H2S介导ABA诱导蚕豆气孔运动的生理机制研究

以蚕豆为实验材料,利用药理学实验和分光光度法,研究了ABA处理及ABA与H2S合成抑制剂共处理对蚕豆气孔运动的影响,以及体内H2S水平、H2S合成酶L-/D-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶(磷酸吡哆盐依赖性酶)活性变化.结果表明:(1)光下H2S的合成抑制剂羧甲氧基胺半盐酸盐(AOA)、羟氨(NH2OH)、L-/D-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶分解产物C3H3KO3+NH3均明显抑制ABA诱导的蚕豆气孔关闭;(2)外源ABA能够明显提高叶片的H2S水平及L-/D-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶活性;(3)AOA、NH2OH、C3H3KO3和NH3均可以逆转ABA所引起的H2S水平及L-/D-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶活性的升高.研究发现,ABA可通过增强L-/D-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶活性,促进L-/D-半胱氨酸分解生成H2S,进而诱导蚕豆气孔关闭.     

H2O2介导的H2S产生参与干旱诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭

以野生型拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)及其突变体(atrbohD、atrbohF、atrbohD/F、atl-cdes、atd-cdes)和过表达株系(OEL-CDes、OED-CDes)为材料,利用药理学实验,结合分光光度法和激光共聚焦显微技术,探讨硫化氢(hydrogen sulfide,H2S)在干旱诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭中的作用及其与过氧化氢(hydrogen peroxide,H2O2)的关系.结果表明,H2S清除剂次牛磺酸(hypotaurine,HT)及合成抑制剂氨氧基乙酸(aminooxy acetic acid,AOA)、羟胺(hydroxylamine,NH2OH)和丙酮酸钾(potasium pyruvate,C3H3KO3)+氨水(ammonia,NH3)均可不同程度抑制干旱诱导的气孔关闭;干旱对OEL-CDes和OED-CDes植株气孔关闭的诱导作用明显,而atl-cdes和atd-cdes叶片气孔对干旱胁迫反应的敏感性下降;干旱胁迫能明显增加拟南芥保卫细胞中H2O2水平及叶片中H2S含量,提高D-/L-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶活性及基因表达量,而对突变体atrbohD、atrbohF和atrbohD/F没有显著影响.清除H2O2可减弱干旱胁迫对H2S含量和D-/L-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶活性的诱导效应.研究结果表明H2S位于H2O2下游参与干旱诱导拟南芥气孔关闭的信号转导过程.     

H2S位于H2O2下游参与乙烯诱导拟南芥气孔关闭过程

H2O2和H2S是植物体内重要的信号分子,二者均参与乙烯诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭过程。以拟南芥野生型及其突变体为材料研究了H2O2和H2S在乙烯诱导拟南芥气孔关闭过程中的相互关系。结果表明,乙烯能够诱导野生型拟南芥叶片H2S含量及L-/D-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶(L-/D-CDes)活性显著增加,促进气孔关闭,但对H2O2合成突变体AtrbohD、AtrbohF、Atpao2和Atpao4植株叶片无显著作用;乙烯亦可引起H2S合成突变体Atl-cdes和Atd-cdes气孔保卫细胞H2O2水平的显著增加,但对其气孔运动没有显著作用。此外,H2O2清除剂和合成抑制剂均能抑制乙烯诱导的拟南芥叶片H2S含量和L-/D-CDes活性的增加及气孔开度的减小;而H2S清除剂和合成抑制剂虽能抑制乙烯诱导的气孔关闭,却不能改变乙烯对拟南芥叶片气孔保卫细胞H2O2的作用效应。由此表明H2S位于H2O2下游介导乙烯诱导拟南芥气孔关闭过程。     

H2S位于SOS上游参与盐胁迫诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭

以拟南芥野生型、SOS突变体印tsosl、Atsos2和Atsos3）、H2S合成相关酶L-／D-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶（L-／D-CDes）基因缺失突变体（Atl-cdes和Atd-cdes）和过表达株系（OEL—CDes和OED-CDes）为材料研究了H,s和SOS信号转导途径在盐胁迫诱导拟南芥气孔关闭中的作用及其相互关系。结果表明,盐胁迫能够引起拟南芥叶片H,S含量、L-／D-CDes活性及其基因表达量显著升高,诱导野生型拟南芥和OEL—CDes和OED．CDes叶片气孔关闭,但对Atl-cdes和Atd-cdes气孔开度无显著影响;而H2S清除剂次牛磺酸（hypotaurine,HT）可减弱盐胁迫诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭的作用,表明H2S参与盐胁迫诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭过程。外源H2S诱导野生型拟南芥气孔关闭,但对SOS突变体气孔开度无显著影响;同时盐胁迫下Atsosl、Atsos2和Atsos3亦表现出H2S含量及L-／D-CDes活性显著升高,且与野生型相比,盐胁迫对Atl-cdes和Atd-cdes叶片AtSOS基因表达量无显著影响。表明盐胁迫诱导气孔关闭过程中H2S位于SOS上游。     

H2O2介导的H2S产生参与干旱诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭

以野生型拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)及其突变体(atrbohD、atrbohF、atrbohD/F、atl-cdes、atd-cdes)和过表达株系(OEL-CDes、OED-CDes)为材料, 利用药理学实验, 结合分光光度法和激光共聚焦显微技术, 探讨硫化氢(hydrogen sulfide, H₂S)在干旱诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭中的作用及其与过氧化氢(hydrogen peroxide, H₂O₂)的关系。结果表明, H₂S清除剂次牛磺酸(hypotaurine, HT)及合成抑制剂氨氧基乙酸(aminooxy acetic acid, AOA)、羟胺(hydroxylamine, NH₂OH)和丙酮酸钾(potasium pyruvate, C₃H₃KO₃)+氨水(ammonia, NH₃)均可不同程度抑制干旱诱导的气孔关闭; 干旱对OEL-CDes和OED-CDes植株气孔关闭的诱导作用明显, 而atl-cdes和atd-cdes叶片气孔对干旱胁迫反应的敏感性下降; 干旱胁迫能明显增加拟南芥保卫细胞中H₂O₂水平及叶片中H₂S含量, 提高D-/L-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶活性及基因表达量, 而对突变体atrbohD、atrbohF和atrbohD/F没有显著影响。清除H₂O₂可减弱干旱胁迫对H₂S含量和D-/L-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶活性的诱导效应。研究 结果表明H₂S位于H₂O₂下游参与干旱诱导拟南芥气孔关闭的信号转导过程。     

ABC转运体位于H2S上游参与盐胁迫诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭

本文以拟南芥野生型、ABC转运体缺失突变体（Atmrp4、Atmrp5和Atmrp4／5）为材料研究了硫化氢（hydrogensulfide,H2S）和ABC转运体在盐胁迫诱导拟南芥气孔关闭中的作用及其相互关系。结果表明,盐胁迫能够引起拟南芥叶片AtMRP4及AtMRP5表达量显著升高,诱导野生型拟南芥叶片气孔关闭,但对Atmrp4、Atmrp5及Atmrp4／5气孔开度无显著影响;而ABC转运体抑制剂格列本脲（glibenclamide,Gli）可减弱盐胁迫诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭的作用,表明ABC转运体参与盐胁迫诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭过程。盐胁迫能够引起野生型拟南芥H,s合成相关酶L-／D-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶（L-／D-CDes）活性及H2S含量显著升高,而ABc转运体抑制剂格列本脲处理后则没有这种变化,同时盐胁迫也不能引起Atmrp4、Atmrp5及Atmrp4／5的L-／19-CDes活性及H2S含量显著升高,表明ABC转运体位于H2s上游参与盐胁迫诱导气孔关闭过程。     

H2S位于SOS上游参与盐胁迫诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭

以拟南芥野生型、SOS突变体(Atsos1、Atsos2和Atsos3)、H2S合成相关酶L-/D-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶(L-/D-CDes)基因缺失突变体(Atl-cdes和Atd-cdes)和过表达株系(OEL-CDes和OED-CDes)为材料研究了H2S和SOS信号转导途径在盐胁迫诱导拟南芥气孔关闭中的作用及其相互关系。结果表明,盐胁迫能够引起拟南芥叶片H2S含量、L-/D-CDes活性及其基因表达量显著升高,诱导野生型拟南芥和OEL-CDes和OED-CDes叶片气孔关闭,但对Atl-cdes和Atd-cdes气孔开度无显著影响;而H2S清除剂次牛磺酸(hypotaurine,HT)可减弱盐胁迫诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭的作用,表明H2S参与盐胁迫诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭过程。外源H2S诱导野生型拟南芥气孔关闭,但对SOS突变体气孔开度无显著影响;同时盐胁迫下Atsos1、Atsos2和At-sos3亦表现出H2S含量及L-/D-CDes活性显著升高,且与野生型相比,盐胁迫对Atl-cdes和Atd-cdes叶片AtSOS基因表达量无显著影响。表明盐胁迫诱导气孔关闭过程中H2S位于SOS上游。     

H_2O_2介导H_2S诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭

以拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）为材料,研究了过氧化氢（H2O2）在硫化氢（H2S）调控气孔运动信号转导中的作用。结果表明,光下H2S的供体硫氢化钠（NaHS）能够诱导拟南芥气孔关闭;且能够显著提高叶片和保卫细胞胞质H2O2含量;H2O2的清除剂AsA和H2O2合成酶的抑制剂可不同程度地抑制NaHS诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭及叶片和保卫细胞胞质H2O2水平的升高;NaHS对AtrbohD、AtrbohF、Atpao2和Atpao4突变体气孔关闭、叶片和保卫细胞胞质H2O2水平升高的诱导作用要明显的小于野生型,但对AtPAO2和AtPAO4过表达株系叶片和保卫细胞H2O2水平的升高较野生型显著。据此推测,来源于NADPH氧化酶、细胞壁过氧化物酶和多胺氧化酶途径的H2O2参与H2S诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭。     

ABC转运体位于H2S上游参与盐胁迫诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭

本文以拟南芥野生型、ABC转运体缺失突变体（Atmrp4、Atmrp5和Atmrp4/5）为材料研究了硫化氢（hydrogen sulfide,H₂S）和ABC转运体在盐胁迫诱导拟南芥气孔关闭中的作用及其相互关系。结果表明,盐胁迫能够引起拟南芥叶片AtMRP4及AtMRP5表达量显著升高,诱导野生型拟南芥叶片气孔关闭,但对Atmrp4、Atmrp5及Atmrp4/5气孔开度无显著影响;而ABC转运体抑制剂格列本脲（glibenclamide,Gli）可减弱盐胁迫诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭的作用,表明ABC转运体参与盐胁迫诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭过程。盐胁迫能够引起野生型拟南芥H₂S合成相关酶L-/D-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶（L-/D-CDes）活性及H₂S含量显著升高,而ABC转运体抑制剂格列本脲处理后则没有这种变化,同时盐胁迫也不能引起Atmrp4、Atmrp5及Atmrp4/5的L-/D-CDes活性及H₂S含量显著升高,表明ABC转运体位于H₂S上游参与盐胁迫诱导气孔关闭过程。     

UV-B辐射对蚕豆叶片气孔运动的间接效应与NO和H2O2有关

0.2 W.m-2的UV-B辐射不仅能诱导整体蚕豆叶片气孔导度和开度的显著降低,而且能明显降低蚕豆叶肉光合活性,但该强度的UV-B辐射却不能明显影响离体表皮条的气孔开度.说明0.2W.m-2的UV-B主要通过间接途径调控了蚕豆叶片气孔运动.借助药理学试验和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜技术,进一步对该间接效应过程中是否有NO和H2O2的参与进行了探讨.结果显示:NO专一性清除剂cPT IO和一氧化氮合酶(NO S)抑制剂L-NAM E均能有效地抑制UV-B辐射诱导的叶片气孔关闭和保卫细胞内源NO水平的升高;H2O2清除剂抗坏血酸(A SC)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)也能有效地逆转UV-B辐射诱导的气孔关闭和保卫细胞内源H2O2含量的升高.另外,外源NO或H2O2处理也能有效地诱导叶片气孔关闭.结果说明0.2W.m-2的UV-B辐射对蚕豆叶片气孔关闭的间接诱导与NO和H2O2有关.     

ABA-induced NO generation and stomatal closure in Arabidopsis are dependent on H2O2 synthesis

Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) are key signalling molecules produced in response to various stimuli and involved in a diverse range of plant signal transduction processes. Nitric oxide and H(2)O(2) have been identified as essential components of the complex signalling network inducing stomatal closure in response to the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). A close inter-relationship exists between ABA and the spatial and temporal production and action of both NO and H(2)O(2) in guard cells. This study shows that, in Arabidopsis thaliana guard cells, ABA-mediated NO generation is in fact dependent on ABA-induced H(2)O(2) production. Stomatal closure induced by H(2)O(2) is inhibited by the removal of NO with NO scavenger, and both ABA and H(2)O(2) stimulate guard cell NO synthesis. Conversely, NO-induced stomatal closure does not require H(2)O(2) synthesis nor does NO treatment induce H(2)O(2) production in guard cells. Tungstate inhibition of the NO-generating enzyme nitrate reductase (NR) attenuates NO production in response to nitrite in vitro and in response to H(2)O(2) and ABA in vivo. Genetic data demonstrate that NR is the major source of NO in guard cells in response to ABA-mediated H(2)O(2) synthesis. In the NR double mutant nia1, nia2 both ABA and H(2)O(2) fail to induce NO production or stomatal closure, but in the nitric oxide synthase deficient Atnos1 mutant, responses to H(2)O(2) are not impaired. Importantly, we show that in the NADPH oxidase deficient double mutant atrbohD/F, NO synthesis and stomatal closure to ABA are severely reduced, indicating that endogenous H(2)O(2) production induced by ABA is required for NO synthesis. In summary, our physiological and genetic data demonstrate a strong inter-relationship between ABA, endogenous H(2)O(2) and NO-induced stomatal closure.     

Carbon Monoxide-induced Stomatal Closure Involves Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide in Vicia faba Guard Cells

Here the regulatory role of CO during stomatal movement In Vicla faba L. was surveyed. Results Indicated that, like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), CO donor Hematin induced stomatal closure in dose- and time-dependent manners. These responses were also proven by the addition of gaseous CO aqueous solution with different concentrations, showing the first time that CO and H2O2 exhibit the similar regulation role in the atomatal movement. Moreover, our data showed that ascorbic acid (ASA, an important reducing substrate for H2O2 removal) and diphenylene iodonium (DPI, an inhibitor of the H2O2-generating enzyme NADPH oxidase) not only reversed stomatal closure by CO, but also suppressed the H2O2 fluorescence induced by CO, implying that CO induced-atomatal closure probably involves H2O2 signal. Additionally, the CO/NO scavenger hemoglobin (Hb) and CO specific synthetic inhibitor ZnPPIX, ASA and DPI reversed the darkness-induced stomatal closure and H2O2 fluorescence. These results show that, perhaps like H2O2, the levels of CO in guard cells of V. faba are higher In the dark than in light, HO-1 and NADPH oxidase are the enzyme systems responsible for generating endogenous CO and H2O2 in darkness respectively, and that CO is involved in darkness-induced H2O2 synthesis in V. faba guard cells.     

NO可能作为H2O2的下游信号介导ABA诱导的蚕豆气孔关闭

ABA、H2O2和硝普钠(SNP)均能诱导蚕豆气孔关闭.NO的清除剂c-PTIO可以减轻由ABA或H2O2所诱导的蚕豆气孔关闭的程度,而过氧化氢酶(CAT)则不能减轻NO诱导的气孔关闭程度.激光共聚焦显微检测结果显示,10μmo1/L的ABA处理后,胞内H2O2的产生速率明显高于NO的产生速率;CAT几乎可完全抑制ABA所诱导的DAF的荧光增加;外源H2O2能显著诱导胞内DAF的荧光增加;c-PTIO对ABA诱导的DCF荧光略有促进作用,但外源SNP不能诱导胞内DCF荧光增加.这些结果表明,在ABA诱导气孔关闭过程中,H2O2可能在NO的上游起作用并受NO的负反馈调节.     

Auxin herbicides induce H(2)O(2) overproduction and tissue damage in cleavers (Galium aparine L.)

The phytotoxic effects of auxin herbicides, including the quinoline carboxylic acids quinmerac and quinclorac, the benzoic acid dicamba and the pyridine carboxylic acid picloram, were studied in relation to changes in phytohormonal ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) levels and the production of H(2)O(2) in cleavers (Galium aparine). When plants were root-treated with 10 microM quinmerac, ethylene synthesis was stimulated in the shoot tissue, accompanied by increases in immunoreactive levels of ABA and its precursor xanthoxal. It has been demonstrated that auxin herbicide-stimulated ethylene triggers ABA biosynthesis. The time-course and dose-response of ABA accumulation closely correlated with reductions in stomatal aperture and CO(2) assimilation and increased levels of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activity and chlorophyll loss. The latter parameters were used as sensitive indicators for the progression of tissue damage. On a shoot dry weight basis, DNase activity and H(2)O(2) levels increased up to 3-fold, relative to the control. Corresponding effects were obtained using auxin herbicides from the other chemical classes or when ABA was applied exogenously. It is hypothesized, that auxin herbicides stimulate H(2)O(2) generation which contributes to the induction of cell death in Galium leaves. This overproduction of H(2)O(2) could be triggered by the decline of photosynthetic activity, due to ABA-mediated stomatal closure.     

Guard cell-specific inhibition of Arabidopsis MPK3 expression causes abnormal stomatal responses to abscisic acid and hydrogen peroxide

MAP kinases have been linked to guard cell signalling. Arabidopsis thaliana MAP Kinase 3 (MPK3) is known to be activated by abscisic acid (ABA) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), which also control stomatal movements. We therefore studied the possible role of MPK3 in guard cell signalling through guard cell-specific antisense inhibition of MPK3 expression. Such transgenic plants contained reduced levels of MPK3 mRNA in the guard cells and displayed partial insensitivity to ABA in inhibition of stomatal opening, but responded normally to this hormone in stomatal closure. However, ABA-induced stomatal closure was reduced compared with controls when cytoplasmic alkalinization was prevented with sodium butyrate. MPK3 antisense plants were less sensitive to exogenous H(2)O(2), both in inhibition of stomatal opening and in promotion of stomatal closure, thus MPK3 is required for the signalling of this compound. ABA-induced H(2)O(2) synthesis was normal in these plants, indicating that MPK3 probably acts in signalling downstream of H(2)O(2). These results provide clear evidence for the important role of MPK3 in the perception of ABA and H(2)O(2) in guard cells.     

共聚焦显微技术研究ABA诱导蚕豆气孔保卫细胞H2O2的产生（简报）

The methods of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and microinjection were used to study ABA-induced H2O2 in guard cells (Vicia faba), which were labeled with H2O2 specific probe-2, 7-dichlorofluorescin diacetate(H2DCFDA). The results indicated 100 U/mL catalase (CAT) could inhibit partly stomatal closure induced by ABA. 10(-3) mmol/L ABA could significantly induce H2O2 production in chloroplast in guard cells of Vicia faba following microinjection, and 100 U/mL CAT could partly abolish the effects following simultaneous microinjection of ABA and CAT. These suggest that H2O2 is possibly involved in ABA signaling leading to stomatal closure.     

H_2O_2作为根源信号介导盐胁迫诱导的蚕豆气孔关闭反应

H2O2作为信号分子可被多种胁迫诱导产生并在细胞内积累,进而参与调节植物的抗逆反应。文章通过远红外热成像观察等实验发现,根部NaCl胁迫可诱导蚕豆气孔关闭,叶片温度上升,叶片内Na＋和H2O2含量增加,蒸腾流汁液中H2O2浓度升高。另外,NaCl可直接诱导离体蚕豆根产生H2O2,却不能影响表皮条内H2O2含量。NaCl胁迫条件下产生的蒸腾流汁液可直接诱导表皮条气孔关闭,该过程可被抗氧化剂抗坏血酸（AsA）所逆转。这些结果表明,H2O2作为盐胁迫的根源信号,可能通过维管系统运输参与调节蚕豆气孔的关闭反应。