阻断Kv1.3通道可增强RAW264.7巨噬细胞的吞噬功能

本研究旨在阐明电压门控性钾通道1.3(Kv1.3)在巨噬细胞吞噬功能中的作用.利用RAW264.7巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的半定量检测系统及吞噬异硫氰酸荧光素标记的大肠杆菌(E.coli)k-12的流式细胞术定量检测系统测定巨噬细胞的吞噬功能.研究发现,用海葵神经毒素(Sh K)(100 pmol/L)选择性阻断Kv1.3通道能显著增强处于静息状态的和被脂多糖(LPS)激活的RAW264.7巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的能力;Sh K也可增强静息RAW264.7细胞吞噬大肠杆菌的能力,但由于LPS刺激吞噬的效应近乎饱和,Sh K并不能进一步增加被LPS激活的RAW264.7细胞吞噬大肠杆菌的数量.Sh K促进LPS激活的RAW264.7细胞释放一氧化氮(NO),但并不增加静息RAW264.7细胞的NO释放.Sh K(100 pmol/L)自身并不影响静息RAW264.7细胞释放细胞因子,但能抑制LPS激活的RAW264.7细胞释放白细胞介素-1?.Sh K(100 pmol/L)对RAW264.7细胞的活力无明显影响.RAW264.7细胞表达Kv1.3通道蛋白;LPS使RAW264.7细胞的Kv1.3蛋白表达下调,菲律宾菌素Ⅲ(小凹蛋白依赖性内吞途径抑制剂)使Kv1.3蛋白表达上调,细胞松弛素D对Kv1.3蛋白表达无明显影响.研究表明,RAW264.7细胞表达Kv1.3蛋白;阻断Kv1.3通道可增强RAW264.7细胞的吞噬能力和NO生成.结果提示,Kv1.3通道可能是RAW264.7细胞吞噬活动的负调节因子,有可能成为治疗巨噬细胞吞噬功能异常相关疾病的一个靶点.     

A族链球菌诱导巨噬细胞坏死而非凋亡

为了研究A族链球菌(GAS)作用巨噬细胞系RAW264.7后,RAW264.7细胞增殖变化的情况,以进一步研究GAS的致病机制。将RAW264.7接种于96孔板,采用低菌量、中菌量和高菌量分别作用于该细胞,培养三天后行MTT检测;用TUNEL及ANNEXIN V-FITC法检测高菌量GAS作用后巨噬细胞是否发生凋亡;透射电子显微镜观察低、中、高菌量GAS作用RAW264.7后细胞超微结构的变化。结果显示低、中菌量GAS对RAW264.7细胞增殖有促进作用;高菌量GAS对细胞增殖有抑制作用,且高菌量GAS作用RAW264.7后诱导大部分细胞发生了坏死而非凋亡。结果表明高菌量GAS引起RAW264.7细胞发生坏死而非凋亡。     

微进化对阿萨希毛孢子菌与小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7相互作用的影响

目的研究微进化对阿萨希毛孢子菌(T.asahii)与巨噬细胞RAW264.7相互作用的影响。方法将微进化前后的T.asahii与RAW264.7细胞共培养,检测RAW264.7对两株菌的吞噬和杀伤能力以及两株菌对RAW264.7产生的细胞毒性的差异,同时分析RAW264.7自身细胞因子分泌情况的变化。结果巨噬细胞对原代菌株(TO)的吞噬能力以及杀伤率均明显高于微进化株(TEVO);TO菌株对巨噬细胞的细胞毒性要强于TEVO;当巨噬细胞与菌株按1∶3或1∶6共培养24 h时,与TO共培养的巨噬细胞TNF-α和IL-6的分泌量要高于TEVO组,而按1∶9共培养时TEVO组细胞因子的分泌量却高于TO组。结论微进化后的TEVO菌株与巨噬细胞的相互作用明显弱于原代株TO,这也为TEVO菌株在宿主体内长期共存提供了良好的基础。     

幽门螺杆菌感染细胞炎症模型的建立及评价

目的建立和评价幽门螺杆菌(H.pylori)感染的2种细胞感染模型,为进一步研究H.pylori感染及其相关机制奠定基础。方法培养人胃癌细胞株MKN45细胞,与H.pylori共孵育6h、12h和24h建立MKN45细胞H.pylori感染模型,台盼蓝染色和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)法测定感染细胞存活率,荧光显微镜照相和流式细胞仪检测Rhodamine123染色的细胞线粒体膜电位;培养小鼠巨噬细胞株RAW264.7细胞,与H.pylori共孵育6h、12h和24h建立RAW264.7细胞H.pylori感染模型,Griess法检测感染细胞上清液中NO的含量变化,RT-q PCR法检测感染细胞中Tnf-α,Inos和Cox-2基因表达变化。结果在MKN45细胞H.pylori感染模型中,感染12h和24h均可显著降低细胞存活率并降低细胞线粒体膜电位,即H.pylori作用于MKN45细胞12h即产生明显的细胞毒性作用;在RAW264.7细胞H.pylori感染模型中,感染6h、12h和24h均可增加细胞上清液中NO含量和细胞Tnf-α,Inos和Cox-2基因表达,即H.pylori作用于巨噬细胞后可明显增加其促炎因子的表达,并随着时间的延长而加强。结论 H.pylori感染MKN45细胞和RAW264.7巨噬细胞可作为理想的H.pylori感染细胞模型。     

腺苷脱氨酶抑制巨噬细胞增殖迁移的作用研究

目的:探讨腺苷脱氨酶对鼠源巨噬细胞RAW264.7增殖、迁移、细胞周期、细胞凋亡的影响.方法:用不同浓度(0、0.25、1.25、2.5、5U/mL)的腺苷脱氨酶处理RAW264.7细胞后,用实时细胞分析系统检测细胞增殖能力,用流式细胞术检测腺苷脱氨酶对细胞凋亡和周期的影响,划痕修复实验检测RAW264.7细胞迁移能力...     

nAChRα1调控尼古丁促进巨噬细胞RAW264.7增殖迁移的作用研究

目的:探讨nAChRα1是否参与调节尼古丁促进巨噬细胞RAW264.7增殖迁移的作用。方法:将体外培养的RAW264.7细胞分4组为:(1)正常对照组;(2)尼古丁组;(3)对照干扰+尼古丁组;(4)nAChRα1干扰+尼古丁组。用尼古丁(5 ng/mL)刺激巨噬细胞RAW264.7,特异性nAChRα1 si RNA用脂质体3000转染细胞,CCK-8法检测尼古丁处理3 h、24 h和48 h后细胞的增殖情况,细胞划痕实验检测细胞迁移情况,Western blot和RT-PCR检测细胞内nAChRα1、MMP-2、MMP-9的蛋白和mRNA的表达情况。结果:与空白对照组相比,尼古丁可显著促进RAW264.7细胞的增殖和迁移,增加nAChRα1、MMP-2、MMP-9的蛋白和mRNA表达;而在干扰nAChRα1表达后,尼古丁诱导的RAW264.7细胞的增殖和迁移明显被抑制,且细胞nAChRα1、MMP-2、MMP-9的蛋白和mRNA表达均显著的降低。结论:nAChRα1可介导尼古丁促进RAW264.7细胞的增殖和迁移,这可能与其参与调控尼古丁增加RAW264.7细胞分泌MMP-2、MMP-9有关。     

黄芪甲苷Ⅳ对内毒素诱导RAW264.7细胞损伤的保护作用及机制研究

目的:研究黄芪皂苷Ⅳ对LPS诱导的巨噬细胞RAW264.7损伤的保护作用及机制.方法:测定细胞活力判断心肌细胞损伤的程度.TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,IL-10的释放以及NF-кB蛋白、Akt和磷酸化Akt表达用以研究作用机制.结果:黄芪皂苷Ⅳ对LPS引起的RAW264.7细胞损伤具有显著的抑制作用,1,3和10μM黄芪皂苷Ⅳ可显著降低LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞TNF-α,IL-1β和IL-6的生成,促进IL-10的释放.黄芪皂苷Ⅳ剂量依赖性地增加了由LPS刺激而引起的RAW264.7细胞NF-kB蛋白的表达,抑制了LPS所致的p-Akt蛋白表达的升高.结论:黄芪皂苷Ⅳ可通过Akt-NF-kB途径调控促炎因子和抗炎因子表达的失衡,有效发挥对LPS诱导巨噬细胞RAW264.7损伤的保护作用.     

稳定表达鼠源PLEKHA1细胞系的建立及其对细胞迁移的影响

目的：构建稳定表达鼠源PLEKHA1的RAW264.7小鼠巨噬细胞系,探讨PLEKHA1过表达对巨噬细胞迁移的影响。方法：根据小鼠PLEKHA1基因序列设计引物,克隆其编码区序列,酶切后插入pCDH载体,在293FT细胞中进行病毒的包装,用获得的高滴度慢病毒感染RAW264.7细胞,建立能稳定高效表达PLEKHA1的RAW264.7细胞系;在此基础上,观察PLEKHA1对巨噬细胞迁移的影响。结果：经基因克隆、酶切、连接后,构建了鼠源PLEKHA1重组慢病毒表达载体,包装病毒感染RAW264.7细胞,经嘌呤霉素筛选后免疫印迹检测,RAW264.7细胞中PLEKHA1的蛋白表达提高近30倍;同时,发现PLEKHA1的过表达影响RAW264.7细胞的迁移。结论：构建了稳定表达小鼠PLEKHA1的RAW264.7细胞系,PLEKHA1过表达降低RAW264.7细胞的迁移能力。     

氧化苦参碱下调免疫细胞TLR7mRNA的表达

为了探讨氧化苦参碱对免疫细胞Toll-like receptor7( TLR7) mRNA表达的影响,使用CCK-8试剂盒检测氧化苦参碱对RAW264.7细胞的生长抑制作用.应用荧光定量PCR方法检测氧化苦参碱对RAW264.7细胞TLR7 mRNA及其下游因子TNF-α mRNA表达的影响;检测氧化苦参碱对小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞TLR7 mRNA及其下游因子MyD88、TRAF-6 mRNA表达的影响.结果显示,氧化苦参碱对RAW264.7细胞的半数抑制率为5.9 mg/mL.氧化苦参碱下调RAW264.7细胞TLR7、TNF-α mRNA表达;下调小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞TLR7、MyD88、TRAF-6 mRNA表达.由此得出,氧化苦参碱可下调免疫细胞TLR7mRNA的表达.     

分枝菌酸诱导巨噬细胞泡沫细胞化对细胞自噬的影响

研究分枝菌酸(mycolic acid,MA)诱导的巨噬细胞泡沫细胞化对巨噬细胞自噬的影响,探讨MA促巨噬细胞泡沫细胞化的机制。构建LC3真核表达质粒(p EGFP-LC3B),转染RAW264.7细胞后获得其稳定转染细胞株(RAW264.7/p EGFP-LC3B);用MA诱导RAW264.7/p EGFP-LC3B获得RAW264.7/p EGFP-LC3B泡沫细胞。实验分为三组:RAW264.7细胞组、RAW264.7/p EGFP-LC3B细胞组及MA诱导的RAW264.7/p EGFP-LC3B泡沫细胞组。通过RT-PCR法检测各组细胞中自噬相关基因Becn1、LC3B的转录水平,Western blot法检测各组细胞自噬标志蛋白LC3B II/I的表达水平。RTPCR检测结果显示,RAW264.7/p EGFP-LC3B泡沫细胞组的Becn1基因及LC3B基因的转录水平明显较其他两组低(P0.05)。Western blot检测结果显示,RAW264.7/p EGFP-LC3B泡沫细胞组LC3B II/I比值明显较其他两组低(P0.05)。由此可见,当巨噬细胞被MA诱导成为泡沫巨噬细胞后,其自噬功能显著降低。该研究证明,MA可能通过抑制巨噬细胞自噬,引起脂代谢失衡,进而发生巨噬细胞泡沫细胞化。     

A role of mitogen and stress-activated protein kinase 1/2 in survival of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages

The effect of inhibition of mitogen and stress-activated protein kinases 1/2 (MSK1/2) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells was investigated. Pretreatment with Ro 31-8220, an inhibitor of MSK1/2, induced cell death in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In contrast, calphostin C, another inhibitor of protein kinase C, did not cause cell death. Cell death was not mediated by the release of pro-inflammatory mediators from LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Cell death was accompanied by DNA fragmentation and annexin V binding, suggesting apoptotic cell death. Further, several caspase inhibitors did not prevent LPS-induced cell death of Ro 31-8220-pretreated RAW 264.7 cells. Nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) was detected in Ro 31-8220-pretreated cells after LPS stimulation. Cell death was due to mitochondrial damage. Ro 31-8220 exclusively inhibited the phosphorylation of cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB), a substrate of MSK1/2. RAW 264.7 cells transfected with the dominant-negative MSK1 clones underwent cell death in response to LPS. Hence, it was suggested that MSK1/2 might play a critical role in the survival of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.     

干酪乳杆菌LC2W细胞壁组分对RAW264．7巨噬细胞吞噬活性的影响

目的探讨干酪乳杆菌LC2W细胞壁组分体外对小鼠巨噬细胞功能的影响。方法以培养液单纯培养小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW264．7细胞作为对照,研究干酪乳杆菌LC2W细胞壁主要组分磷壁酸和肽聚糖对RAW264．7细胞乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性、吞噬中性红和致病菌能力的影响。结果不同浓度磷壁酸和肽聚糖对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264．7细胞LDH活性、吞噬中性红能力有明显增强作用,并呈一定的剂量效应。在相同质量浓度时,2种细胞壁组分刺激RAW264．7细胞吞噬中性红能力差异无显著性,但磷壁酸对巨噬细胞RAW264．7细胞内LDH活性的增强作用高于肽聚糖。在受到浓度为50μg/ml的磷壁酸和肽聚糖刺激后,磷壁酸和肽聚糖均能显著增强RAW264．7对致病性大肠埃希菌和肠炎沙门菌的吞噬作用（P〈0．01）。经过刺激的巨噬细胞与致病菌共孵育1h后,其吞噬能力达到最大值。结论干酪乳杆菌LC2W细胞壁主要组分磷壁酸和肽聚糖可以增强小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264．7细胞内LDH活性及吞噬能力,并具有剂量效应。     

LncRNA-GAS5对BCG感染小鼠巨噬细胞后细胞坏死的调控作用

【背景】LncRNA-GAS5是由Gas5基因编码的功能性LncRNA分子,对细胞极化、细胞凋亡、坏死和自噬等多种生物学过程具有重要的调控作用。【目的】探讨LncRNA-GAS5对卡介苗(Bacillus Calmette-Guérin,BCG)诱导的小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7坏死的调控作用。【方法】构建LncRNA-GAS5的过表达及干扰载体,分别转染巨噬细胞RAW264.7后使用BCG感染,采用噻唑蓝比色法(MTT)检测细胞存活率,通过透射电镜观察细胞坏死形态,利用碘化丙啶(Propidine iodide,PI)单染法流式细胞仪检测细胞坏死率,通过实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot法研究坏死相关调控因子RIP1、RIP3和MLKL的表达水平。【结果】BCG感染巨噬细胞后,LncRNA-GAS5表达水平显著上调;同时,采用LncRNA-GAS5过表达载体单独转染或结合BCG感染后,巨噬细胞存活率均下降且细胞坏死率显著增加。同时坏死关键调控因子RIP1、RIP3和MLKL的mRNA及蛋白表达水平均显著上调(P0.001),而GAS5干扰载体可有效抑制这一效果。【结论】LncRNA-GAS5通过上调坏死相关因子RIP1、RIP3及MLKL的表达促进BCG感染巨噬细胞后诱导的细胞坏死,研究结果为进一步探讨LncRNA-GAS5对BCG感染巨噬细胞后细胞坏死调控的分子机制奠定了基础。     

巨噬细胞膜伪装纳米颗粒的制备和功能表征

摘要 目的：巨噬细胞具有炎症趋化能力,近年来巨噬细胞膜伪装的纳米递送载体引起研究者的广泛关注。本文提供了一种巨噬细胞膜伪装纳米颗粒的方法,即摄取-挤出法,并对该法制得的纳米颗粒进行表征,考察纳米颗粒在不同细胞中的摄取。方法：利用溶胶-凝胶法制备装载阿霉素的介孔硅（DMSN）纳米颗粒,再利用RAW 264.7巨噬细胞吞噬DMSN,最后将巨噬细胞连续挤出制得巨噬细胞膜伪装的载有阿霉素的介孔硅（DMSN@CM）纳米颗粒。动态光散射激光粒度仪（DLS）测定DMSN@CM颗粒的粒径和表面电位,透射电子显微镜（TEM）观察纳米颗粒形态,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）验证细胞膜的成功伪装。然后通过激光共聚焦显微镜与流式细胞术共同考察了DMSN@CM在不同细胞中的摄取情况。结果：成功制备了DMSN和DMSN@CM纳米颗粒。DMSN粒径为116.7±3.2 nm,zeta表面电势为 -29.5± 1.3 mV;MSN@CM粒径为128.0±9.3 nm,zeta表面电势为 -26.7 ±1.2 mV。TEM与SDS-PAGE共同验证了DMSN@CM表面细胞膜的成功包覆。细胞摄取试验表明巨噬细胞膜的伪装可以抑制RAW 264.7细胞对DMSN@CM的摄取;促进MDA-MB-231细胞对DMSN@CM的摄取。结论：利用摄取-挤出法成功构建了DMSN@CM纳米颗粒,该法简便高效,为纳米颗粒的细胞膜伪装提供了一种新的手段。     

Relevance of an in vitro osteoclastogenesis system to study receptor activator of NF-kB ligand and osteoprotegerin biological activities

Receptor activator of NF-kB Ligand (RANKL) is an essential requirement for osteoclastogenesis and its activity is neutralized by binding to the soluble decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG). The purpose of this work was to study the effects of RANKL and OPG during osteoclastogenesis using the murine monocytic cell line RAW 264.7 that can differentiate into osteoclasts in vitro. RAW 264.7 cells plated at 10(4) cells/cm(2) and cultured for 4 days in the presence of RANKL represent the optimal culture conditions for osteoclast differentiation, with an up-regulation of all parameters related to bone resorption: tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), calcitonin receptor (CTR), RANK, cathepsin K, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 mRNA expressions. RANKL and OPG biological effects vary according to the differentiation state of the cells: in undifferentiated RAW 264.7 cells, TRAP expression was decreased by OPG and RANKL, RANK expression was inhibited by OPG, while MMP-9 and cathepsin K mRNA expressions were not modulated. In differentiated RAW 264.7 cells, RANKL and OPG both exert an overall inhibitory effect on the expression of all the parameters studied. In these experimental conditions, OPG-induced MMP-9 inhibition was abrogated in the presence of a blocking anti-RANKL antibody, suggesting that part of OPG effects are RANKL-dependent.     

Cell cytoskeleton and proliferation study for the RANKL-induced RAW264.7 differentiation

Although document studies (including ours) have been reported the achieved in vitro osteoclastic cellular model establishment from the RAW264.7 cell lineage, there was no study directly reported that American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) cell bank has various RAW264.7 cell lineages. Besides that, for our knowledge there was only one study compared the two different RAW264.7^TIB-71 and RAW264.7^CRL-2278 cell lineages for their osteoclastic differentiation, and they concluded that the RAW264.7^CRL-2278 demonstrated to generate much osteoclast than RAW264.7^TIB-71. However, on the contrary to their results we noticed the fusion of RAW264.7^TIB-71 in our previous studies was much compromising. Therefore, we try to explore the two cell lineages for their properties in osteoclastic differentiation with an in-depth cellular cytoskeletal study. Our current study has showed that comparing to the RAW264.7^CRL-2278, RAW264.7^TIB-71 demonstrated a much higher efficacies for RANKL-stimulated osteoclastic differentiation. Besides that, in our depth cytoskeletal studies, we found that the RANKL-induced RAW264.7^TIB-71 cells could finally differentiate into mature osteoclasts. However, regardless the various pre-treatment conditions, there was no mature osteoclast formed in RANKL-induced RAW264.7^CRL-2278 cell lineage.     

AFM membrane roughness as a probe to identify oxidative stress-induced cellular apoptosis

The morphological change of cellular apoptosis initiates from the change of membrane roughness. In order to identify cellular apoptosis in its early stage, atomic force microscope was adapted to reveal the change of membrane roughness in unprecedented details, providing an image in nanometer-scaled resolution. The mouse monocyte/macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 was the subject studied and subjected to apoptotic induction by hydrogen peroxide. A finding of the qualitative correlation between cell membrane roughness and oxidative stress level is disclosed stating that roughness is increasing with the increasing level of oxidative stress.     

mu-Calpain regulates receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL)-supported osteoclastogenesis via NF-kappaB activation in RAW 264.7 cells

To clarify the role of calpain in the receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL)-supported osteoclastogenesis, RANKL-induced calpain activation was examined by using murine RAW 264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived monocyte/macrophage progenitors. We found that calpain activity increased in response to RANKL in both cell types based on alpha-spectrinolysis and that mu-calpain, rather than m-calpain, was activated during RANKL-supported osteoclastogenesis in RAW 264.7 cells. Overexpression of mu-calpain clearly augmented RANKL-supported osteoclastogenesis in RAW 264.7 cells, thereby implicating its pivotal role in this process. Cell-permeable calpain inhibitors, including calpastatin and calpeptin, were sufficient to suppress RANKL-supported osteoclastogenesis based on decreased expression of the osteoclastogenic marker, matrix metalloproteinase 9, and the generation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated cells in both cell types. Calpain inhibitors suppressed NF-kappaB activation via inhibition of the cleavage of inhibitor of NF-kappaB(IkappaBalpha)in RAW 264.7 cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that mu-calpain is essential to the regulation of RANKL-supported osteoclastogenesis via NF-kappaB activation.