CT灌注成像技术用于重型颅脑损伤患者脑室型颅内压探头植入的临床价值评估

目的:探讨CT灌注成像技术用于重型颅脑损伤患者脑室型颅内压(Intracranial Pressure, ICP)探头植入的临床价值。方法:选取60例重型颅脑损伤患者,均行患侧开颅去骨瓣减压和颅内压监测探头置入术。其中,行普通型颅内压监测探头置入术28例,脑室型颅内压监测探头置入术32例。比较两组术后甘露醇应用剂量和应用时间,术后局部脑血流参数区域脑血流量(regional Cerebral Blood Flow, r CBF)、相对脑血容量(relative Cerebral Blood Volume, r CBV)、平均通过时间(Mean Transit Time, MTT)、对比剂达峰时间(time to peak, TTP)恢复情况。结果:脑室型颅内压监测组患者术后应用甘露醇的剂量和天数较普通颅内压监测组明显缩短(P0.05),术后3个月随访提示脑室型ICP监测组预后良好比例较普通型ICP组显著增加(P0.05)。并且螺旋CT灌注成像结果提示脑室型颅内压监测组患者术后局部脑血流参数r CBF、r CBV、MTT、TTP恢复情况明显优于普通型颅内压监测组(P0.05)。结论:重型颅脑损伤患者应用脑室型颅内监测探头改变了脱水剂在临床应用中的治疗模式,通过螺旋CT灌注成像检测患者损伤部位的r CBF、r CBV、MTT和TTP可评估脑损伤的程度以及预后,对重型颅脑损伤的临床治疗和改善患者预后具有重要意义。     

脑胶质瘤患者血清MBP、LAR、AGR与术后脑损伤和预后的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨脑胶质瘤患者血清髓鞘碱性蛋白（MBP）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）与白蛋白（ALB）比值（LAR）、ALB与球蛋白（GLB）比值（AGR）与术后脑损伤和预后的关系研究。方法：选取2017年1月～2019年6月徐州医科大学附属医院神经外科收治的90例接受手术治疗的脑胶质瘤患者,根据术后格拉斯哥昏迷量表（GCS）评分分为轻度脑损伤组51例、中度脑损伤组24例、重度脑损伤组15例,随访3年根据预后情况分为死亡组和存活组。收集患者临床资料,检测术前血清MBP、LAR、AGR。采用Spearman相关性分析脑胶质瘤患者GCS评分与血清MBP、LAR、AGR的相关性,多因素logistic回归分析脑胶质瘤患者死亡的影响因素。结果：轻度、中度、重度脑损伤组血清MBP、LAR依次升高,AGR依次降低（P＜0.05）。Spearman相关性分析显示,脑胶质瘤患者术后GCS评分与血清MBP、LAR呈负相关,与AGR呈正相关（P均＜0.05）。随访3年,90例脑胶质瘤患者死亡率为35.56%（32/90）。多因素logistic回归分析显示,世界卫生组织（WHO）分级Ⅲ级、切除范围不完全、术后GCS评分降低和MBP、LAR升高为脑胶质瘤患者死亡的独立危险因素,AGR升高为其独立保护因素（P＜0.05）。结论：胶质瘤患者血清MBP、LAR、AGR与术后脑损伤和预后不良密切相关,可能成为胶质瘤患者术后脑损伤和预后评估指标。     

诱发电位评价脑组织血流量的实验研究

目的：观察实验性大鼠脑损伤后不同时相点大脑皮层体感诱发电位（sensorysomaticevoked potentials,ssep)和局部血流量（regional cerebral blood flow,rCBF)的变化。方法：用流体冲击装置制作中度脑损伤模型SYD4200型神经诱发电位诊断系统监测皮层体感诱发电位,氢清除测定大脑局部血流量。结果：中度脑损伤后rCBF明显低于伤前和正常对照组;大脑皮层体感诱发电位的潜伏期明显延长。结论：SEP的变化与脑血流量有着一定的关系,一定程度上SEP的变化可反映脑损伤后血流量的变化。     

低氧诱导因子-1在脑损伤中的双向调节作用

低氧诱导因子-1(hypoxia-inducible factor-1,HIF-1)作为目前发现的具有高度特异性感受细胞氧分压的调节因子,在脑损伤发生、发展过程中发挥着重要的双向调节作用。HIF-1在轻度和中度脑损伤过程中可以增加神经细胞耐受,促进存活;在重度损伤时,参与细胞凋亡途径,促进神经细胞死亡,在脑损伤中发挥重要作用。对HIF-1及其信号通路的深入研究可为脑损伤的治疗提供药物作用靶点,有重要的理论研究和实用价值。现就HIF-1的结构、功能及在脑损伤中的调节作用进行综述,为临床治疗脑损伤提供参考。     

缺血性脑损伤的分子生物学研究进展

分子生物学技术推动了缺血性脑损伤的实验研究进展,大量研究从分子水平揭示了脑组织损伤（死亡）发生的机制并创造了新的治疗方法。术文就缺血性脑损伤研究中的分子生物学应用、立及早基因的表达、细胞凋亡机制及基因治疗方法等进行综述。     

急性酒精中毒合并中度创伤性脑损伤对大鼠海马NOS2表达和学习记忆的影响

目的:探讨急性酒精中毒合并中度创伤性脑损伤对大鼠海马NOS2表达和学习记忆的影响。方法:健康成年雄性SD大鼠96只,水迷宫训练3天后分为4组:生理盐水组(N组)、急性酒精中毒组(A组)、中度创伤性脑损伤组(T组)和急性酒精中毒合并中度创伤性脑损伤(AT组)。腹腔单注射25%酒精(2.5g/kg),2 h后以重物自由落体击打大鼠头部建立动物模型,存活1、3、5、7、14天。免疫组化方法检测海马CA1区NOS2表达,水迷宫检测大鼠学习记忆。结果:NOS2免疫组化染色发现各实验组阳性细胞数均高于N组。术后1天T组比AT组表达显著增高(P0.01);术后5天AT组比T组表达增高(P0.05);术后14天AT组比T组表达显著增高(P0.05)。水迷宫实验测潜伏期,术后1天AT组比T组延长(P0.05),术后3天AT组比T组缩短(P0.05),术后14天AT组比T组显著延长(P0.01)。结论:大鼠急性酒精中毒合并颅脑外伤后晚期,潜伏期延长,空间位置学习与记忆能力显著下降;在海马CA1区NOS2表达阳性细胞增多,为继发性脑损伤致其表达上调,是酒精急性中毒合并中度颅脑外伤预后欠佳的原因之一。     

术中神经电生理监测在颅底外科中的应用进展

临床颅底外科手术中充满各种风险,特别是有对神经系统结构造成损伤的潜在风险。有些损伤无法通过直接观察来判断,因此术中电生理监测(intraoperative neuroelectrophysiological monitoring,IONM)是神经外科手术医生术中实时监测和评估神经功能的重要手段。国外上世纪80年代就将其应用于颅底肿瘤手术中,但直至目前我国相关应用仍未普及。术中神经电生理监测是运用各种电生理技术,实时监测术中处于有损伤风险的神经系统功能的完整性,并提示手术医生及时终止风险性操作,有针对性的采取有效干预措施消除或减小神经损伤、改善患者预后的一门技术。近年来,颅底外科进展迅速,并向多学科协作和减少创伤的方向发展,术中神经电生理监测已经迅速发展为降低颅底手术中神经损伤发生率的重要辅助手段。     

细胞移植治疗小儿严重脑损伤及神经残疾专家共识

<正>一、概述小儿严重脑损伤及神经残疾是指一系列由多种原因引发的、常规方法很难获得疗效的重度脑损伤及其后遗症,大致分为中-重度围产期脑损伤、中-重度急性缺氧(缺血)脑损伤、中-重度中枢神经残疾、难治性自身免疫相关性脑病及代谢性脑病等。据不完全统计,目前我国足月新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy,HIE)的发病率为3‰~5‰,早产儿脑白质损伤发病率为10﹪~17﹪,     

围术期体温监测及保温的现状分析

体温是人体重要的生命体征,其过低或过高都会对患者的预后造成不利影响,在临床中最常见也最容易被忽视的是围术期低体温。围术期长时间的体温过低会引起麻醉苏醒延迟、心律失常、影响切口愈合等多种并发症,增加死亡率,延迟出院时间。体温监测及相应的保温措施对于防治低体温至关重要,围术期及时有效地体温监测能反映病人术中病情的变化,但目前临床中对于体温的监控却普遍重视不足。本文对近年来临床常用的体温监测方法及保温手段做一综述。     

急性酒精中毒合并中度创伤性脑损伤大鼠海马GFAP的表达

目的:观察急性酒精中毒合并中度创伤性脑损伤后大鼠海马星形胶质细胞标记物胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)表达的变化.方法:健康成年雄性SD大鼠72只,随即机分为4组:假手术组(N组)、急性酒精中毒组(E组)、中度创伤性脑损伤组(T组)和急性酒精中毒合并中度创伤性脑损伤组(E T组).腹腔注射酒精(2.5g/kg)致使大鼠急性酒精中毒,2h后,按改进的Feeney's自由落体硬膜外撞击方法使其合并中度创伤性脑损伤(600g.cm).各组动物术后6h、24h和48h处死.中性红染色观察海马CA1区神经元形态学改变;用免疫组织化学的方法检测海马CA1区GFAP表达变化.结果:与N组和E组相比,T组和E T组GFAP表达显著增多(P＜0.01).术后6h和24h,T组GFAP表达显著高于E T组(P＜0.05);T组和E T组的海马CA1区神经元细胞出现胞体肿胀,排列散乱,但T组上述形态学改变较E T组明显.结论:急性酒精中毒合并中度创伤性脑损伤的早期可通过减少GFAP的表达,抑制星形胶质细胞激活,减少炎症反应发挥保护作用.     

Inhaled carbon monoxide provides cerebral cytoprotection in pigs

Carbon monoxide (CO) at low concentrations imparts protective effects in numerous preclinical small animal models of brain injury. Evidence of protection in large animal models of cerebral injury, however, has not been tested. Neurologic deficits following open heart surgery are likely related in part to ischemia reperfusion injury that occurs during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Using a model of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) in piglets, we evaluated the effects of CO to reduce cerebral injury. DHCA and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induced significant alterations in metabolic demands, including a decrease in the oxygen/glucose index (OGI), an increase in lactate/glucose index (LGI) and a rise in cerebral blood pressure that ultimately resulted in increased cell death in the neocortex and hippocampus that was completely abrogated in piglets preconditioned with a low, safe dose of CO. Moreover CO-treated animals maintained normal, pre-CPB OGI and LGI and corresponding cerebral sinus pressures with no change in systemic hemodynamics or metabolic intermediates. Collectively, our data demonstrate that inhaled CO may be beneficial in preventing cerebral injury resulting from DHCA and offer important therapeutic options in newborns undergoing DHCA for open heart surgery.     

七氟醚与体外循环脑损伤保护作用研究进展

心血管外科手术中,体外循环术后的神经系统并发症可延长住院时间、增加死亡率及其他并发症,已成为阻碍心外科手术发展的重要因素。七氟醚作为一种具有神经保护作用的吸入性麻醉药正在逐渐引起人们的重视,本文结合国内外相关的七氟醚与脑缺血再灌注损伤的基础与临床研究,总结目前研究现状以及存在问题,从以下几个方面对七氟醚在体外循环脑损伤中的脑保护作用进行阐述:七氟醚增加脑血流、降低脑氧代谢率;线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道介导七氟醚神经保护的作用;TLR与心血管手术脑保护研究;七氟醚预处理后处理与心血管手术;七氟醚在心血管手术中脑保护作用。基于目前研究,为了确保七氟醚在心血管手术麻醉中更有效、安全地应用,有关七氟醚体外循环脑损伤保护作用的复杂机制及七氟醚最佳使用剂量-保护效应之间的关系仍需要进一步的探索,以期为临床提供理论基础。     

近红外分光仪在小儿体外循环中的应用

目的探讨小儿体外循环中,近红外分光仪(NIRS)在监测脑氧合功能方面的价值。方法心内直视手术病人24例,随机平均分为两组:中度低温体外循环(MHCPB)组(n=12)和深低温停循环(DHCA)组(n=12),NIRS连续监测脑组织氧合血红蛋白(cere-HbO2),CPB开始、降温末、复温末以及术后6小时四个时点分别测定颈静脉球血测定乳酸值(Lact)和特异性神经源性烯醇化酶(NSE),术前、术后脑电图(EEG)检查各一次,并进行相关分析。结果MHCPB组中,无脑电图异常,cere-HbO2指标变化不大,与生化指标也无显著相关;DHCA组中,两例患儿术后出现异常脑电图,cere-HbO2指标在停循环开始便显著下降,下降幅度和持续时间与复温末Lact及NSE值显著相关。结论DHCA中,cere-HbO2与反映脑损害的其它指标显著相关,NIRS是一种崭新的,无创的脑氧合监测方法。     

Cognitive dysfunction after cardiac surgery: Pathophysiological mechanisms and preventive strategies

Despite improvements in surgical techniques and the implementation of effective brain protection strategies, the incidence of brain injury after cardiac surgery has remained relatively constant over the years as patients have become older and sicker. Cognitive dysfunction is the most common clinical manifestation of brain injury after cardiac surgery. Its occurrence is related to a combination of three factors that are often associated with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB): embolism, hypoperfusion, and the inflammatory response. However, such factors and their potential cerebral consequences are not exclusive to CPB. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction also afflicts patients who undergo cardiac surgery without CPB as well as nonsurgery patients who undergo transcatheter interventions. There is growing evidence that patient-related factors such as the presence of (cerebro)vascular risk factors play an important role in both early and late postoperative cognitive dysfunction.     

Urinary soluble IL-6 receptor levels after cardiopulmonary bypass

To investigate the possible role of soluble interleukin 6 receptor (sIL-6r) in the inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with extracorporeal circulation (ECC), we examined the levels of sIL-6r in the urine of 50 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. The presence of sIL-6r in urine was confirmed in these patients, with levels rising from 6 pg/ml preoperatively to 19.5 pg/ml at 6 h and 41 pg/ml at 24 h after the start of cardiopulmonary bypass. Cardiopulmonary bypass leads to a rise in sIL-6r in urine that has not returned to normal after 24 h, suggesting a role for sIL-6r and IL-6 in the inflammatory response to such surgery. Determination of cytokine receptor presence in urine offers a non-invasive approach to the monitoring of the immune and inflammatory response to the stress of surgical and traumatic injury.     

Microdialysis: intraoperative and posttraumatic applications in neurosurgery

Microdialysis offers a unique opportunity to study the extracellular human brain environment. Our aim was to improve the ability to detect neuronal injury in patients undergoing complicated neurovascular procedures and to detect secondary brain lesions after severe head injury with the use of in vivo microdialytic monitoring. We employed intraoperative microdialysis monitoring in patients with a variety of neurovascular procedures including high-flow and low-flow bypass surgery and aneurysm clipping. In the second group there were patients after severe brain injury where in vivo microdialysis was performed as a bedside monitoring in the intensive care unit. In this review we present our results for these various groups of patients, in which a variety of neurochemical parameters which are known to change in ischemia were studied. The advantages and disadvantages of the technique are discussed. Our results show that microdialysis is a useful tool for detecting ischemic changes intraoperatively and in severe head trauma. However, further studies are needed to get more data and to better refine the online microdialysis technique before we can recommend it for routine clinical use.     

The clopidogrel after surgery for coronary artery disease (CASCADE) randomized controlled trial: clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone after coronary bypass surgery [NCT00228423]

Background

Saphenous vein graft disease remains a major limitation of coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The process of saphenous vein intimal hyperplasia begins just days after surgical revascularization, setting the stage for graft atherosclerotic disease and its sequalae. Clopidogrel improves outcomes in patients with atherosclerotic disease, and is effective at reducing intimal hyperplasia in animal models of thrombosis. Therefore, the goal of this study will be to evaluate the efficacy of clopidogrel and aspirin therapy versus aspirin alone in the prevention of saphenous vein graft intimal hyperplasia following coronary artery bypass surgery.

Methods

Patients undergoing multi-vessel coronary artery bypass grafting and in whom at least two saphenous vein grafts will be used are eligible for the study. Patients will be randomized to receive daily clopidogrel 75 mg or placebo, in addition to daily aspirin 162 mg, for a one year duration starting on the day of surgery (as soon as postoperative bleeding has been excluded). At the end of one year, all patients will undergo coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound assessment of one saphenous vein graft as selected by randomization. The trial will be powered to test the hypothesis that clopidogrel and aspirin will reduce vein graft intimal hyperplasia by 20% compared to aspirin alone at one year following bypass surgery.

Discussion

This trial is the first prospective human study that will address the question of whether clopidogrel therapy improves outcomes and reduces saphenous vein graft intimal hyperplasia following cardiac surgery. Should the combination of clopidogrel and aspirin reduce the process of vein graft intimal hyperplasia, the results of this study will help redefine modern antiplatelet management of coronary artery bypass patients.     

颅内压监测辅助开颅血肿清除术治疗颅脑损伤患者效果及其预后影响因素分析

摘要 目的：分析颅内压监测辅助开颅血肿清除术治疗颅脑损伤患者效果及其预后影响因素。方法：选择我院自2019年1月至2023年3月接诊的135例拟接受开颅血肿清除术治疗的颅脑损伤患者作为研究对象,根据监测方式不同,分为常规组和监测组;其中常规组予以标准开颅血肿清除术治疗,监测组予以颅内压监测下控制性减压结合开颅血肿清除术治疗。比较两组手术前后的颅内压、格拉斯哥昏迷（GCS）评分、手术并发症发生情况,根据术后90 d的格拉斯哥预后评分（GOS）评分,计算两组的预后良好率,使用单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析预后的影响因素。结果：监测组术后即刻及术后12h的颅内压均小于常规组（P＜0.05）;监测组术后24 h、48 h的GCS评分均高于常规组（P＜0.05）;监测组术中低血压、急性脑膨出、颅内血肿、脑血管痉挛和非计划性再次手术的发生率均低于常规组（P＜0.05）;经单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析,年龄、入院GCS评分、脑疝、改良CT图像评分均是颅脑损伤患者预后的独立影响因素（P＜0.05）。结论：颅内压监测辅助开颅血肿清除术治疗颅脑损伤患者的效果显著,可以有效降低颅内压、减少并发症发生和改善预后,但预后受年龄、入院GCS评分、脑疝、改良CT图像评分的影响。     

Controversial significance of early S100B levels after cardiac surgery

Background  

The brain-derived protein S100B has been shown to be a useful marker of brain injury of different etiologies. Cognitive dysfunction after cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass has been reported to occur in up to 70% of patients. In this study we tried to evaluate S100B as a marker for cognitive dysfunction after coronary bypass surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass in a model where the inflow of S100B from shed mediastinal blood was corrected for.     

亚低温抑制脑缺血再灌注大鼠细胞凋亡机制的研究进展

脑缺血再灌注损伤的主要机制是多种因素诱导的神经元凋亡。而神经元凋亡在一定程度上是可以调控和逆转的。亚低温以其对条件的要求不高实施方便等特点,奠定了其可以大范围推广的基础。作为能够辅助治疗脑缺血再灌注损伤的措施之一,亚低温的作用已经越来越多的得到了大家的重视,其脑缺血保护机制的相关研究也逐年增加。现阶段研究者对亚低温脑保护作用的研究重点放在了抑制细胞凋亡的机制上,也证实了亚低温的脑保护作用的机制和其抑制细胞凋亡密不可分。本文针对这一点,对近几年有关亚低温抑制大鼠脑缺血再灌注诱导的细胞凋亡机制的研究进展作一综述,为亚低温治疗脑缺血性疾病的临床应用提供理论支持。