生长抑素受体2的小鼠时空组织表达谱

生长抑素(somatostatin, SST)作为一种抑制性多肽激素,在多种生物过程中发挥重要的功能。生长抑素受体2 (somatostatin receptor 2, SSTR2)作为生长抑素表达最广泛的受体在多种组织中表达,但其表达的具体细胞类型尚不清楚。本研究在小鼠不同发育阶段的多种组织中鉴定了SSTR2蛋白表达的细胞类型。通过多色免疫荧光在小鼠胚胎期15.5 d、出生后1 d、7 d、15 d、3个月和6个月的脑、骨、肺、肠道、皮肤、胃、脾和肾等组织中检测了Sstr2基因的表达。结果发现Sstr2在不同发育阶段的多种组织的特定细胞类型中表达,包括脑神经元和星形胶质细胞,骨的间充质基质细胞、造血细胞和B细胞,肺的巨噬细胞、Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞和气道纤毛细胞,肠道的上皮细胞和神经元,皮肤的毛囊细胞,胃体的上皮细胞,脾的造血干细胞、造血祖细胞和神经纤维,肾的肾小管上皮细胞等。本研究确定了小鼠多组织不同发育阶段Sstr2表达的细胞类型,为生长抑素与生长抑素受体2的生理功能研究提供了新的线索。     

鳜两种生长抑素受体cDNA全长克隆与组织表达

利用cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术克隆了鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)脑中2种生长抑素受体(somatostatin receptor,SSTR2和SSTR3)cDNA全长序列。结果显示,鳜SSTR2 cDNA全长1 820 bp,含开放阅读框1 146 bp,编码382个氨基酸;SSTR3 cDNA全长1 874 bp,含开放阅读框1 458 bp,编码486个氨基酸。SSTR均由5个结构区域组成:N端、7个转膜区(TMD)、3个细胞外袢(ECLs)、4个细胞内袢(ICLs)和C末端。NJ系统进化树分析显示,鳜SSTR2和SSTR3分别形成相对独立的分支,两者间的氨基酸序列相似度为51.2%,表明它们是由不同基因编码而成。利用实时荧光定量RT-PCR技术检测了鳜SSTR2和SSTR3 mRNA的组织表达特征,它们均在多种组织中广泛表达,SSTR2 mRNA在肝中表达量最高,SSTR3 mRNA在胃中表达量最高。SSTR2、SSTR3表达差异反映它们可能参与不同生理调控作用。     

生长抑素受体在人神经内分泌癌组织中的表达及受体激活对细胞生长的抑制

生长抑素（somatostatin,SST）通过与细胞膜上的G蛋白偶联的生长抑素受体（somatostatin receptors,SSTRs）结合而发挥其抑制细胞增殖的作用,因而生长抑素类似物（somatostatin analogue, SSA）常被用于肿瘤辅助治疗。然而,治疗效果存在相当大的个体差异,推测生长抑素类似物治疗效果不佳,与内源性生长抑素受体表达缺失或者表达量和亚型组合有关。为此,检测各亚型SSTR在几例罕见的神经内分泌肿瘤中的表达,并检测过表达SSTR2和SSTR5以及受体激活对细胞增殖的抑制效果,分析受体激活的可能机制,有助于临床筛选适合SSA肿瘤辅助治疗的病例,预估SSA的治疗效果。免疫组化检测肿瘤组织SSTR1-5的表达。在培养的293T细胞中过表达SSTR2和SSTR5,免疫共沉淀检测受体相互作用,免疫荧光和共聚焦显微镜检测受体细胞内定位。用MTT法检测受体过表达及激活对培养的人肺癌细胞NCI-H460细胞增殖的影响,用流式细胞技术检测细胞周期分布。SSTR1-5在10例神经内分泌肿瘤组织中均有不同程度的表达,表达亚型及表达量与肿瘤类型和年龄无关,SSTR5在所有肿瘤组织中均表达。SSTR2与SSTR5可形成受体相互作用。SSTR2与SSTR5活化后相互作用增加并定位于细胞质。共表达SSTR2和SSTR5显著抑制细胞增殖,并与受体激活剂呈现剂量相关性。SSTR2/SSTR5的共表达及激活显著减少S期的细胞而滞留于G₁期。     

生长抑素受体介导的肿瘤靶向治疗

许多肿瘤,如神经内分泌肿瘤、甲状腺癌、乳腺癌等能高表达生长抑素受体,从而为生长抑素及其类似物的治疗提供了靶点。生长抑素受体介导的肿瘤靶向治疗主要包括放射性核素治疗、放射导向手术治疗、细胞毒素治疗和溶瘤病毒治疗。目前,生长抑素受体介导的放射性核素治疗已应用于神经内分泌肿瘤,尤其在胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤的诊断和治疗中占据重要地位。另外,生长抑素受体介导的放射导向手术治疗、细胞毒素治疗和溶瘤病毒治疗的潜在价值也越来越引起研究者们的重视。本文通过查阅近五年来关于生长抑素受体介导的肿瘤靶向治疗的国内外文献,综述了生长抑素受体介导的肿瘤靶向治疗的最新研究进展。     

生长因子及其受体在淋巴瘤中异常表达的研究进展

生长因子是一类与受体结合后可以促进细胞增殖和调节细胞多项功能的多肽分子。生长因子及其受体信号通路包括Ras/MAPK、PI3K/AKT和STAT等不仅调控正常细胞的生物学行为,对恶性肿瘤细胞增殖、分化、转化和迁移也具有重要意义。研究发现多种生长因子如VEGF、PDGF和IGF及其受体在多种实体肿瘤如肺癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌中发现有异常表达,在淋巴瘤如DLBCL、PTCL、ML和NL中也存在异常的共同表达,提示在淋巴瘤中可能构成生长因子及其受体的自分泌/旁分泌环路。生长因子及其受体的表达对淋巴瘤患者的预后有一定指导意义,临床研究发现表达生长因子或其受体阳性患者比表达阴性患者有较差的临床预后。这可能与生长因子及其受体对淋巴瘤细胞的增殖、转移和耐药调控有关。目前生长因子及其受体已成为潜在的药物靶点,多种生长因子及其受体抑制剂在开发和临床试验中。本文就近年来生长因子及其受体在淋巴瘤中异常表达研究进展作简要综述。     

雌激素受体相关受体亚型在鼻咽癌中的表达及分析

目的:探讨雌激素受体相关受体(estrogen receptor related receptors,ERR)α、β、γ亚型表达与鼻咽癌的关系.方法:随机抽取健康体格合者40人为时照组,鼻咽癌患者40例为试验组,采用RT-PCR方法检测ERRs家族各亚型的mRNA表达,采用Westston Blot印迹方法检测ERR各亚型在鼻咽癌组织中的表达.结果:RT-PCR及Western Blot蛋白印记检测显示ERR-α在对照组低表达、在实验组高表达,两组患者外周血及鼻咽组织中ERR-B表达差异无统计学意义,ERR-γ在对照组高表达、在实验组低表达.结论:ERR-α和ERR-γ在鼻咽癌患者体内表达异常,其可能与鼻咽癌的发生发展相关.     

乳腺癌荷瘤鼠99mTc-DOTANOC显像与生长抑素受体表达水平的相关性研究

目的:探讨乳腺癌荷瘤鼠模型中肿瘤组织中的生长押素受体(SSTR)的表达水平与99mTc-DOTANOC显像的相关性研究.方法:配体交换法标记99mTc-DOTANOC,通过尾静脉注射乳腺癌荷瘤鼠模型,行99mTc-DOTANOC显像,勾画ROI计算肿瘤与对侧正常组织(T/NT)的放射性比值并测定肿瘤及主要脏器单位组织的放射性摄取百分值(%ID/g),采用逆转录聚合酶反应(RT-PCR)检测肿瘤组织中各SSTR亚型mRNA的表达水平,对SSTR亚型表达水平与T/NT放射性摄取比值进行相关性研究.结果:99mTc-DOTANOC乳腺癌荷瘤鼠模型显像示肿瘤部位有较高的放射性浓聚,与对侧正常组织T/NT比值较高,4h达到2.41±0.21;99mTc-DOTANOC荷瘤鼠体内生物分布示药物在肿瘤部位有较高的摄取;RT-PCR示乳腺癌组织中有着丰富的SSTR表达,SSTR3和SSTR2亚型表达水平较高,两者mRNA的表达水平与荷瘤鼠显像T/NT比值呈正相关(两者分别r=0.94,r=81,P<0.05).结论:乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-435 高表达SSTR2和SSTR3,其中SSTR3和SSTR2 mRNA表达水平与肿瘤组织对99mTc-DOTANOC的摄取呈正相关.第三代生长抑素类似物99mTc-DOTANOC受体显像对乳腺癌有较好的影像诊断价值.     

猕猴发育过程中肠肝组织生长抑素及其受体表达演变规律

探讨在猕猴发育过程中生长抑素(somatostatin,SST)及其受体在肠肝组织的演变规律。通过手术途径获得胚胎6月、新生2 d、新生45 d和成年猕猴的回肠、肝脏、门静脉和外周血等标本。应用放射免疫分析法测定各标本中的SST含量; 通过免疫组化方法观察SST在肠、肝组织内的分布;利用原位杂交检测SST受体2(somatostatin receptor 2,SSTR2)的表达。结果显示:(1)胚胎6月的猕猴,小肠内SST含量为(27．3±16．6)ng／mg蛋白;黏膜隐窝处SST呈弱阳性染色,肌层 SST染色阴性。在发育过程中,小肠内SST含量逐渐增加,成年期时达最高水平(120．1±35．3)ng／mg蛋白,较胚胎6月显著增加(P<0．01)。(2)成年小肠黏膜隐窝处及肌间神经丛SST呈强阳性染色。(3)胚胎6月,小肠粘膜上皮可见大量SSTR2 表达,成年时SSTR2表达下调,且主要定位于腺上皮隐窝处;胚胎及新生期肌层SSTR2染色阴性,成年时小肠肌间神经丛则可见阳性SSTR2染色。(4)肝脏在发育过程中SST及SSTR2含量逐渐降低;发育的各个时期,小肠组织的SST含量均明显高于肝脏组织含量,门静脉SST水平也始终高于外周血。总之,位于小肠黏膜隐窝处的SST和SSTR2随着发育逐渐增加,来自肠道的SST进入门静脉后迅速被降解。SST阳性的肠肌间神经丛仅在发育成熟后才出现。     

生长抑素受体的生理功能及动力学特征

生长抑素受体家族(somatostatin receptors,SSTRs)是一类介导生长抑素及其类似物,具有多种生物学效应的G蛋白偶联受体家族,其生理功能和作用机制长期以来倍受关注.研究表明,这些细胞膜上存在的特定膜受体包括SSTR1、SSTR2、SSTR3、SSTR4以及SSTR5,可以通过cAMP、PTP和MAPK信号通路,在调控GH分泌、诱导细胞凋亡、抑制肿瘤细胞增生、抑制胰岛素作用和抑制细胞生长等生物学过程发挥重要的作用,同时表现出与其它G蛋白偶联受体性质相似的动力学特征.本文将SSTRs的结构、分布和生理功能、配体选择性、下游信号通路,以及该受体家族的动力学特征最新研究进展作一综述.     

趋化因子受体CCR3在上皮性卵巢癌中的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨趋化因子受体CCR3在上皮性卵巢癌组织中的表达情况,以及其与卵巢癌临床病理特征的关系。方法:收集上皮性卵巢癌组织、良性上皮性卵巢肿瘤组织以及正常卵巢组织标本各30例,采用多聚腺苷酸加尾实时荧光定量反转录聚合酶链反应[poly(A)-RT-qPCR]检测其CCR3的表达,并分析上皮性卵巢癌组织中CCR3的表达与患者临床病理特征之间的关系。结果:上皮性卵巢癌组织中CCR3的表达显著高于良性卵巢肿瘤组和正常卵巢组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);且上皮性卵巢癌组织中CCR3的表达与患者的分期、组织分级及淋巴结转移均显著相关(P0.05)。结论:CCR3在上皮性卵巢癌组织中呈高表达,且在上皮性卵巢癌的发生和发展过程中均起着十分重要的作用。     

Immunological Detection of Isoforms of the Somatostatin Receptor Subtype, SSTR2

Abstract: Somatostatin (SRIF) induces its diverse physiological actions through interactions with different receptor subtypes. Multiple SRIF receptor subtypes have recently been cloned. To analyze the physical properties of receptor subtype SSTR2, two different peptide-directed antibodies were generated against SSTR2. Antibody “2e3,” directed against the peptide SSCTINWPGESGAWYT (residues 191–206), corresponding to a region in the predicted third extracellular domain of mouse SSTR2, and antibody “2i4,” directed against the peptide SGTEDGERSDS (residues 333–343) from the predicted cytoplasmic tail of mouse SSTR2, were developed. In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing the mouse SSTR2 gene (CHOB), the antibody 2e3 recognized specifically a protein of 93-kDa protein by immunoblotting. No specific immunoreactivity was detected by 2e3 in nontransfected CHO cells or CHO cells stably expressing vector alone or human SSTR1 or mouse SSTR3 genes. The antibody 2i4 specifically immunoprecipitated SSTR2 solubilized from CHOB cells that could be labeled with the SSTR2-specific ligand ¹²⁵I-MK-678. Furthermore, both 2e3 and 2i4 specifically immunoprecipitated 93-kDa [³⁵S]methionine-labeled proteins from CHOB cells, indicating that they recognize the same proteins. In contrast to studies in CHOB cells, immunoblotting studies showed that 2e3 detected specifically a single 148-kDa protein from different regions of the rat brain that have previously been shown to express high levels of SSTR2 mRNA and SRIF receptors with high affinity for ¹²⁵I-MK-678. In contrast, no immunoreactivity was detected in rat kidney, liver, or lung, which do not express SSTR2. No 93-kDa protein was detected specifically in the rat brain. The 148-kDa protein detected by 2e3 is an SRIF receptor because 2e3 and 2i4 specifically immunoprecipitated solubilized rat brain SRIF receptors that could be reversibly labeled with ¹²⁵I-MK-678. As in rat brain, 2e3 interacted specifically with a single 148-kDa protein in rat pituitary, in the rat pancreatic cell line AR42J, and in the HEK 293 cell line derived from human kidney, all of which express SSTR2 mRNA and SRIF receptors with high affinity for ¹²⁵I-MK-678. These findings indicate that rat brain and pituitary, as well as a pancreatic and a kidney cell line, express primarily a form of SSTR2 different from CHOB cells. The multiple forms of SSTR2 may result from differential post-translational processing of SSTR2 because 2e3 immunoprecipitated 41-kDa in vitro translation products generated from mRNA extracted from CHOB and AR42J cells. This 41-kDa protein has the predicted size of unprocessed SSTR2. These results demonstrate that 2e3 and 2i4 antibodies interact specifically with SSTR2. Detection of two different size proteins by the SSTR2 peptide-directed antibodies suggests the existence of multiple forms of SSTR2.     

Agonist-biased Trafficking of Somatostatin Receptor 2A in Enteric Neurons

Somatostatin (SST) 14 and SST 28 activate somatostatin 2A receptors (SSTR2A) on enteric neurons to control gut functions. SST analogs are treatments of neuroendocrine and bleeding disorders, cancer, and diarrhea, with gastrointestinal side effects of constipation, abdominal pain, and nausea. How endogenous agonists and drugs differentially regulate neuronal SSTR2A is unexplored. We evaluated SSTR2A trafficking in murine myenteric neurons and neuroendocrine AtT-20 cells by microscopy and determined whether agonist degradation by endosomal endothelin-converting enzyme 1 (ECE-1) controls SSTR2A trafficking and association with β-arrestins, key regulators of receptors. SST-14, SST-28, and peptide analogs (octreotide, lanreotide, and vapreotide) stimulated clathrin- and dynamin-mediated internalization of SSTR2A, which colocalized with ECE-1 in endosomes and the Golgi. After incubation with SST-14, SSTR2A recycled to the plasma membrane, which required active ECE-1 and an intact Golgi. SSTR2A activated by SST-28, octreotide, lanreotide, or vapreotide was retained within the Golgi and did not recycle. Although ECE-1 rapidly degraded SST-14, SST-28 was resistant to degradation, and ECE-1 did not degrade SST analogs. SST-14 and SST-28 induced transient interactions between SSTR2A and β-arrestins that were stabilized by an ECE-1 inhibitor. Octreotide induced sustained SSTR2A/β-arrestin interactions that were not regulated by ECE-1. Thus, when activated by SST-14, SSTR2A internalizes and recycles via the Golgi, which requires ECE-1 degradation of SST-14 and receptor dissociation from β-arrestins. After activation by ECE-1-resistant SST-28 and analogs, SSTR2A remains in endosomes because of sustained β-arrestin interactions. Therapeutic SST analogs are ECE-1-resistant and retain SSTR2A in endosomes, which may explain their long-lasting actions.     

Expression of the Somatostatin Receptor Subtype 4 in Intact and Inflamed Pulmonary Tissues

Somatostatin released from capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves of the lung during endotoxin-induced murine pneumonitis inhibits inflammation and hyperresponsiveness, presumably via somatostatin receptor subtype 4 (sst₄). The goal of the present study was to identify sst₄ receptors in mouse and human lungs and to reveal its inflammation-induced alterations with real-time quantitative PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. In non-inflamed mouse and human lungs, mRNA expression and immunolocalization of sst₄ are very similar. They are present on bronchial epithelial, vascular endothelial, and smooth-muscle cells. The sst₄ receptor protein in the mouse lung significantly increases 24 hr after intranasal endotoxin administration as well as in response to 3 months of whole-body cigarette smoke exposure, owing to the infiltrating sst₄-positivite mononuclear cells and neutrophils. In the chronically inflamed human lung, the large number of activated macrophages markedly elevate sst₄ mRNA levels, although there is no change in acute purulent pneumonia, in which granulocytes accumulate. Despite mouse granulocytes, human neutrophils do not show sst₄ immunopositivity. We provide the first evidence for the expression, localization, and inflammation-induced alterations of sst₄ receptors in murine and human lungs. Inasmuch as tissue distribution of this receptor is highly similar, extrapolation of murine experimental results to human conditions might be possible. (J Histochem Cytochem 57:1127–1137, 2009)     

凋亡抑制蛋白XIAP 在急性髓系白血病和淋巴瘤骨髓组织中 的表达及意义

目的:研究凋亡抑制蛋白(XIAP)在白血病及淋巴瘤骨髓活检组织中的表达及意义。方法:采用免疫组织化学法检测10例急性髓系白血病,13例淋巴瘤,9例非恶性血液病患者骨髓活检组织中XIAP的表达水平。结果:XIAP蛋白在急性髓系白血病、淋巴瘤骨髓活检组织中的阳性表达积分均高于非恶性血液病,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:XIAP的表达水平与白血病及淋巴瘤的发生发展有一定关联,可能与其抑制肿瘤细胞的凋亡有关。     

组胺H4受体在胃腺癌组织中的表达及临床意义

目的：研究胃癌腺癌（gastric adenocarcinoma,GAC）中组胺H4受体的表达水平及其临床意义。方法：60例GAC组织（病例组）与配对癌旁组织（adjacent normal tissue,ANT）中应用免疫组织化学技术检测组胺H4受体的表达,应用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测组胺H4受体mRNA的表达,统计分析组胺H4受体表达与临床病理特征之间的关系。结果：①胃腺癌组织中组胺H4受体蛋白的阳性表达率（11.7%）显著低于癌旁正常组织（96.7%）。②胃腺癌组织中组胺H4受体mRNA水平较癌旁组织明显降低（p〈0.001）。③组胺H4受体蛋白和mRNA表达异常和肿瘤的病理分级有相关性（p=0.0027和p=0.0011）,也与有无胃周淋巴结转移有关（p〈0.001和p=0.0049）。结论：组胺H4受体在胃腺癌组织有表达异常,表达量与病理分期相关。组胺H4受体表达异常和组胺水平紊乱可能在胃癌发生发展过程中有重要作用。     

组胺H4 受体在胃腺癌组织中的表达及临床意义

目的:研究胃癌腺癌(gastric adenocarcinoma,GAC)中组胺H4受体的表达水平及其临床意义。方法:60例GAC组织(病例组)与配对癌旁组织(adjacent normal tissue,ANT)中应用免疫组织化学技术检测组胺H4受体的表达,应用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测组胺H4受体mRNA的表达,统计分析组胺H4受体表达与临床病理特征之间的关系。结果:①胃腺癌组织中组胺H4受体蛋白的阳性表达率(11.7%)显著低于癌旁正常组织(96.7%)。②胃腺癌组织中组胺H4受体mRNA水平较癌旁组织明显降低(p<0.001)。③组胺H4受体蛋白和mRNA表达异常和肿瘤的病理分级有相关性(p=0.0027和p=0.0011),也与有无胃周淋巴结转移有关(p<0.001和p=0.0049)。结论:组胺H4受体在胃腺癌组织有表达异常,表达量与病理分期相关。组胺H4受体表达异常和组胺水平紊乱可能在胃癌发生发展过程中有重要作用。     

RIP3在淋巴瘤患者病理组织中的表达

目的：探讨RIP3（受体相互作用蛋白-3）在淋巴瘤患者病理组织中是否表达及其亚细胞定位,并初步观察RIP3的表达是否与淋巴瘤病理恶性度相关。方法：（1）利用免疫组化技术检测48例淋巴瘤和非肿瘤侵润淋巴结病理组织中RIP3表达,并观察RIP3亚细胞定位。结果：（1）RIP3在淋巴瘤患者病理组织中均有表达,其亚细胞定位主要在细胞核,在细胞质中相对弱表达。（2）RIP3表达与淋巴瘤病理恶性度可能存在相关性。结论：RIP3在淋巴瘤患者病理组织中存在阳性表达,为研究RIP3是否与淋巴瘤的发病、临床表现和预后相关,提供了新的探索途径：     

Immunohistochemical Distribution and Subcellular Localization of the Somatostatin Receptor Subtype 1 (sst1) in the Rat Hypothalamus

The aim of the present study was to examine the cellular and sub-cellular distribution of the somatostatin (SRIF) receptor subtype sst1 in the rat hypothalamus. Receptors were immunolabeled using an antibody directed against an antigenic sequence in the N-terminus of the receptor. Immunopositive neuronal cell bodies and dendrites were observed throughout the mediobasal hypothalamus, including the medial preoptic area, paraventricular, periventricular, and arcuate nuclei. Immunoreactive axons and axon terminals were also observed in the median eminence, suggesting that sst1 is also located pre-synaptically. Electron microscopic examination of the arcuate nucleus revealed a predominant association of immunoreactive sst1 with perikarya and dendrites. Most immunoreactive receptors were intracellular and localized to tubulovesicular compartments and organelles such as the Golgi apparatus, but 14% were associated with the plasma membrane. Of the latter, 47% were apposed to abbuting afferent axon terminals and 20% localized immediately adjacent to an active synaptic zone. These results demonstrate a widespread distribution of sst1 receptors in rat hypothalamus. They also show that somatodendritic sst1 receptors in the arcuate nucleus are ideally poised to mediate SRIF’s modulation of afferent synaptic inputs, including central SRIF effects on growth hormone-releasing hormone neurons documented in this area.Special Issue Dedicated to Miklós Palkovits.