大鼠血小板中的神经肽Y及其对血管收缩的影响

特异性放射免疫分析显示大鼠血小板与富血小板血浆(PRP)分别含NPY免疫活性物质90±16ng/10~7血小板与93±19ng/ml,大大高于普通血浆(1.2±0.1ng/ml)与贫血小板血浆(PPP)(1.7±0.3 ng/ml)中的含量(P<0.001)。血小板样品HPLC各馏分的NPY放免活性峰位与标准NPY的峰位相符。PRP经胶原最大程度聚集后,血小板内的NPY浓度降为34±5 ng/10~7血小板,而PPP中的NPY浓度则升高到26±4 ng/ml。1.6 ml PRP经胶原作用产生最大程度聚集,由此分离所得的PPP引起离体灌流大鼠尾动脉收缩,张力上升380±80 mg;上述PPP经NPY抗血清处理后引起尾动脉收缩的幅度显著减小(190±40 mg,P<0.001)。而1 nmol/L人工合成NPY并不引起血管收缩。结果表明大鼠血小板中含有大量NPY,在不可逆聚集时可以释放,释放的NPY可能参与血小板聚集时释放物质的缩血管效应。     

神经肽Y(NPY)的生理功能研究进展

神经肽Y(NPY)是机体内的一种重要且保守的神经递质,一般以前体形式存在,释放的有活性的NPY主要通过与其受体结合发挥作用。NPY受体包含了亚型Y1、Y2、Y3、Y4、Y5、Y6、Y7、Y8。Y1和Y2是NPY发挥收缩血管作用的关键受体;Y1、Y2和Y5是NPY调节动物摄食行为的关键受体;Y1、Y2和Y4是NPY调控动物焦虑、沮丧行为的必要受体。着重对NPY与其各种受体结合后如何行使动物的相关生理功能的情况进行了阐述。     

神经肽Y对心室肌细胞离子通道的影响

采用全细胞膜片钳技术观察神经肽Y(neuropeptide Y,NPY)对心室肌细胞离子通道的影响。结果如下：(1)NPY浓度在1．0～100nmol/L范围内剂量依赖性抑制大鼠心室肌细胞I_(Ca-L),IC_(50)值为1．86nmol/L。NPY对I_(Ca-L)的I-V曲线的最大峰值电位、激活和失活电位均无显著影响。NPY对去甲肾上腺素(norepinephrine,NE)增加的I_(Ca-L)有显著抑制作用。(2)NPY对人鼠心室肌细胞I_(Na/Ca)有显著抑制作用。10nmol/L NPY使前向I__(Na/Ca)由(0．27±0．11)pA/pF减小为(0．06±0．01)pA/pF;反向I__(Na/Ca)由(0．45±0．12)pA/pF降为(0．27±0．09)pA/pF(P＜0．05,n=4)。(3)NPY对大鼠心室肌细胞I_(to)有显著增强作用。10 nmol/L NPY使I_(to)由(12．5±0．70)pA/pF增加至(14．7±0．59)pA/pF(P＜0．05,n=4)。(4)10nmol/L NPY对大鼠心室肌细胞I_(Na)没有显著影响。(5)10nmol/L NPY对豚鼠心室肌细胞I_K无明显影响。研究结果证实,NPY抑制大鼠心室肌细胞I_(Ca-L)和I_(Na/Ca),增强I_(to)对I_Na和豚鼠心审肌细胞I_K没有显著作用,表明NPY对上述主要离子通道的效应与NE的效应相拮抗。     

神经肽Y参与痛觉调制的研究进展

神经肽Y（NPY）是中枢神经系统内含量最多的神经肽之一,它参与机体多种生理活动。近年来,对不同痛模型中NPY作用的研究表明,NPY可能通过激活脊髓和脊髓上水平的Y1受体或拮抗背根节的Y2受体发挥镇痛作用,此类研究将为NPY及其受体激动剂在镇痛中的应用提供重要的理论基础。本文就NPY及其Y1、Y2受体在痛觉调制中的作用作一简要综述。     

神经肽Y对心脏的作用

神经肽Y（NPY）广泛分布于心脏各个部位,主要与去甲肾上腺素共存于交感神经。当交感神经兴奋时,由末梢释放。NPY对心脏具有直接的变力、变时和电生理作用,可影响细胞的信号转导,调制心脏自主神经递质的释放,并参与心脏的自主神经调节。NPY在心脏的生理学和病理生理学上具有重要意义。     

神经肽的免疫调节作用

机体自我免疫耐受的降低或者破坏会导致免疫系统的失衡,并加重炎症反应过程,从而引发多种自身免疫性疾病.所以诱导免疫耐受并终止炎症反应对恢复机体健康具有十分重要的意义.最近研究发现机体在炎症反应过程中会释放一类神经肽,如VIP,urocortin,ghrelin等.这些神经肽可下调固有免疫应答,抑制抗原特异性Th1细胞分化,诱导调节性T细胞的产生,维持免疫耐受,并终止炎症反应.神经肽的这种抑炎作用主要是通过激活cAMP-PKA通路以及调节与免疫炎症因子表达相关的信号通路来实现的.神经肽有可能成为治疗炎症性疾病的一类新药物.     

电剌激及心肌缺血所致豚鼠心脏神经肽Y释放变化的研究

电剌激豚鼠心脏左星状交感神经节,可引起钙依赖性的神经肽Ｙ（ＮＰＹ）胞外释放,缺血１０ｍｉｎ后行电刺激（Ｓ２）,与对照期（Ｓ１）比较,ＮＰＹ释放无明显变化,缺血２０ｍｉｎ后行电剌激,ＮＰＹ释放受到一定程度的抑制,（Ｓ２／Ｓ１：０．７２,Ｐ＜０．０５）,而再灌注５ｍｉｎ后行电剌激ＮＰＹ释放抑制作用逐步消失,与Ｓ１比较,已无明显减少（Ｓ２／Ｓ１;１．０１,Ｐ＞０．０５）。仅缺血无电剌激几乎不引起ＮＰＹ释放。这些结果提示,电剌激交感神经节可致ＮＰＹ呈现一种钙依赖性出胞释放,缺血早期ＮＰＹ释放受到某些代谢产物抑制,恢复再灌注后,代谢产物逐步冲洗出,抑制作用也随之消失。     

石菖蒲不同部位对戊四唑点燃大鼠神经肽Y含量的影响

目的:研究石菖蒲不同部位对戊四唑点燃癫痫模型大鼠神经肽Y含量的影响.方法:SD大鼠80只,腹腔注射戊四唑(PTZ)溶液35mg·kg1体重,隔天1次,共14次.点燃成功的大鼠,分8组,每天灌胃1次,分别给予石菖蒲挥发油50mg·kg-1体重、石菖蒲去油水提液高剂量28g·kg-1体重、中剂量14·kg-1体重、低剂量7g·kg-1体重、β-细辛醚100mg·kg-1体重、α-细辛醚70mg·kg-1体重,阳性对照组给予丙戊酸钠(VPA)126mg·kg-1体重治疗,模型组给予同量生理盐水.另设正常组5只,正常喂养,不作任何处理.治疗36天后注射同剂量戊四唑点燃测试药效,断头取脑,分取海马用放免法测定神经肤Y(NPY)含量.结果:与正常组比较,治疗后造模的各组大鼠海马神经肽Y含量升高,石菖蒲去油水提液低剂量组、阳性组有统计学意义(P<0.01),模型组与正常组比较有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:治疗后造模各组大鼠海马神经肤Y含量升高,起抗癫痫作用.     

小檗碱对甲亢性腹泻大鼠结肠及血浆中神经肽Y 含量的影响

目的:探讨小檗碱对甲状腺功能亢进(甲亢)性腹泻大鼠结肠及血浆中神经肽Y的影响,进而研究小檗碱治疗甲亢性腹泻的机制.方法:制备甲亢性腹泻大鼠模型.应用小檗碱对其干预,采用免疫组化方法测定甲亢性腹泻组、小檗碱治疗剂量组、健康组大鼠结肠神经肽Y的定位,采用酶联免疫方法检测各组大鼠血浆中神经肽Y含量的变化.结果:在结肠组织中,甲亢性腹泻组与健康对照组比较NPY表达明显增多,经小檗碱治疗后NPY表达较甲亢性腹泻组表达减少,接近健康对照组的表达.在血浆中,NPY的表达在甲亢性腹泻组与健康对照组中增多,经小檗碱治疗后NPY表达较甲亢性腹泻组表达减少,接近健康对照组的表达.结论:甲亢性腹泻大鼠结肠及血浆中NPY的表达明显增多,小檗碱治疗后NPY的表达又减少,接近健康对照组.NPY可能参与甲亢性腹泻的发生机制.     

不同类型神经细胞对低氧的敏感性研究*

Objective: In order to illustrate the hypoxia-induced changes of neural cells in inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism process and to compare the sensitivity of neural cells’ responses to hypoxia. Methods: Different types of neural cells (BV2, N9, Gl261, HT22) were treated with hypoxia (0.1% O₂, 5% CO₂) for 0-24 hours. Cell proliferation was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 method and cell viability was assayed by CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay. Total RNA was extracted by Trizol reagent, and the inflammation, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism-related genes expression were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot. The ROS production was detected by flow cytometer with fluorescence probe. Results: Hypoxia stimulation decreased cell proliferation and cell viability. The hypoxia-induced changes of microglial cells (BV2 and N9) were mainly involved in inflammatory response and glucose metabolism process. The changes of astrocytes Gl261 and neural cell HT22 were mainly involved in glucose metabolism process. Hypoxia stimulation significantly increased oxidative stress in microglia and astrocytes. Conclusion: Different types of neural cells have different degrees of sensitivity in response to hypoxic stimulation. In terms of energy metabolism and inflammatory response, microglia are more sensitive to hypoxia treatment, which is manifested as a significant up-regulation of glycolytic enzymes and inflammation genes, whereas microglia and astrocytes are more sensitive to hypoxia treatment in terms of oxidative stress, which is indicated by their quick response and significant increase of ROS production.     

Neuropeptide Y modulation of interleukin-1{beta} (IL-1{beta})-induced nitric oxide production in microglia

Given the modulatory role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the immune system, we investigated the effect of NPY on the production of NO and IL-1β in microglia. Upon LPS stimulation, NPY treatment inhibited NO production as well as the expression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS). Pharmacological studies with a selective Y(1) receptor agonist and selective antagonists for Y(1), Y(2), and Y(5) receptors demonstrated that inhibition of NO production and iNOS expression was mediated exclusively through Y(1) receptor activation. Microglial cells stimulated with LPS and ATP responded with a massive release of IL-1β, as measured by ELISA. NPY inhibited this effect, suggesting that it can strongly impair the release of IL-1β. Furthermore, we observed that IL-1β stimulation induced NO production and that the use of a selective IL-1 receptor antagonist prevented NO production upon LPS stimulation. Moreover, NPY acting through Y(1) receptor inhibited LPS-stimulated release of IL-1β, inhibiting NO synthesis. IL-1β activation of NF-κB was inhibited by NPY treatment, as observed by confocal microscopy and Western blotting analysis of nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit, leading to the decrease of NO synthesis. Our results showed that upon LPS challenge, microglial cells release IL-1β, promoting the production of NO through a NF-κB-dependent pathway. Also, NPY was able to strongly inhibit NO synthesis through Y(1) receptor activation, which prevents IL-1β release and thus inhibits nuclear translocation of NF-κB. The role of NPY in key inflammatory events may contribute to unravel novel gateways to modulate inflammation associated with brain pathology.     

缺氧对食管癌细胞增殖及凋亡的影响

目的:探讨缺氧对人食管癌细胞Eca109增殖及凋亡的影响及其作用机制,为食管癌的诊断和治疗提供新的思路和路径。方法:以终浓度为250μmol/L氯化钴模拟缺氧环境,将人食管癌细胞Eca109于常氧及缺氧条件下分别培养12 h、24 h、36 h、48 h,采用倒置相差显微镜观察细胞生长情况,MTT法检测细胞增殖情况,利用细胞活力分析仪NC-3000检测各组细胞凋亡情况。结果:相对于常氧对照组而言,缺氧后各组Eca109细胞增殖减弱,凋亡细胞比率明显升高,其中以缺氧24 h的凋亡细胞比率最高,缺氧36 h的凋亡细胞比率较缺氧24 h时有所回落。结论:缺氧可以抑制人食管癌细胞Eca109的增殖并诱导其凋亡。     

Neuropeptide FF activates ERK and NF kappa B signal pathways in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells

Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) has been reported to play important roles in regulating diverse biological processes. However, little attention has been focused on the downstream signal transduction pathway of NPFF. Here, we used the differentiated neuroblastoma cell line, dSH-SY5Y, which endogenously expresses hNPFF2 receptor, to investigate the signal transduction downstream of NPFF. In particular we investigated the regulation of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways by NPFF in these cells. NPFF rapidly and transiently stimulated ERK. H89, a selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), inhibited the NPFF-activated ERK pathway, indicating the involvement of PKA in the NPFF-induced ERK activation. Down-regulation of nitric oxide synthases also attenuated NPFF-induced ERK activation, suggesting that a nitric oxide synthase-dependent pathway is involved. Moreover, the core upstream components of the NF-κB pathway were also significantly activated in response to NPFF, suggesting that the NF-κB pathway is involved in the signal transduction pathway of NPFF. Collectively, these data demonstrate that nitric oxide synthases are involved in the signal transduction pathway of NPFF, and provide the first evidence for the interaction between NPFF and the NF-κB pathway. These advances in our interpretation of the NPFF pathway mechanism will aid the comprehensive understanding of its function and provide novel molecular insight for further study of the NPFF system.     

The Role of Hypoxia in the Differentiation of P19 Embryonal Carcinoma Cells into Dopaminergic Neurons

Nervous system development at early stage is in hypoxic environment. Very little is known about the role of hypoxia in neuronal development. P19 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells are a widely used model for studying early neuronal development. In this study we investigated the roles of hypoxia in differentiation of dopaminergic neurons derived from P19 EC cells. Results demonstrate that hypoxia increases the percentage of differentiated neurons, especially neurons of dopaminergic phenotype. To investigate the potential mechanism involved in hypoxia promoted differentiation of dopaminergic neurons, we measured the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), based on its characteristic response to hypoxia. The result shows that HIF-1α mRNA level in P19 EC cells increases after hypoxia treatment. It is known that HIF-1α regulates the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene through binding to its promoter. Therefore, we propose that the underlying mechanism for hypoxia promoted differentiation of dopaminergic neurons was mediated by HIF-1α up-regulation under hypoxia. Yue Wang—Co-first author. Special Issue in honor of Dr. Ji-Sheng Han.     

The anti-inflammatory potential of neuropeptide FF in vitro and in vivo

Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) has many functions in regulating various biological processes. However, little attention has been focused on the anti-inflammatory effect of this peptide. In the present study, the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of NPFF in both primary peritoneal macrophages and RAW 264.7 macrophages was investigated. Our data showed that NPFF suppressed the nitric oxide (NO) production of macrophages in the inflammation process. RF9, a reported antagonist of NPFF receptors, completely blocked the NPFF-induced NO suppression, suggesting a NPFF receptors-mediated pathway is mainly involved. Down-regulation of the nitric oxide synthases significantly inhibited the NPFF-induced NO reduction, indicating the involvement of nitric oxide synthases. However, the nitric oxide synthases were not the only route by which NPFF modulated the NO levels of macrophages. Pharmacological antagonists of the NF-κB signal pathway also completely suppressed the NPFF-induced NO decline. Moreover, we also observed that NPFF is capable of blocking the LPS-induced nuclear translocation of p65 in macrophages, implying the involvement of the NF-κB signal pathway. Finally, we observed that NPFF markedly attenuated the carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema, indicating that NPFF is capable of exerting anti-inflammatory potency in vivo. Collectively, our findings reveal the potential role of NPFF in the anti-inflammatory field both in vitro and in vivo, which will be helpful for the further exploitation of NPFF utility therapeutically.     

{Different Signalling Pathways Mediate the Opposite Effects of Endogenous Versus Exogenous Nitric Oxide on Hydroperoxide Toxicity in CHP100 neuroblastoma Cells

The results presented in this study indicate that the toxic response brought about by increasing concentrations of tert-butylhydroperoxide in CHP100 cells was mitigated significantly by exogenously added nitric oxide donors via a cyclic GMP-independent mechanism. In contrast with these results, endogenous nitric oxide generated by the Ca2+-mobilizing agent caffeine was found to increase hydroperoxide toxicity. Under these conditions, nitric oxide was not directly toxic to the cells. Rather, nitric oxide was found to promote the caffeine-mediated release of Ca2+ from ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ stores via a cyclic GMP-independent mechanism. Release of the cation from ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ stores was causally linked with the caffeine/nitric oxide-mediated enhancement of tert-butylhydroperoxide toxicity. It is concluded that endogenous and exogenous nitric oxide activate diverging signalling pathways independent of cyclic GMP formation and causing opposite effects on the toxic response evoked by tert-butylhydroperoxide in CHP100 cells.     

The anti-inflammatory effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in rats is dependent on dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DP4) activity and age

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-induced modulation of the immune and inflammatory responses is regulated by tissue-specific expression of different receptor subtypes (Y1–Y6) and the activity of the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DP4, CD26) which terminates the action of NPY on Y1 receptor subtype. The present study investigated the age-dependent effect of NPY on inflammatory paw edema and macrophage nitric oxide production in Dark Agouti rats exhibiting a high-plasma DP4 activity, as acknowledged earlier. The results showed that NPY suppressed paw edema in adult and aged, but not in young rats. Furthermore, plasma DP4 activity decreased, while macrophage DP4 activity, as well as macrophage CD26 expression increased with aging. The use of NPY-related peptides and Y receptor-specific antagonists revealed that anti-inflammatory effect of NPY is mediated via Y1 and Y5 receptors. NPY-induced suppression of paw edema in young rats following inhibition of DP4 additionally emphasized the role for Y1 receptor in the anti-inflammatory action of NPY. In contrast to the in vivo situation, NPY stimulated macrophage nitric oxide production in vitro only in young rats, and this effect was mediated via Y1 and Y2 receptors. It can be concluded that age-dependant modulation of inflammatory reactions by NPY is determined by plasma, but not macrophage DP4 activity at different ages.