity, strong positive correlations (p < 0.001) were found between leptin levels and 24‐hour systolic BP (SBP), daytime SBP, nighttime SBP, 24‐hour diastolic BP (DBP), and daytime DBP. Multiple regression analyses, including age, insulin and leptin concentrations, BMI, and waist and hip circumferences on 24‐hour and daytime SBP and DBP, showed that only leptin levels contributed to the variability of BP. Conclusions: Our study shows that serum leptin levels are directly related to 24‐hour BP levels in normotensive women with android fat distribution, independently of BMI.     

Adiposity,central body fat distribution and blood pressure among young Bengalee adults of Kolkata,India: sexual dimorphism

A cross-sectional study of 174 men and 153 women of Bengalee ethnicity was undertaken to compare levels of adiposity, central body fat distribution and blood pressure. The mean age of both the sexes were similar (men = 20.1 years; women = 20.0 years). Significantly more women (n = 42, 27.5%) were overweight (body mass index, BMI > or = 25.0 kg/m2) as compared with men (19, 10.9%). Men were significantly taller and heavier. They also had significantly greater mean waist (WC) and mid upper arm (MUAC) circumferences compared with women. On the other hand, women had significantly (p < 0.001) greater mean BMI, biceps (BSF), triceps (TSF) and subscapular (SSF) skinfolds. The mean values of systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean arterial (MAP) blood pressure were significantly greater among men. These significant differences existed even after controlling for BMI. Regression analyses revealed that sex had significant effect on all these variables even after controlling for BMI. Correlation studies showed that WC was found to be much more strongly correlated than BMI with SBP, DBP and MAP, in both sexes. However, when the effect of WC (along with BMI) was also controlled for, there was no significant sex difference in blood pressure.     

A comparison of the immediate effects of resistance, aerobic, and concurrent exercise on postexercise hypotension

A comparison of the immediate effects of resistance, aerobic, and concurrent exercise on postexercise hypotension. The influence of resistance exercise (RE), aerobic exercise (AE), and concurrent exercise (CE) on postexercise hypotension (PEH) is not known. We investigated the immediate blood pressure (BP) lowering effects of exercise after RE, AE, and CE sessions among healthy subjects. Twenty-one men (20.7 ± 0.7 years) performed 4 experimental sessions each in a within-subject design: control (CTL-seated rest for 60 minutes), RE (3 sets at 80% 1RM for 8 exercises, including upper and lower limbs), AE (7-minutes warm-up followed by 50 minutes of cycle ergometer exercise at 65% VO?peak and 3-minute cooldown), and CE (2 sets at 80% 1RM for 6 exercises among those which composed the RE session, plus 20 minutes of cycle ergometer exercise at 65% VO?peak, 7-minute warm-up and 3-minute cooldown, exactly in this order). The total duration of each exercise session was approximately 60 minutes. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were assessed by ambulatory monitoring at rest (20 minutes) and every 10 minutes after the exercise during 120 minutes while in the laboratory. The duration of the decrease in SBP was longer after AE and CE (120 minutes) compared to RE (80 minutes); and for DBP after AE (50 minutes) compared to CE (40 minutes) and RE (20 minutes) (p < 0.05). The magnitude of the decrease in SBP and DBP was similar after all exercise sessions and significantly different from CTL (p < 0.05) (SBP: RE = 4.1 ± 2.0 mm Hg, AE = 6.3 ± 1.3 mm Hg, CE = 5.1 ± 2.2 mm Hg; DBP: RE = 1.8 ± 1.1 mm Hg, AE = 1.8 ± 1.0 mm Hg, CE = 1.6 ± 0.6 mm Hg). It was concluded that exercise sessions combining aerobic and resistance activities are as effective as AE sessions and more effective than RE sessions to promote PEH.     

The relationship of age, body mass index and waist circumference with blood pressure in Bengalee Hindu male jute mill workers of Belur, West Bengal, India

A cross-sectional study of 150 adult Bengalee Hindu male jute mill workers of Belur, a suburb of Kolkata, West Bengal, India, was undertaken to study the relationship of age, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean arterial (MAP) blood pressure. The mean age and the BMI of the subjects were 40.7 years (S.D. = 15.2) and 23.2 kg/m2 (S.D. = 3.2), respectively. The mean SBP, DBP and MAP were 124.7 mmHg (S.D. = 7.8), 81.5 mmHg (S.D. = 5.7) and 95.9 mmHg (S.D. = 6.1), respectively. Age had similar significant (p < 0.001) correlations with BMI and WC. Age and WC were significantly correlated (p < 0.001) with all the three blood pressure variables. In general, the correlations of BMI with SBP (r = 0.24, p < 0.01), DBP (r = 0.15, n.s.) and MAP (r = 0.19, p < 0.05) were weaker. Age controlled multiple regression analyses demonstrated that BMI did not have a significant effect of any blood pressure variable. However, WC had a significant impact (p < 0.0001) on SBP (t = 7.068), DBP (t = 5.190) and MAP (t = 6.387), even after adjusting for the effect of age. Moreover, even after age adjustment, percent variations in SBP (20.7%), DBP (12.5%) and MAP (17.2%) explained by WC were high. This significant impact (p < 0.0001) of WC on SBP (t = 9.426), DBP (t = 8.349) and MAP (t = 9.642) remained even after controlling for the combined effects of age and BMI.     

Blood pressure and waist circumference: an empirical study of the effects of waist circumference on blood pressure among Bengalee male jute mill workers of Belur,West Bengal,India

An investigation of 150 adult Bengalee Hindu male jute mill workers in Belur, a suburb of Kolkata, West Bengal, India, was conducted to study the relationship between central obesity and blood pressure. In accordance with their waist circumference measurement, the subjects were divided into two categories: centrally non-obese (CNO) and centrally obese (CO). The participants were classified as the CO group if they had a WC of 80 cm or more. Results showed that none of the CNO subjects was mild hypertensive (SBP>/=140 mmHg and/or DBP>/=90 mmHg) while 85 of the CO subjects (82.5%) were mild hypertensives, the difference being statistically significant (chi-square=9.33; p<0.0025). Moreover, the data also revealed that the CO subjects had much (p<0.001) greater mean weight, body mass index (BMI), systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean arterial (MAP) blood pressure than the CNO group members. The significant difference in blood pressure was found even after correcting the confounding effects of age and BMI variables. The results of this study showed that, the Bengalee male jute mill workers in the CO group had significantly higher blood pressure irrespective of age and overall adiposity (BMI). Therefore, the presence of central obesity is deemed a risk factor, for hypertension regardless of age and BMI. Thus, a WC cut-off point of 80 cm could be employed for health promotion among Bengalee men so as to prevent and manage hypertension effectively.     

Ethnic Differences in Cardiometabolic Risk Profile at Age 5-6 Years: The ABCD Study

Background

To examine ethnic differences in cardiometabolic risk profile in early age, and explore whether such differences can be explained by differences in body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC).

Method

Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure and (in a subsample) fasting blood were collected during a health check of 2,509 children aged 5–6 years. Four ethnic groups were distinguished: Dutch (n = 2,008; blood n = 1,300), African descent (n = 199; blood n = 105), Turkish (n = 108; blood n = 57) and Moroccan (n = 194; blood n = 94). Ethnic differences in diastolic and systolic blood pressure (DBP/SBP), fasting glucose, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride levels were determined and the explanatory role of BMI and WC was examined with regression analysis.

Results

After adjustment for confounders, African descent children showed higher DBP (β2.22 mmHg; 95%CI:1.09–3.36) and HDL levels (β:0.09 mmol/l; 95%CI:0.03–0.16) compared to Dutch children (reference group). Turkish children showed higher SBP (β:1.89 mmHg; 95%CI:0.25–3.54), DBP (β:2.62 mmHg; 95%CI:1.11–4.13), glucose (β:0.12 mmol/L; 95%CI:0.00–0.25) and triglyceride levels (β:0.13 mmol/L; 95%CI:0.02–0.25). Higher BMI values were found in all non–Dutch groups (differences ranged from 0.53–1.03 kg/m²) and higher WC in Turkish (β:1.68 cm; 95%CI:0.99–2.38) and Moroccan (β:1.65 cm; 95%CI:1.11–2.19) children. BMI and WC partly explained the higher SBP/DBP and triglyceride levels in Turkish children.

Conclusion

Ethnic differences in cardiometabolic profile exist early in life and are partly explained by differences in BMI and WC. African children showed favourable HDL levels and Turkish children the most unfavourable overall profile, whereas their Moroccan peers have less increased cardiometabolic risk in spite of their high BMI and WC.