术前心理行为干预对全麻患者苏醒期气管插管拔管时合作程度的影响

目的:探讨术前心理干预对全麻患者苏醒期气管导管拔管时合作程度的影响.方法:将160例气管内插管全麻下择期进行胆囊切除手术的成年患者随机分为观察组(心理指导组)80例,对照组(常规组)80例.对照组按常规进行麻醉前访视.观察组术前一天由麻醉医师和麻醉护士或手术室护士进行术前访视及心理指导,系统讲解麻醉的相关知识,重点解释气管内插管全身麻醉前后可能存在的咽喉部异物感或轻度疼痛、吞咽不适感等感觉,以及如何配合拔除气管插管;在手术当日麻醉前30分钟再次对观察组患者进行麻醉苏醒期相关知识宣教.重点观察患者在麻醉苏醒期及气管导管拔出前后是否合作及合作程度,手术后24小时随访.结果:两组患者一般情况、手术时间及麻醉时间差异无显著性(P>0.05).观察组中评分为1和2的百分比分别为20%与70%,对照组中评分为1和2的百分比分别为40%与20%.两组中评分为1和2的病例明显不同(P<0.05),说明观察组的心理指导与干预是有效的.患者对麻醉过程满意度,观察组为95%,明显高于对照组45%.结论:术前心理行为干预可明显减少气管内插管全麻患者苏醒期气管导管拔除时出现躁动或不合作的情况,提高其合作程度.     

ICU患者非计划性拔管危险因素及防范措施研究进展

正非计划性拔管(unplanned endotracheal extubation,UEX)临床上又称之为意外拔管,主要表现为患者未经医护人员同意而出现的导管拔出或导管意外脱出。非计划性拔管是考核ICU气管插管患者护理质量的一个相对重要的指标[1]。早在1998年,相关学者将UEX定义为[2,3]:患者自行拔出气管插管,并且在对患者实施护理和相关操作时的意外拔管。非计划性拔管发生后容易导致患者气道黏膜受到损     

可视气管导管在全麻手术患者气道插管中的应用及安全性评价

目的:探讨可视气管导管在全麻手术患者气道插管中的应用及安全性。方法:选取2014年10月-2016年12月在广东省第二人民医院麻醉科行全麻手术的患者220例,其中使用可视气管导管进行插管的110例记为观察组,使用普通气管导管进行插管的110例记为对照组。对比两组患者的插管次数、插管时间和并发症发生率,对比两组患者麻醉诱导前(T_0)、麻醉诱导后(T_1)、气道插管后(T_2)、气道插管后5 min(T_3)心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)及血氧饱和度(SpO_2)的变化情况。结果:观察组的插管时间和插管次数较对照组降低(P0.05);T1时间点两组患者的HR、SBP、DBP均低于T_0、T_2、T_3时间点,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);T_0、T_1、T_2、T_3两组患者HR、SBP、DBP、SpO_2比较无统计学差异(P0.05);观察组的喉痛发生率为0.91%,显著低于对照组的7.27%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:全麻手术患者气道插管时使用可视气管导管插管效果满意,可有效的减少插管时间和插管次数,安全性较高,值得临床推广应用。     

地佐辛诱导对全麻术后苏醒期躁动反应的影响

目的:比较地佐辛和芬太尼全麻气管插管诱导时对术后苏醒期躁动反应的影响.方法:选择需全身麻醉气管插管颈淋巴结核手术患者60例,ASA分级为Ⅰ-Ⅱ级,年龄18～55岁,体质量45～80 kg,随机法分成实验组(地佐辛0.4 mg/kg)和对照组(芬太尼4.0 μg/kg),每组30例;观察两组术毕苏醒拔管期躁动反应结果:在苏醒拔管期芬太尼组比地佐辛组躁动反应明显.结论:地左辛作为诱导药可以显著地减少全麻气管插管时对颈淋巴结核手术后苏醒拔管期躁动反应.     

可视软性喉镜与光棒在颈椎损伤手术患者全身麻醉气管插管中的应用效果比较

目的:比较可视软性喉镜与光棒用于颈椎损伤手术患者全身麻醉气管插管的有效性与安全性。方法:选择2017年1月至2019年2月本院60例高位颈椎骨折需行气管插管全身麻醉的患者,随机分为可视软性喉镜组(U组)和光棒组(G组)各30例。术前所有患者颈托固定,U组使用UE可视软性喉镜行气管插管,G组使用光棒行气管插管,确认气管插管成功后接呼吸机机械通气。比较两组气管插管时间、一次性插管成功率、拔管后口咽部并发症、插管前后的皮层体感诱发电位(CSEP)及运动诱发电位(MMEP)的变化。记录两组患者麻醉前、麻醉诱导后、气管插管后即刻、气管插管后1 min、气管插管后3 min的平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)。结果:U组气管插管时间较G组插管时间长(P0.05);U组和G组气管插管一次性成功率分别为95%和100%;插管后即刻G组患者MAP升高较U明显(P0.05);与U组比较,G组插管后即刻及插管后1 min、3 min的HR升高较明显(P0.05);U组患者口咽部并发症较G组少;两组患者插管后SSEP及MMEP与插管前相比无阳性改变。结论:可视软性喉镜较光棒需要更长的气管插管时间,两者的气管插管一次性成功率均较高,但可视软性喉镜插管期间循环波动较小、术后口咽部并发症较轻,值得临床推广应用。     

高龄患者腹腔镜直肠癌根治术不同麻醉方法的比较

目的观察比较3种麻醉方法对高龄腹腔镜直肠癌根治术患者的呼吸循环功能和麻醉效果的影响。方法将45例高龄腹腔镜直肠癌根治术患者随机分成3组,每组15例。EA组,连续硬膜外阻滞麻醉组;GA组,静吸复合全身麻醉组;EGA组,小剂量硬膜外阻滞复合静吸全身麻醉组。观察3组麻醉开始前(T0)、麻醉诱导期(T1)、气管插管时(T2)、拔除气管导管时(T3)的HR、SBP、DBP、MAP、PETCO2、ECG,GA组与EGA组同时监测异氟醚MAC、气道压、手术结束自主呼吸恢复时间、自主呼吸潮气量达标、拔管时间、肌松情况及患者麻醉苏醒时间。结果 EA组有13例麻醉效果优良,SpO295%,PETCO2维持在正常范围;EGA组术毕自主呼吸恢复时间、潮气量达标、拔管时间均明显短于GA组(P0.01)。EA组在麻醉10～15 min后血压下降程度与GA组、EGA组麻醉诱导期血压下降相似(P0.05),EGA组在气管插管/拔管期血压波动不明显,而GA组血压显著升高(P0.01);EA组与GA组麻醉效果相似,EGA组麻醉效果优于GA组(P0.05)。结论 EGA组椎管内局麻药用量、全麻维持药用量、肌松药用量等均相应减少,呼吸循环功能较为稳定,术毕麻醉苏醒快,自主呼吸恢复和潮气量达标迅速,多数患者术毕即可拔除气管导管,是高龄腹腔镜直肠癌根治术患者理想的麻醉方法。     

气道食道双管喉罩在急诊危重症抢救中的临床应用

目的探讨气道食道双管喉罩在急诊危重患者紧急人工气道建立中的应用价值。方法对2014年1月~2016年12月我院急诊科院前和院内抢救需行紧急气管插管但经评估后存在困难或操作后失败的危重症患者76例,根据其最终建立的人工气道方式分为继续设法气管插管组(A组)36例和改用气道食道双管喉罩组(B组)40例,观察比较两组患者建立气道成功率和建立气道所用时间。结果 B组通气成功率显著高于A组的插管成功率,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);B组建立气道所用时间明显少于A组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论气道食道双管喉罩可作为急诊危重症患者在气管插管术困难或失败后首选的替代、次选方案,具有操作简便,成功率高,并发症发生率低等优点,值得临床推广应用。     

经鼻盲探气管插管在抢救呼吸衰竭病人中的应用

目的比较经鼻盲探气管插管和气管切开在抢救呼吸衰竭病人的治疗效果。方法回顾性对比分析同期ICU住院病人采用经鼻盲探气管插管或气管切开建立人工气道后的病情转归,使用呼吸机后血气纠正时间,使用呼吸机时间,留置气管导管时间,平均住院时间及操作并发症。结果经鼻盲探气管插管组拔管率42.9%(9/21例),拔管成功率100%(9/9例);气管切开组拔管率60.7%(17/28例),拔管成功率76.5%(13/17例),两组间比较无显著性差异(P<0.05)。使用呼吸机后血气纠正时间无明显差别,但经鼻盲探气管插管组使用呼吸机时间,留置气管导管时间,平均住院时间均短于气管切开组(P<0.05)。气管切开组操作导致的并发症发生率46.4%(13/28例),而经鼻盲探气管插管组操作导致的并发症发生率23.8%(5/21例),明显少于前者(P<0.01)。结论经鼻盲探气管插管操作简便、实用,能减少并发症,缩短使用呼吸机时间,留置气管导管时间及住院时间,在抢救呼吸衰竭病人中较气管切开术有更好的临床应用价值。     

老年患者全身麻醉气管插管后致下呼吸道感染的相关因素分析及对策

目的:探讨老年患者全身麻醉气管插管后致下呼吸道感染麻醉相关影响因素,并采取相对应的处理措施,以期提高临床治疗水平。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月-2013年1月103例老年全身麻醉气管插管患者,对其中出现下呼吸道感染的13例患者进行回顾性麻醉影响因素分析。结果:老年患者全身麻醉气管插管后下呼吸道感染麻醉相关影响因素有插管过深、插管不熟练、拔管指征不完全、拔管延迟(3 h)、麻醉时间长(3 h)等(P0.05)。而与患者插管途径、插管方式、拔管延迟(3 h)无关(P0.05)。结论:老年患者全身麻醉气管插管后致下呼吸道感染麻醉相关影响因素较大,临床上要加以规范。     

气囊管理联合个体化口腔护理在预防呼吸机相关性肺炎中的研究

目的探讨气管插管气囊管理联合个体化口腔护理对预防经口气管插管机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的效果,为临床选择合适的口腔护理方法提供依据。方法选择2014年1月~2015年12月收住我科符合入选标准的经口气管插管患者97例,按入院先后顺序随机分为对照组30例,观察A组34例,观察B组33例。对照组采用常规擦拭法行口腔护理;观察A组根据病人的口腔情况选择适宜的口腔护理液及个体化的口腔护理方法;观察B组在观察A组的基础上,在进行口腔护理之前,将患者头颈部处于舒展体位,用气囊压力表监测气囊压力,将气囊压力调整至30~35cmH2O,待口腔护理结束后调整压力为25~30cmH2O。结果对照组与观察A、B组患者的口腔清洁率和口腔并发症发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察A组与对照组比较,VAP发生率无统计学意义(P0.05);观察A组与观察B组的口腔清洁率、口腔并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但VAP指标观察B组优于观察A组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在实施个体化口腔护理前将气囊压力调高,待口腔护理结束后调整至正常范围,可减少口腔护理过程中冲洗液、口鼻腔内分泌物及气囊上滞留物的反流、误吸,降低VAP的发生率。     

肺炎支原体抗体阳性对咳嗽变异性哮喘患儿肺功能的影响研究

目的:通过探讨肺炎支原体(MP)抗体阳性感染对咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)患儿肺功能的影响,为临床治疗提供依据。方法:选择2012年6月~2014年6月本院收治的CVA患儿共60例,依据支原体抗体检查和肺功能检测结果,分为CVA合并MP组(合并组)和CVA组,检测两组患儿初诊时肺通气功能、支气管激发试验阳性率,分析初诊时、治疗1、3个月后MP抗体对肺功能第一秒用力呼吸容积/用力肺活量(FEV1%)的影响。结果:初诊时两组患儿肺活量(FVC)、最大呼气峰流速(PEF)、FEV1%、最大中段呼气流速(MMEF75/25)实测值均低于预测值(P0.05),合并组MMEF75/25预测值/实测值的比值较CVA组高(P0.05)。支气管激发试验阳性患儿中,合并组以轻度和极轻度为主,CVA组以重度和中度为主(P0.05)。MP抗体滴度持续阳性和阴性患儿FEV1%无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:合并MP抗体阳性CVA患儿气道高反应性程度较低,小气道阻塞加重,对肺通气功能无影响。     

Inspiratory lung impedance in COPD: effects of PEEP and immediate impact of lung volume reduction surgery.

Frequency-dependent characteristics of lung resistance (RL) and elastance (EL) are sensitive to different patterns of airway obstruction. We used an enhanced ventilator waveform (EVW) to measure inspiratory RL and EL spectra in ventilated patients during thoracic surgery. The EVW delivers an inspiratory flow waveform with enhanced spectral excitation from 0.156 to 8.1 Hz. Estimates of the coefficients in a trigonometric approximation of the EVW flow and transpulmonary pressure inspirations yielded inspiratory RL and EL spectra. We applied the EVW in a group with mild obstruction undergoing various thoracoscopic procedures (n = 6), and another group with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease undergoing lung volume reduction surgery (n = 8). Measurements were made at positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 0, 3, and 6 cmH(2)O. Inspiratory RL was similar in both groups despite marked differences in spirometry. The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients demonstrated a pronounced frequency-dependent increase in inspiratory EL consistent with severe heterogeneous peripheral airway obstruction. PEEP appears to have beneficial effects by reducing peripheral airway resistance. Lung volume reduction surgery resulted in increased inspiratory RL and EL at all frequencies and PEEPs, possibly due to loss of diseased lung tissue, pulmonary edema, increased mechanical heterogeneity, and/or an improvement in airway tethering.     

Influence of degree of specific allergic sensitivity on severity of rhinitis and asthma in Chinese allergic patients

Background

The clinical manifestations of severe asthma are heterogeneous. Some individuals with severe asthma develop irreversible fixed airway obstruction, which is associated with poor outcomes. We therefore investigated the factors associated with fixed airway obstruction in Korean patients with severe asthma.

Methods

Severe asthma patients from a Korean adult asthma cohort were divided into two groups according to the results of serial pulmonary function tests. One group had fixed airway obstruction (FAO) [forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio < 0.7, n = 119] and the other had reversible airway obstruction (RAO) [FEV1/FVC ratio ≥ 0.7, n = 116]. Clinical and demographic parameters were compared between the two groups.

Results

Multivariate analysis showed that longer duration of disease, greater amount of cigarette smoking and absence of rhinosinusitis were significantly related to the development of FAO in severe asthmatics. Other parameters, including atopic status, pattern of airway inflammatory cells in induced sputum, and frequency of asthma exacerbations did not differ between the FAO and RAO groups.

Conclusion

Severe asthma patients with longer disease duration and the absence of rhinosinusitis are more likely to develop FAO. This study also demonstrates the importance of quitting smoking in order to prevent irreversible airway obstruction. Further investigation is required to determine the mechanism by which these factors can modify the disease course in Korean patients with severe asthma.     

肺炎支原体抗体阳性对咳嗽变异性哮喘患儿肺功能的影响

目的探索肺炎支原体（Mycoplasma pneumoniae,MP）抗体阳性对咳嗽变异性哮喘（cough variant asthmaCVA）患儿肺功能的影响。方法收集72例初次诊断CVA的患儿,根据血清MP抗体结果分为CVA合并MP抗体阳性（以下记CVA合并MP）组,CVA组。分别对两组进行支原体抗体及肺功能检测。结果纳入本研究的CVA患儿,MP抗体阳性占29％,且这部分患儿中女孩比男孩多。CVA患儿肺功能FVC、FEV1／FVC、PEF、MMEF75／25各项指标均下降（P〈0．05）,合并MP组FVC、FEV1／FVC、PEF值变化差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,而MMEF75／25下降差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;CVA合并MP组支气管激发试验以极轻度、轻度为主（P〈0．05）,而CVA组以中重度为主（P〈0．05）;CVA合并MP组,在治疗一个月时FEV1％升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;治疗相同时间两组间FEV1％差异无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论呼吸道的多种微生物间形成复杂而又互相联系的群落,MP使气道黏膜受到损害,影响呼吸系统局部微生态,这与哮喘的形成有某种联系。MP抗体阳性的CVA患儿气道高反应性较低,相比之下,小气道阻塞加重,且其对CVA治疗过程中肺通气功能的变化没有影响。     

无创通气在AECOPD机械通气患者撤机中的研究

目的：通过前瞻性随机对照研究比较应用NIPPV与PSV两种撤机方法在治疗AECOPD合并II型呼吸衰竭进行机械通气撤机困难患者中的优越性。方法：达到撤机标准但经两小时自主呼吸试验（SBT）失败的患者被分为两组：PSV组和无创通气组。观测有创通气时间、机械通气总时间、再插管率、住呼吸重症监护室时间和VAP发生率等指标。结果：NIPPV组较PSV组气管插管时间显著缩短,VAP发生率、再插管率及住院费用均较PSV通气组显著降低。结论：采用无创通气撤机法治疗AECOPD合并II型呼吸衰竭较传统的机械通气方式在有效缩短有创通气时间,降低VAP发生率,改善患者预后方面更优越。     

Distraction osteogenesis for obstructive apneas in patients with congenital craniofacial malformations

Infants with congenital craniofacial malformations often have associated severe mandibular hypoplasia causing obstruction of the hypopharynx by retroposition of the base of the tongue into the posterior pharyngeal airway. Management depends on the severity of the airway obstruction. Most cases can be managed by prone positioning until the infant outgrows the problem at 3 to 6 months of age. In more critical cases, monitoring of oxygen saturation, temporary placement of a nasopharyngeal tube, and placement of an endotracheal tube will be useful procedures. Tracheotomy is an effective method for more severe cases, but longstanding tracheotomies result in high morbidity and occasional mortality. Mandibular distraction was performed in seven patients, ranging in age from 1 to 18 months, with critical obstructive apnea secondary to mandibular hypoplasia characterized by an apnea/hypopnea index greater than 20 apneas per hour and oxygen saturation below 80 percent. Two patients were tracheotomized previously. Mandibular lengthening, from 16 to 25 mm on the left side and from 10 to 22 mm on the right, was achieved in 21 to 25 days. Improvement of airway obstruction parameters was measured on polysomnograms and lateral cephalograms. Mandibular lengthening by gradual distraction is a successful method for young patients with severe mandibular hypoplasia causing critical obstructive apneas. Avoidance of tracheotomy or early decannulation in previously tracheotomized patients is a great advantage for patients with congenital craniofacial malformation.     

Variable site of airway narrowing among obstructive sleep apnea patients

The purpose of this was to determine whether the site of physiological narrowing within the upper airway was uniform or differed among patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Inspiratory pressures were measured with an esophageal balloon catheter and three catheters located at different sites along the upper airway: supralaryngeal airway, oropharynx, and nasopharynx. Peak inspiratory pressure differences between catheters allowed assessment of pressure gradients across three airway segments: lungs-larynx-retroepiglottal airway (esophageal-supralaryngeal pressure), hypopharynx (supralaryngeal-oropharynx pressure), and transpalatal airway (oropharynx-nasopharynx pressure). In five patients, hypopharyngeal obstruction was present, and in four patients no hypopharyngeal obstruction existed. In these four patients the site of obstruction was located at the level of the palate. In a given subject, the site of obstruction was the same during repeated measurements. The presence or absence of hypopharyngeal narrowing during sleep was not predictable from gradients measured across different segments of the upper airway during wakefulness. We conclude that the site of physiological upper airway obstruction varies among patients with obstructive sleep apnea and is not predictable from pressure measured during wakefulness. We speculate that uvulopalatopharyngoplasty may not relieve obstructive apneas in patients with hypopharyngeal obstruction.     

Lung function in adults with stable but severe asthma: air trapping and incomplete reversal of obstruction with bronchodilation.

Five to ten percent of asthma cases are poorly controlled chronically and refractory to treatment, and these severe cases account for disproportionate asthma-associated morbidity, mortality, and health care utilization. While persons with severe asthma tend to have more airway obstruction, it is not known whether they represent the severe tail of a unimodal asthma population, or a severe asthma phenotype. We hypothesized that severe asthma has a characteristic physiology of airway obstruction, and we evaluated spirometry, lung volumes, and reversibility during a stable interval in 287 severe and 382 nonsevere asthma subjects from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Severe Asthma Research Program. We partitioned airway obstruction into components of air trapping [indicated by forced vital capacity (FVC)] and airflow limitation [indicated by forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1))/FVC]. Severe asthma had prominent air trapping, evident as reduced FVC over the entire range of FEV(1)/FVC. This pattern was confirmed with measures of residual lung volume/total lung capacity (TLC) in a subgroup. In contrast, nonsevere asthma did not exhibit prominent air trapping, even at FEV(1)/FVC <75% predicted. Air trapping also was associated with increases in TLC and functional reserve capacity. After maximal bronchodilation, FEV(1) reversed similarly from baseline in severe and nonsevere asthma, but the severe asthma classification was an independent predictor of residual reduction in FEV(1) after maximal bronchodilation. An increase in FVC accounted for most of the reversal of FEV(1) when baseline FEV(1) was <60% predicted. We conclude that air trapping is a characteristic feature of the severe asthma population, suggesting that there is a pathological process associated with severe asthma that makes airways more vulnerable to this component.     

Assessment of pharyngeal airway stability in normal and micrognathic infants

A current hypothesis for obstructive sleep apnea states that 1) negative airway pressure during inspiration can collapse the pharyngeal airway, and 2) neural control of pharyngeal airway-dilating muscles is important in preventing this collapse. To test this hypothesis we performed nasal mask occlusions to increase negative pharyngeal airway pressures during inspiration in eight normal and five micrognathic infants. Both groups developed midinspiratory pharyngeal obstruction, but obstruction was more frequent in micrognathic infants and varied in some infants with sleep state. The airway usually reopened with the subsequent expiration. The occasional failure to reopen was presumably due to pharyngeal wall adhesion. If airway obstruction occurred in sequential breaths during multiple-breath nasal mask occlusions in normal infants, there was a breath-by-breath change in the airway pressure associated with airway closure (airway closing pressure); the airway closing pressure became progressively more negative. Micrognathic infants showed less ability to improve the airway closing pressure, but this ability increased with age. These findings suggest that nasal mask occlusion can test the competence of the neuromuscular mechanisms that maintain pharyngeal airway patency in infants. Micrognathic infants had spontaneous midinspiratory pharyngeal airway obstructions during snoring. Their episodes of obstructive apnea began with midinspiratory pharyngeal obstruction similar to that seen during snoring and nasal mask occlusions. These findings imply a similar pathophysiology for snoring, spontaneous airway obstruction, and obstruction during snoring.     

卡托普利试验过程中颈动脉斑块与醛固酮含量相关指标变化的相关性研究

目的:研究卡托普利试验过程中血浆醛固酮(PAC)相关指标的变化与颈动脉斑块的相关性。方法:选择在本院住院进行高血压病因筛查并完成了卡托普利试验,且颈动脉彩超资料完整的83例患者为研究对象。以颈动脉彩超诊断结果为分组标准,有颈动脉斑块者为斑块组(57例),无颈动脉斑块者为无斑块组(26例),分析两组患者PAC、血浆肾素活性(PRA)、PAC与PRA的比值(ARR)等指标的变化与颈动脉斑块之间的相关性。结果:颈动脉斑块检出率为68.67%。与无斑块组比较,斑块组患者的年龄更大,载脂蛋白A1(APOA1)水平更低(P均<0.05),卡托普利试验前后斑块组患者的ARR差值更低,PAC及PRA的差值更大(P均<0.05);其中,斑块组PAC及PRA的差值为正;无斑块组此二差值为负,斑块组ARR的差值为负,无斑块组该差值为正。Logistic回归分析表明,在排除了性别等因素之后,仅年龄、卡托普利试验前后PAC差值及ARR差值为颈动脉斑块形成独立的危险因素。结论:在进行高血压病因筛查的住院高血压患者中,颈动脉斑块的检出率较高,卡托普利试验前后PAC的差值及ARR的差值为颈动脉斑块形成独立的危险因素。