新型人类逆转录病毒XMRV研究进展

异嗜性鼠白血病病毒相关病毒(xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus,XMRV)是迄今发现的第一种可以感染人类的r逆转录病毒。XMRV最初于2006年在RNase L基因缺陷型的前列腺癌组织中首次被鉴定,其序列与鼠科白血病病毒(murine leukemia virus,MLV)十分相似。目前,北美、欧洲和亚洲的多个研究机构在人类前列腺癌和慢性疲劳综合征(chronic fatigue syndrome,CFS)患者中检测到XMRV。但不同研究间结果差异很大,XMRV感染与人类疾病之间的相关性尚不明确。该文综述了目前XMRV的相关研究进展,包括与人类疾病的关系、XMRV的基本特征、病理生理学可能的机制等方面,并就今后研究趋势和注意问题进行了讨论。     

异嗜性小鼠白血病病毒相关病毒研究现状及展望

异嗜性小鼠白血病病毒相关病毒(XMRV)是第一个能够感染人类的γ逆转录病毒,该病毒最早在前列腺癌患者体内被发现。越来越多的研究提示,XMRV可能与前列腺癌和慢性疲劳综合征密切相关。我们就已知的XMRV的生物学特征、流行病学特征及研究展望做简要综述。     

宿主因子莫罗尼白血病病毒10蛋白抑制异嗜性鼠白血病病毒相关病毒的复制

本研究探讨宿主因子莫罗尼白血病病毒10(Moloney leukemia virus 10MOV 10)蛋白对异嗜性鼠白血病病毒相关病毒(Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virusis,XMRV)复制的抑制作用,以及MOV 10抑制XMRV复制的初步机制和关键结构域。通过转染、感染、免疫印迹(Western blotting)及实时定量PCR(Real-time PCR)方法检测MOV10对XMRV的抑制作用及机制,结果显示MOV 10可明显抑制XMRV,并且这种抑制作用具有特异性。经进一步证实,MOV 10包裹进XMRV病毒中,随之在病毒感染细胞时发挥抑制作用;MOV 10可以抑制XMRV的DNA产生;MOV 10发挥抑制作用的关键结构域是MOV 10本身RNA解旋酶的7个保守结构域。以上的研究结果表明MOV 10对XMRV具有明显的抑制作用,初步阐明了MOV 10抑制XMRV复制的机制,明确了MOV 10发挥抑制作用的关键结构域。本研究进一步证实了MOV 10具有广谱的抗逆转录病毒的活性,在宿主对抗逆转录病毒感染时发挥重要作用。     

Friend小鼠白血病病毒（Fr.MuLV）对新生金地鼠的感染性研究

一般认为,Ｆｒｉｅｎｄ小鼠白血病病毒（Ｆｒｉｅｎｄｍｕｒｉｎｅｌｅｕｋｅｍｉａｖｉｒｕｓ：Ｆｒ．ＭｕＬＶ）属同种嗜性白血病病毒（ｅｃｏｔｒｏｐｉｃＭｕＬＶ）,只感染小鼠或大鼠,分别引起小鼠发生白血病和大鼠发生呆小病;但对小鼠或大鼠以外的动物（包括人等）无感染性。为进一步探讨该病毒的感染范围,本文进行了该病毒对金地鼠的感染性研究。结果表明,该病毒可在新生金地鼠体内增殖,引起新生金地鼠出现体重减轻、脾萎缩、并发早死等呆小病样症状,病理学检查发现接种该病毒后新生金地鼠的脾脏、胸腺呈明显的病理变化。提示Ｆｒ．ＭｕＬＶ对新生金地鼠具有感染作用,并产生病毒增殖和引起呆小病样症状,为阐明Ｆｒ．ＭｕＬＶ的感染范围和致病作用提供了实验依据。     

表达不同致病型S基因重组鸡传染性支气管炎病毒的细胞嗜性研究

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)在体外进行细胞培养比较困难,并且不同来源毒株在易感性上也存在差异。为揭示IBV适应CK细胞培养的分子基础,优化其细胞培养技术,本研究首先对H120疫苗株和IBYZ分离株的分子克隆株rH120和rIBYZ,在鸡胚、鸡气管环以及原代鸡肾细胞(CK)上培养时组织细胞的嗜性差异进行了比较,结果发现rIBYZ与rH120在CK上的亲嗜性存在显著差异。在此基础之上,课题组借助前期建立的IBV反向遗传操作系统,将H120疫苗株和IBYZ株的S基因进行交叉替换,成功拯救获得2株重组病毒rH120-S/YZ和rIBYZ-S/H120。通过比较不同毒株感染CK细胞后的病变、特异性免疫荧光的强度以及病毒的增殖曲线,表明刺突蛋白(S)在IBV适应CK细胞过程中发挥决定性作用。本文揭示了S蛋白对细胞嗜性的影响,为进一步探索IBV适应细胞的分子机制奠定了基础。     

急性髓性白血病预后免疫相关基因的生物信息学分析

急性髓性白血病(acute myeloid leukemia,AML)是一种造血干细胞的恶性克隆性疾病,复发率高,预后差,临床缺乏准确而稳健的预后标志物.本研究旨在构建一个免疫相关基因(immune-related genes,IRGs)的拟合模型来预测AML患者的预后.首先,从TCGA中下载AML样本的基因表达谱数据...     

腺相关病毒的受体研究进展

腺相关病毒的安全与长效特点,使其成为基因治疗中最有前景的病毒载体之一。虽然第一个以该病毒为载体的基因药物Glybera已在欧盟获批上市,然而如何进一步提高载体的靶向性与产品纯度仍是当务之急。腺相关病毒的受体是介导病毒与靶细胞结合的分子基础,其与病毒的结合具有很强的特异性,因此相关受体的研究不仅有助于改善基因治疗的靶向性,亦能为高纯度病毒的亲和纯化带来希望。目前已有11种腺相关病毒的受体被发现,本文就其受体的发现过程、结构特点、功能应用等方面展开综述,为今后相关研究提供一些思路。     

慢性粒细胞白血病小鼠动物模型建立的研究进展*

慢性粒细胞白血病(chronic myeloid leukemia,CML)是造血干细胞(hematopoietic stem cells,HSC)恶性克隆性增殖引起的一种血液系统疾病。动物模型是研究CML发病机制及药物靶向治疗的重要载体和工具。研究表明,CML小鼠模型可以通过逆转录病毒介导、转基因和白血病细胞移植的方法建立。三种方法建立的CML小鼠模型均可用于CML发病机制及药物疗效评估研究。实验动物模型进一步通过血常规、血涂片和骨髓涂片、免疫学、分子生物学及病理学等检测手段,判断模型是否建立成功。本文就近年来CML小鼠模型的建立、鉴定及研究应用进展进行综述。     

Investigation of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) in human and other cell lines

Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) was discovered in human prostate tumors and later in some chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients. However, subsequent studies have identified various sources of potential contamination with XMRV and other murine leukemia virus (MLV)-related sequences in test samples. Biological and nucleotide sequence analysis indicates that XMRV is distinct from known xenotropic MLVs and has a broad host range and cell tropism including human cells. Therefore, it is prudent to minimize the risk of human exposure to infection by evaluating XMRV contamination in cell lines handled in laboratory research and particularly those used in the manufacture of biological products. Nested DNA PCR assays were optimized for investigating XMRV gag and env sequences in various cell lines, which included MRC-5, Vero, HEK-293, MDCK, HeLa, and A549, that may be used in the development of some vaccines and other cell lines broadly used in research. The sensitivity of the DNA PCR assays was <10 copies in approximately 1.8 x 10⁵ cells equivalent of human DNA. The results indicated the absence of XMRV in the cell lines tested; although in some cases DNA fragments identified as cellular sequences were seen following the first round of PCR amplification with the env primer pair.     

Rational recombinant XMRV antigen preparation and bead coupling for multiplex serology in a suspension array

Diagnosis of infectious diseases often requires demonstration of antibodies to the microbe (serology). A large set of antigens, covering viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites may be needed. Recombinant proteins have a prime role in serological tests. Suspension arrays offer high throughput for simultaneous measurement of many different antibodies. We here describe a rational process for preparation, purification and coupling to beads of recombinant proteins prepared in Escherichia coli derivate Origami B, to be used in a serological Luminex suspension array. All six Gag and Env proteins (p10, p12, p15, p30, gp70 and p15E), from the xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV), were prepared, allowing the creation of a multiepitope XMRV antibody assay. The procedure is generic and allows production of protein antigens ready for serological testing in a few working days. Instability and aggregation problems were circumvented by expression of viral proteins fused to a carrier protein (thioredoxin A; TrxA), purification via inclusion body formation, urea solubilization, His tag affinity chromatography and direct covalent coupling to microspheres without removal of the elution buffer. The yield of one preparation (2–10 mg fusion protein per 100 ml culture) was enough for 20–100 coupling reactions, sufficing for tests of many tens of thousands of sera. False serological positivity due to antibodies binding to TrxA and to traces of E. coli proteins remaining in the preparation could be reduced by preabsorption of sera with free TrxA and E. coli extract. The recombinant antigens were evaluated using anti-XMRV antibodies. Although hybrid proteins expressed in E. coli in this way will not have the entire tertiary structure and posttranslational modifications of the native proteins, they contain a large subset of the epitopes associated with them. The described strategy is simple, quick, efficient and cheap. It should be applicable for suspension array serology in general.     

Separation procedure and sugar composition of oligosaccharides in the surface glycoprotein of friend murine leukemia virus

The sugar composition of the surface glycoprotein from Friend murine leukemia virus was determined by gas-liquid chromatography of the alditol acetates and by the thiobarbituric acid method, respectively. N-Acetylglucosamine, mannose, galactose, sialic acid and fucose were found in a molar ratio around 15.2:11.6:7.4:3.3:1.0. Ten ogligosaccharide fractions were obtained from glycoprotein preparations by a suitable sequence of degradation (with pronase, endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H, neuraminidase, and by hydrazinolysis) and separation procedures (concanavalin A-affinity chromatography and gel filtration). The qualitative sugar composition of these fractions was analyzed by in vivo labelling with D-[6-³H]glucosamine, D-[2-³H]mannose, D-[6-³H]galactose, or L-[6-³H]fucose, and their molecular weights were estimated from the gel elution volumina. Four fractions of N-glycosidically linked oligosaccharides of the oligomannosidic (‘high mannose’) type oligomannosidic₇-oligomannosidic₁₀, about seven to ten sugar residues), two of the mixed (M₁₁ and M₁₂), and four of the N-acethyllactosaminic (‘complex’) type (N-acetyllactosaminic₉, probably nine sugar residues; (N-acetyllactosaminic_a-N-acetyllactosaminic_c, size unknown) were thus identified.     

Androgen-independent proliferation of LNCaP prostate cancer cells infected by xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus

Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) is a novel gammaretrovirus that was originally isolated from human prostate cancer. It is now believed that XMRV is not the etiologic agent of prostate cancer. An analysis of murine leukemia virus (MLV) infection in various human cell lines revealed that prostate cancer cell lines are preferentially infected by XMRV, and this suggested that XMRV infection may confer some sort of growth advantage to prostate cancer cell lines. To examine this hypothesis, androgen-dependent LNCaP cells were infected with XMRV and tested for changes in certain cell growth properties. We found that XMRV-infected LNCaP cells can proliferate in the absence of the androgen dihydrotestosterone. Moreover, androgen receptor expression is significantly reduced in XMRV-infected LNCaP cells. Such alterations were not observed in uninfected and amphotropic MLV-infected LNCaP cells. This finding explains why prostate cancer cell lines are preferentially infected with XMRV.     

L6565小鼠白血病病毒诱发小鼠白血病

为探讨病毒与白血病发生的关系,我们用L6565小鼠白血病病毒（L6565MLV）悬液感染乳鼠,每周观察小鼠的发病情况及病理变化,并用逆转录一聚合酶链反应（RT－PCR）动态检测小鼠体内病毒核酸的分布,结果发现：小鼠感染病毒后3－5周,其脾脏和淋巴结呈早期白血病的病理改变,至第10－12周小鼠发生淋巴细胞白血病,表现出耸毛、活动减少、腹膨胀等症状。病毒核酸于感染后第2周首先在小鼠胸腺、脾脏检测到,随时间延长,病毒核酸广泛分布在外周血、胸腺、脾脏、淋巴结等多种脏器组织中。本实验表明L6565小鼠白血病病毒可诱发小鼠白血病,其机制可能与病毒促使淋巴细胞向白血病细胞转化有关。     

Transfer ribonucleic acid nucleotidyltransferase activity in virions of type-C viruses.

A nucleotidyltransferase activity has been found associated with a number of mammalian and avian oncornaviruses. This activity catalyzes the incorporation of adenosine monophosphate and cytosine monophosphate into acid insoluble forms. The transferase activity from Rauscher murine leukemia virus has been characterized. The endogenous reaction is stimulated by various tRNAs particularly the 4S RNA isolated from Rauscher leukemia virus, whereas other RNAs have no effect. The product of the reaction is alkali and RNase sensitive, insensitive to DNase, and its size is similar to tRNA. Finally, the terminal nucleotide analysis of the product of the reaction indicates the presence of a CCA terminus. The properties of the activity found in the type-C viruses are in accord with those of known tRNA nucleotidyltransferases from other sources.     

Lysine tRNA is the predominant tRNA in murine mammary tumor virus

The method of aminoacylation and subsequent identification of the esterified amino acids was used to characterize the transfer RNAs in murine mammary tumor virus. Lysine tRNA was the major tRNA in both “free” 4S RNA and “7OS-associated” 4S RNA in virus derived from either tissue culture or mouse milk.