颅脑外伤致昏迷患者发生下呼吸道感染的病原学特征及防控

目的:探讨颅脑外伤所致昏迷患者下呼吸道感染的病原菌分布及耐药性,分析其相关危险因素,为临床预防该类感染提供参考。方法:选择2013年1月~2014年12月我院诊治的160例颅脑外伤致昏迷患者,对发生下呼吸道感染的80例患者采样并进行病原菌检测和药敏试验,采用Logistic回归分析探索颅脑外伤致昏迷患者发生下呼吸道感染的危险因素。结果:160例颅脑外伤致昏迷患者中,发生下呼吸道感染80例,占50.00%,共分离出病原菌85株,革兰阴性菌59株,占69.41%,革兰阳性菌20株,占23.53%,真菌6株,占7.06%。革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林和头孢曲松的耐药率较高,对左氧氟沙星和庆大霉素的耐药性较低;革兰阳性菌对氨苄西林和四环素的耐药率较高,而对万古霉素和替考拉宁的耐药率较低;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,侵入性操作、使用抗生素是颅脑外伤致昏迷患者发生下呼吸道感染的危险因素(P0.05)。结论:颅脑外伤致昏迷患者发生下呼吸道感染的主要病原菌为革兰阴性菌,临床可通过减少侵入性操作及合理使用抗生素预防该类感染。     

急诊美容缝合术应用于面部外伤患者的效果及对伤口愈合瘢痕的影响分析

目的分析面部外伤患者应用急诊美容缝合术治疗的效果。方法将我院收治的114例面部外伤患者采用随机数字表法进行分组,对照组57例采用急诊清创缝合术,观察组57例给予急诊美容缝合术,比较两组术后的疗效、线结反应、愈合后瘢痕情况及住院费用。结果观察组的治疗总有效率为100%明显高于对照组的87.72%,线结反应优于对照组,术后VAS评分低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);两组住院费用比较,观察组高于对照组(P0.05)。结论急诊美容缝合术治疗面部外伤的效果确切,能有效恢复患者的面容,预防瘢痕组织形成,减轻线结反应,但费用较急诊清创缝合术高。     

重度颅脑损伤的气道监测护理干预

目的:探讨气道监测护理干预对重症颅脑外伤患者预后的影响。方法:回顾分析2010年1月-2012年1月重症颅脑外伤入住我院ICU病房均行气管切开机械通气的患者189例,随机分为两组,对照组和干预组,其中对照组采用常规护理方法进行护理,干预组在常规护理的基础上加强气道监测护理干预,观察比较两组患者ICU治疗时间、肺部感染情况、呼吸机使用时间、ICU花费等情况。结果:两组患者比较:干预组肺部感染控制情况明显优于对照组(x2=4.006,P<0.05),考虑差异有统计学意义。干预组患者呼吸机使用时间及ICU治疗时间均较对照组时间缩短(t=12.9,3.82,3.95 P<0.05),有统计学差异。结论:合理的的气道监测护理能有效减少患者肺部疾病感染等并发症发生率,促进患者病情恢复,临床上值得推广。     

食管癌合并Ⅱ型糖尿病的围手术期处理

目的:探讨食管癌合并糖尿病的围手术期处理方法和外科治疗效果,为该病的临床治疗提供指导.方法:对49例食管癌合并糖尿病患者,采用控制血糖结合手术切除肿瘤治疗;选取49例同期非糖尿病食管癌患者做参比.手术前后采取个性化心理护理,分析比较两组的治疗效果.结果:所有患者手术切除率为100%,无围手术期死亡.食管癌合并糖尿病组术后并发症7例,包括吻合口瘘2例,肺部感染2例,单纯脓胸1例,切口感染2例,均经治疗后痊愈;同期非糖尿病食管癌组手术并发症2例:肺部感染1例,切口感染1例.采用个性化心理护理前后,两组患者的消极、焦虑、恐惧等不良心理得到明显的缓解,对手术效果及围手术期处理效果总满意度达95%.结论:糖尿病引起代谢紊乱易发生愈合不良及各种感染,使术后并发症发生率显著高于同期非糖尿病患者.因此在合并糖尿病的食管癌外科治疗中,围手术期处理至关重要.     

特殊皮肤表现的奴卡菌病1例及文献回顾

目的探讨皮肤奴卡菌病的临床特征、诊断和治疗。方法临床诊断1例特殊皮肤表现的奴卡菌病,进行文献回顾。结果 22例患者中,健康者14例,8例有基础疾病者都有使用糖皮质激素或使用免疫抑制剂者。常见临床表现:脓肿、溃疡、包块、肿块可伴有发热、乏力等全身症状。感染途径:外伤3例,来源于肺部3例,医源性注射2例,感染途径不明14例。22例患者均通过组织培养确诊,治疗主要为单用磺胺类药物或联合其他药物治疗或联合外科切开引流治疗。结论皮肤奴卡菌病可能更多见于免疫功能正常者,临床表现无特异性,多数找不到明确的感染途径,其中医源性注射也是其感染途径之一,病原菌培养为主要确诊手段,治疗以磺胺类药物为主或联合手术切开引流。     

合并外伤史的SLE法医学鉴定及死因竞争的讨论

目的:本文通过1例患者临床诊断为系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)8天后死亡且在确诊本病前5个月患者曾有头部外伤史的案例,结合法医学尸体检验及临床资料进行SLE死因诊断,同时对SLE法医学死因鉴定问题进行讨论.方法:根据外伤程度、临床资料及法医学鉴定并结合国内外的最新文献资料,对本案例中各相关因素进行综合分析讨论.结果:在本例中外伤不能直接导致患者死亡,外伤程度也不足以引起癫痫抽搐.结论:本例系SLE并发多器官功能衰竭合并肺部感染死亡.     

重型颅脑外伤致脑疝患者的临床救治体会

目的:探讨重型颅脑外伤致脑疝的临床救治方法并总结救治体会,以提高重型颅脑外伤致脑疝患者的临床救治水平,提高其生存率。方法:回顾性分析2006年1月～2011年12月年收治的220例重型颅脑外伤致脑疝的患者的临床资料,探讨综合性救治措施对重型颅脑外伤致脑疝患者的临床意义。结果:根据格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)评价全组预后:45例恢复良好(20.5%),34例中残(15.5%),41例重残(18.6%),25例植物生存(11.4%),75例死亡(34.1%),其中7例术中死亡,28例术后死于感染、消化道出血及多器官功能衰竭等严重并发症,40例死于脑损伤及继发脑功能严重衰竭。结论:颅脑外伤致脑疝患者致死率高,预后差,采取术前、术中、术后的综合救治措施,可显著提高患者生存率及改善预后。     

糖尿病患者重型颅脑外伤术后脑梗死发生的预防性治疗研究

目的:观察分析糖尿病患者重型颅脑外伤术后脑梗死发生情况.方法:重型颅脑外伤共112例,糖尿病患者31例,非糖尿病患者81例,糖尿病患者按术后血糖控制水平分为血糖控制良好组(＜16.0)和血糖控制不良组(＞16.0),分别为13例、18例;所有病人均采用常规去骨瓣开颅术清除血肿减压,术后早期行脱水治疗,糖尿病组患者给予胰岛素治疗,术后1天、3天、7天复查CT.结果:糖尿病组患者15例(48.4%)出现脑梗死,血糖控制良好组和血糖控制不良组分别为3例(23.1%)、12例(66.7%),非糖尿病组患者9例(13.2%)出现脑梗死.结论:通过术后早期控制血糖水平于合适状态(＜16.0),可有效降低糖尿病患者重型颅脑外伤术后脑梗死发生,明显改善患者预后.     

整体护理干预对急诊颅脑外伤患者疗效的影响

目的:观察整体护理干预对急诊颅脑外伤患者疗效的影响。方法:收集我院自2005年1月至2011年6月间收治的急诊颅脑外伤患者46例,随机分为采用常规护理的对照组和采用整体护理干预的实验组,每组23例。观察两组患者的护理满意度及治疗效果。结果:两组患者总治疗有效率无显著差异;实验组患者的治愈率显著优于对照组;实验组患者的护理满意度显著优于对照组。结论:对急诊颅脑外伤患者给予整体护理,可提高患者护理满意度,取得更好的治疗效果。     

多重耐药革兰氏阴性菌肺部感染的治疗体会

目的:讨论多重耐药革兰氏阴性菌肺部感染的治疗体会。方法:回顾性分析我院2012年4月至2013年4月收治的50例多重耐药革兰氏阴性菌肺部感染的患者细菌学的特点以及抗菌药物的选择和使用,讨论多重耐药革兰氏阴性菌肺部感染的治疗效果。结果:50例患者中间,治疗痊愈和显效的患者有36例,细菌清除状况良好的患者有35例。其中,其中联合用药的患者一共有25例,全部出现良好的治疗效果,且其病原菌清除效果良好,但是单独用药的患者治疗效果不显著,细菌的清除情况不理想,其中出现9例患者治疗无效。结论:多重耐药革兰氏阴性菌肺部感染的类型主要以鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌为主要部分。头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对于多重耐药有积极的疗效,碳青霉烯类抗生素对于治疗敏感性的革兰氏阴性菌肺部感染有较好的治疗效果,值得临床推广。     

星状神经节阻滞联合针刺治疗特发性面神经麻痹临床观察

目的:观察星状神经节阻滞联合针刺治疗对特发性面神经麻痹的临床疗效。方法:将62例特发性面神经麻痹患者分为两组,对照组30例采用药物治疗+针灸理疗等常规治疗,治疗组32例采用常规治疗+星状神经节阻滞(SGB)疗法,疗程30天。采用House-Brackmann面神经功能分级评定及临床疗效指标判定。结果:治疗前两组H-B面神经功能分级具有可比性。治疗后,两组H-B评分比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);临床疗效指标比较显示两组总有效率分别为:治疗组96.9%,对照组80.00%,治疗组优于对照组,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:星状神经节阻滞联合针刺治疗对急性特发性面神经麻痹有效。     

Primary neoplasms of the facial nerve

A series of 30 primary facial nerve tumors is reviewed. Most of them were benign (n = 26); there were four malignant tumors. Neoplasms originating within the temporal bone were found to have preoperative facial paralysis in 84 percent of cases; the extracranial tumors had a 35 percent incidence of preoperative facial paralysis. All tumors in this series were treated surgically--by means of a middle fossa or transmastoid approach for the intratemporal group of tumors; the extracranial tumors were removed by the technique of parotid tumor surgery with complete facial nerve dissection. All the patients with preoperative facial weakness required facial nerve transection. Facial paralysis was rehabilitated with nerve grafts, hypoglossal crossover, or muscle transfers. Because "normal" facial expression is still not attainable following repair of complete facial nerve transection, an early diagnosis, hopefully prior to total neurotmesis, is essential. All patients with unexplained facial weakness, especially that which is progressive and persistent, should have the entire course of the facial nerve investigated for the possibility of treatable etiology.     

Primary Cutaneous Mucormycosis Presenting as a Giant Plaque: Uncommon Presentation of a Rare Mycosis

Mucormycosis is an uncommon opportunistic fungal infection caused by Zygomycetes. It usually affects immunocompromised, diabetic and trauma patients with infected wounds. We report a case of disseminated infection secondary to facial cutaneous mucormycosis caused by Saksenaea vasiformis in a diabetic patient who had a farming accident causing him severe head injury. The patient was treated with a combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy with liposomal amphotericin B, but he had a slow and fatal outcome. In cases of tissue necrosis following trauma involving wound contact with soil (i.e., potential fungal contamination), testing for the presence of Zygomycetes fungi such as S. vasiformis in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients is crucial. The reason is that this infection usually has a rapid progression and may be fatal if appropriate treatment is not administered.     

Staged reconstruction after gunshot wounds to the abdomen.

Immediate closure of abdominal incisions after exploration and treatment of gunshot wounds is not always feasible or advisable. Significant bowel edema after massive fluid resuscitation might preclude primary closure, whereas any attempt to close under tension might result in complications ranging from wound dehiscence, infection, and necrosis to the abdominal compartment syndrome with abdominal, cardiopulmonary, and renal complications. For these difficult cases, the open technique has been recommended. The abdomen is left open and is closed when the patient's condition permits. When immediate wound approximation is not possible, temporary coverage can be achieved with a mesh, patch, or a split-thickness skin graft and the definitive reconstruction is deferred for a more optimal time. The purpose of this retrospective study is to report the authors' experience with staged abdominal wall reconstruction after gunshot wounds. From 1989 to 1998, 1933 patients underwent exploratory laparotomy for penetrating wounds to the abdomen. Twenty-nine patients in grave condition and with multiple medical problems were comanaged by the Trauma and Plastic Surgery Services at Cook County Hospital with the following protocol: The abdomen was initially left open and exposed viscera were covered with a variety of methods, including a Gore-Tex patch (W. L. Gore and Associates, Inc., Flagstaff, Ariz.). A split-thickness graft was subsequently placed on the granulation tissue over viscera at an average of 14 days after the last laparotomy. These planned ventral hernias were definitively treated at an average of 7 months after the skin grafting procedure, primarily using the components separation technique. In 24 patients, the fascia was closed primarily without tension, while five patients required the use of synthetic mesh to restore fascial continuity. Nine patients underwent closure of a colostomy or repair of fistulas simultaneously with abdominal wall reconstruction. One patient developed a postoperative hernia, two developed superficial wound dehiscence that healed without further surgery, and one required re-exploration for a failed anastomosis after colostomy closure. All but one patient maintained a stable abdominal wall after the reconstruction. The authors concluded that staged abdominal wall reconstruction should be primarily recommended for patients with complex abdominal wounds and a compromised general condition that precludes primary closure. With this treatment protocol, patients can recover faster from their trauma surgery and the risk of perioperative complications can be reduced. After final reconstruction, the continuity, stability, and strength of the abdominal wall are maintained in the vast majority of cases with the use of autogenous tissue and without the need for alloplastic material. With close cooperation between the trauma team and the plastic surgeon and appropriate timing and planning of each stage, the success rate of the technique is high and the incidence of complications limited.     

Use of pefloxacin in the treatment of patients with purulent wounds of soft tissues]

Pefloxacin was used in the treatment of 25 patients with wound infection in a dose of 400 mg orally twice a day for 10-12 days. As the monotherapy it was applied to 15 patients. 7 patients with clinical signs of non-clostridial anaerobic infection were treated with pefloxacin in combination with intravenous metronidazole. Pefloxacin was highly efficient in 96 per cent of the cases with extensive posttraumatic purulent wounds with and without bone affection, acute purulent wounds of the soft tissue, purulent wounds of the soft tissues in diabetic patients, trophic or decubitus ulcer. 266 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter spp. and Acinetobacter spp, were tested and 75 to 100 per cent of them was shown to be susceptible to pefloxacin and ciprofloxacin. At the same time the isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella spp. were more susceptible to ciprofloxacin. The pathogen eradication and eradication with superinfection in the cases treated with pefloxacin amounted to 92 per cent. The drug tolerance was good. No clinically significant adverse events were recorded.     

Combined erbium:YAG laser resurfacing and face lifting

Facial aging occurs secondary to gravity-induced tissue ptosis and photoaging. Combined face lifting and carbon dioxide laser resurfacing provides a comprehensive one-stage approach to facial rejuvenation but is condemned by many plastic surgeons due to the nonspecific thermal effects of the laser and risk of skin necrosis. Newer high-energy erbium:YAG lasers allow precise tissue ablation with minimal thermal effect. In this study, various facial rejuvenation techniques were combined with simultaneous erbium:YAG laser resurfacing to assess results and complications. A total of 257 patients from Florida, Melbourne, Australia, and Tel Aviv, Israel, underwent combined erbium:YAG laser resurfacing and surgical facial rejuvenation. Various face-lift methods were used, including endoscopic, deep plane, and subcutaneous. Simultaneous, full-facial laser resurfacing was performed using a variety of erbium:YAG lasers. It was found that combined laser resurfacing and face lifting was successful in greater than 95 percent of patients with minimal morbidity. Two patients (1 percent) (both heavy smokers) developed small areas of skin necrosis that healed with minor pigment changes. Five patients (2 percent) developed synechia that was treated with no residual effect. Two additional patients (1 percent) developed temporary ectropion. There were no other cases of scarring, infection, or cosmetically obvious hypopigmentation. Although larger studies are necessary, it seems that the lack of thermal injury from the erbium:YAG laser makes it possible to safely perform laser resurfacing with surgical facial rejuvenation in nonsmokers. However, the authors caution that familiarity with the nuances of erbium:YAG laser resurfacing be obtained before performing combined laser resurfacing and face lifting.     

Common craniofacial anomalies: the facial dysostoses

Learning Objectives: After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Understand the etiology and pathogenesis of facial dysostosis syndromes. 2. Recognize and classify common facial dysostoses. 3. Understand the different management plans for the reconstruction of facial dysostoses. The wide spectrum of craniofacial malformations makes classification difficult. A simple classification system allows an overview of the current understanding of the etiology, assessment, and treatment of the most frequently encountered craniofacial anomalies. Facial dysostoses are reviewed on the basis of their diverse etiology, pathogenesis, anatomy, and treatment. Conditions discussed include craniofacial microsomia, Goldenhar syndrome, Treacher Collins syndrome, Nager syndrome, Binder syndrome, and Pierre Robin sequence. Approaches to the surgical management of these conditions are reviewed.     

Allometry of facial mobility in anthropoid primates: implications for the evolution of facial expression

Body size may be an important factor influencing the evolution of facial expression in anthropoid primates due to allometric constraints on the perception of facial movements. Given this hypothesis, I tested the prediction that observed facial mobility is positively correlated with body size in a comparative sample of nonhuman anthropoids. Facial mobility, or the variety of facial movements a species can produce, was estimated using a novel application of the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). I used FACS to estimate facial mobility in 12 nonhuman anthropoid species, based on video recordings of facial activity in zoo animals. Body mass data were taken from the literature. I used phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) to perform a multiple regression analysis with facial mobility as the dependent variable and two independent variables: log body mass and dummy-coded infraorder. Together, body mass and infraorder explain 92% of the variance in facial mobility. However, the partial effect of body mass is much stronger than for infraorder. The results of my study suggest that allometry is an important constraint on the evolution of facial mobility, which may limit the complexity of facial expression in smaller species. More work is needed to clarify the perceptual bases of this allometric pattern.     

CHEST INJURIES AMONG KOREAN CASUALTIES

Major wounds of the chest usually cause immediate or early death. Of 35 patients with major thoracic battle injuries who were treated in one naval hospital, six had non-penetrating wounds of the chest and other areas. Of the 29 with penetrating wounds of the chest, 23 were treated by aspiration of hemothorax, decortication in three cases, and thoracotomy for control of hemorrhage in one case and for removal of a foreign body in another.Four cases are reported, two to illustrate the usual course of treatment and two in which the patient died.     

The influence of airbag and restraining devices on the patterns of facial trauma in motor vehicle collisions

According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (1990), there were more than 3 million motor vehicle collisions severe enough to lead to significant injury or fatality. Airbags may prevent brain and facial injury caused by these accidents. To date, however, no study has focused primarily on the correlation between facial injuries and the use of airbags and restraining devices. A retrospective analysis was performed on motor vehicle collision data submitted to the Pennsylvania Trauma Outcome Study database from 1990 through 1995. Criteria for submission to the database included admission to the intensive care unit, death during hospitalization, hospitalization for >72 hours, or transfer to or from the receiving hospital. There were 15,450 patients who sustained facial trauma (identified by ICD-9 codes) and were analyzed for patterns of injury and the presence or absence of protective devices. Protective devices were categorized into four groups: airbag alone, airbag with seatbelt, seatbelt or car seat without airbag, and no restraining devices. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-squared test of association. For contingency tables with small expected frequencies, Fisher's exact test was used. There were 9408 male and 6042 female subjects, with a mean age of 38 years (range, 3 to 98 years). There were 11,672 drivers and 3778 passengers. Airbags were deployed in 429 instances. In 276 of these cases, additional restraint was provided with a seatbelt. Airbags were not deployed in 4866 cases when a seatbelt or a car seat was used. In 10,155 cases, no restraining device was employed. There was significantly more facial trauma in patients without protective devices (p < 0.001). Drivers sustained significantly fewer facial fractures when airbags were used, either alone or in combination with a seatbelt (p < 0.001); however, there was no difference in the number of facial lacerations. Among passengers, airbags provided protection from lacerations (p < 0.001) but had no impact on the incidence of facial fractures. In collisions in which airbags were deployed, the use of a seatbelt provided no additional protection from facial fractures or lacerations. In summary, the use of any protective device decreased the incidence of facial fractures and lacerations sustained in motor vehicle collisions (p < 0.001). Airbags provided the best protection of all currently available devices.