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1.
光合作用在世纪之交的研究动向   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
当前光合作用的研究动向大致可分为3个方面:1)深入探讨光合作用反应机理,结构功能,特别是关于从水分子释放出氧气的过程和腺三磷的合成机理;2)了解光合机构的组装,运转与调节,包括叶绿体有关组分的生物合成与组装,光合作用各部分反应间的弹性衔接和协调,光合机构的运转与植物其它生命活动的配合及对环境变动的适应,在分子水平上进行生理研究等;3)研究与光合作用有关的生产实践上的重大问题,如农业生产和生态环境的  相似文献   

2.
水杨酸对植物光合作用影响的研究进展   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
水杨酸作为一种信号分子,对植物呼吸代谢、种子萌发、成花诱导、衰老及抗逆等生理过程都有调节作用,近年来有关水杨酸对植物光合作用影响的研究取得了很大进展。水杨酸能够调节植物叶片气孔运动、光合色素含量、光合机构性能、光合碳同化酶活性等各方面,其效果因浓度、植物种类、环境条件等不同而表现出差异。该文就近年来国内外有关水杨酸对植物光合作用的影响(主要从植物叶片气孔运动、光合色素含量、光合机构性能和光合碳同化酶活性等方面)研究进展进行综述。  相似文献   

3.
墨兰叶片结构及光合作用的研究   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
  相似文献   

4.
光合作用这一现象是1771年发现的,迄今已200多年,其主要的化学形式是二氧化碳和水在绿色植物中经太阳光照射,转变成碳水化合物和氧气。可以用下式表示: CO_2 H_2O 光——→绿色植物 [CH_2O] O_2↑光合作用由光反应(光所引起的化学反应)和暗反应(若干酶所催化的化学反应)所组成。光合作用是地球上利用日光能最重要的过程,粮食、煤炭中所含的能量,都是通过光合作用贮藏起来的,是地球上最大规模的由二氧化碳和水等无机物质制造碳水化合物(如淀粉)、蛋白质、脂肪等有机物质的过程,也是大气中氧的来源。绝大多数生物(包括人  相似文献   

5.
光合作用是生物体将光能转化为化学能的过程。由于地球人口的迅速膨胀,可以说光合作用不仅仅是生命科学中的重大基础理论问题,而且与当今人类面临的粮食危机、能源危机、资源危机和环境变化等问题的解决密切相关。这是因为:提高农作物光能转化和利用效率是农业增产的核心问题;人类今天所用燃料主要是远古和当今植物光合作用产物转化而来;光合作用吸收二氧化碳对于减缓地球大气层的温室效应具有很大作用。  相似文献   

6.
光合细菌光合作用与呼吸作用的相互关系   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
  相似文献   

7.
利用合成生物学原理提高光合作用效率的研究进展   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
我国人口增多与耕地面积减少的矛盾日益突出,粮食安全已成为我国国民经济可持续发展的重要保障。光合作用是作物产量形成的物质基础,提高作物光能利用效率是提高作物产量的重要途径之一。本文从光合作用过程中光能高效吸收、传递与转化,光能高效利用和碳同化等三大模块综述了近期科学家利用合成生物学对光合作用改造的最新进展。最后我们对其在农业中的应用前景进行了展望,通过合成生物学原理提高光合作用效率可能将为增加粮食产量提供重要理论支撑和关键生物技术。  相似文献   

8.
果树叶片的光合产物是形成果实的物质基础,但果树利用光能只有0.5-2%,因此提高其光合效率是获得优质高产的重要措施之一.提高光合作用应从增加光合面积、延长光合时间和增强光合力三个方面加以考虑,结合果树特点,需做好以下几项工作:  相似文献   

9.
光合作用被称为"地球上最重要的化学反应",其二氧化碳同化是由还原辅酶II(NADPH)和腺三磷(ATP)来推动的。ATP主要来源于非循环光合磷酸化和循环光合磷酸化,但以往研究集中在前者。21世纪以来,随着测定技术的发展和多条与循环光合磷酸化有关的电子传递途径的发现,循环光合磷酸化的重要性和功能引起了极大地关注。该文作者结合自己实验室的相关的研究,围绕循环光合磷酸化的发现和重要性、同化力两个组分的比例与促进光合磷酸化提高光合作用的途径进行探讨,为进一步深入研究提供参考。  相似文献   

10.
光合作用研究历程中的重大事件(2)   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
(上接 2 0 0 3年第 38卷第 7期第 6 0页 )   6 ) 2 0世纪 80年代以后 ,匡廷云等在光合膜的结构与功能 ,如光系统 反应中心、捕光色素蛋白复合体以及 Cytb6 /f复合体的结构与功能及其调控的研究中 ,取得了系统的、具有特色的创新成果 :1首次证明了 2 1×10 3蛋白是光系统 长波荧光发射的最初来源 ;2揭示了不同类型植物叶绿体膜上叶绿素蛋白种类的多样性 ,其结构与功能受内外因素调控的规律 ;3发现了捕光叶绿素蛋白在类囊体膜上横向迁移调节激发能分配的规律 ;4提出了具有特色的叶绿素蛋白在膜上排列的模型 ,“膜表面蛋白质的非均一性分…  相似文献   

11.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The main function of the photosynthetic process is to capture solar energy and to store it in the form of chemical 'fuels'. Increasingly, the photosynthetic machinery is being used for the production of biofuels such as bio-ethanol, biodiesel and bio-H2. Fuel production efficiency is directly dependent on the solar photon capture and conversion efficiency of the system. Green algae (e.g. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ) have evolved genetic strategies to assemble large light-harvesting antenna complexes (LHC) to maximize light capture under low-light conditions, with the downside that under high solar irradiance, most of the absorbed photons are wasted as fluorescence and heat to protect against photodamage. This limits the production process efficiency of mass culture. We applied RNAi technology to down-regulate the entire LHC gene family simultaneously to reduce energy losses by fluorescence and heat. The mutant Stm3LR3 had significantly reduced levels of LHCI and LHCII mRNAs and proteins while chlorophyll and pigment synthesis was functional. The grana were markedly less tightly stacked, consistent with the role of LHCII. Stm3LR3 also exhibited reduced levels of fluorescence, a higher photosynthetic quantum yield and a reduced sensitivity to photoinhibition, resulting in an increased efficiency of cell cultivation under elevated light conditions. Collectively, these properties offer three advantages in terms of algal bioreactor efficiency under natural high-light levels: (i) reduced fluorescence and LHC-dependent heat losses and thus increased photosynthetic efficiencies under high-light conditions; (ii) improved light penetration properties; and (iii) potentially reduced risk of oxidative photodamage of PSII.  相似文献   

12.
13.
The first research paper on photosynthesis in China was published by T.T. Li2 in 1929. Two photosynthesis laboratories were established in Shanghai and Beijing in the 1950s and the 1960s, respectively. A photophosphorylation `intermediate' was discovered after the energy conversion process was separated into light and dark phases in the 1960s. Since the 1980s, research has accelerated at several different levels through efforts of a large number of scientists in China. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

14.
Artificial photosynthesis provides a blueprint to harvest solar energy to sustain the future energy demands. Solar‐driven water splitting, converting solar energy into hydrogen energy, is the prototype of photosynthesis. Various systems have been designed and evaluated to understand the reaction pathways and/or to meet the requirements of potential applications. In solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion, electrocatalytic hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions are key research areas that are meaningful both theoretically and practically. To utilize hydrogen energy, fuel cell technology has been extensively investigated because of its high efficiency in releasing chemical energy. In this review, general concepts of the photosynthesis in green plants are discussed, different strategies for the light‐driven water splitting proposed in laboratories are introduced, the progress of electrocatalytic hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions are reviewed, and finally, the reactions in hydrogen fuel cells are briefly discussed. Overall, the mass and energy circulation in the solar‐hydrogen‐electricity circle are delineated. The authors conclude that attention from scientists and engineers of relevant research areas is still highly needed to eliminate the wide disparity between the aspirations and realities of artificial photosynthesis.  相似文献   

15.
以2种基因型的黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)为材料,研究光合菌(PSB)的喷施对植物生物量、净光合速率(Pn)、叶片PSII的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)及抗氧化同工酶代谢的影响。结果表明,喷施PSB均能诱导2种基因型黄瓜的生物量显著增加,并伴随Pn的显著提高。但是,2种基因型黄瓜的Fv/Fm并不受PSB喷施的影响:PSB能使总过氧化物歧化酶(soo)和抗坏血酸过氧化酶(APX)活性提高,并使它们的多数同工酶的活性上调,这些同工酶活性的增加在叶绿体中表现更为明显(如Cu/Zn-SOD、Fe-SOD和sAPX)。研究结果表明,PSB能通过增强黄瓜抗氧化酶体系的活性改善植株的抗氧化能力,从而在植株的生长和光合作用方面起到促进作用。  相似文献   

16.
17.
快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学分析在光合作用研究中的应用   总被引:118,自引:1,他引:118  
JIP-测定(JIP-test)是以生物膜能量流动为基础建立的分析方法.利用该方法可以获得有关光系统Ⅱ的大量信息.文章介绍了快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线的定义、数据分析方法及相关参数的意义,并举例说明如何利用该方法分析不同环境条件对光合机构主要是PSⅡ的供体侧、受体侧及PSⅡ反应中心的影响.  相似文献   

18.
    
The first replicated productivity trials of the C4 perennial grass Miscanthus × giganteus in the United States showed this emerging ligno‐cellulosic bioenergy feedstock to provide remarkably high annual yields. This covered the 5 years after planting, leaving it uncertain if this high productivity could be maintained in the absence of N fertilization. An expected, but until now unsubstantiated, benefit of both species was investment in roots and perennating rhizomes. This study examines for years 5–7 yields, biomass, C and N in shoots, roots, and rhizomes. The mean peak shoot biomass for M. × giganteus in years 5–7 was 46.5 t ha?1 in October, declining to 38.1 t ha?1 on completion of senescence and at harvest in December, and 20.7 t ha?1 declining to 11.3 t ha?1 for Panicum virgatum. There was no evidence of decline in annual yield with age. Mean rhizome biomass was significantly higher in M. × giganteus at 21.5 t ha?1 compared to 7.2 t ha?1 for P. virgatum, whereas root biomass was similar at 5.6–5.9 t ha?1. M. × giganteus shoots contained 339 kg ha?1 N in August, declining to 193 kg ha?1 in December, compared to 168 and 58 kg ha?1 for P. virgatum. The results suggest substantial remobilization of N to roots and rhizomes, yet still a substantial loss with December harvests. The shoot and rhizome biomass increase of 33.6 t ha?1 during the 2‐month period between June and August for M. × giganteus corresponds to a solar energy conversion of 4.4% of solar energy into biomass, one of the highest recorded and confirming the remarkable productivity potential of this plant.  相似文献   

19.
本文根据光合作用和光呼吸途径能量代谢,通过改变外界CO2和O2浓度,计算卡尔文循环固定的CO2和光呼吸消耗的O2。结果表明,可以通过3种方法计算。方法1,测定在CO2饱和点(A)和正常CO2(A')浓度下吸收的CO2,得出光呼吸消耗的O2为:18/19(A-A'),卡尔文循环固定的CO2为:1/19(6A+13A'+19Rd)。方法2,测定在不含O2的空气中(O)和正常O2(O’)浓度下释放的O2,得出光呼吸消耗的O2为:-13/5O-O'-18/5Rd,卡尔文循环固定的CO2为:13/18(O'—O)。方法3,测定在正常情况下吸收的CO2(A)和释放的O2(O'),得出光呼吸消耗的O2为:18(O'—A'),卡尔文循环固定的CO2为:6O'-5A'+Rd。测定在CO2饱和点和正常CO2浓度下吸收的CO2计算出水稻光呼吸释放的CO2占光合作用固定的24%-40%。  相似文献   

20.
群体中叶片光合能力的分布及其对群体光合作用的影响   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
利用数学变分原理分析了群体中叶片光合能力对环境适应和有限氮资源利用的最优分布。叶片光合能力呈现与光强相同的负指数衰减分布时,“群体的光合速率和对氮的利用率最高;叶片对环境光强适应的优越性随群体消光系数和叶面积指数增加而增加。由此推导了叶片光合能力最优分布下的群体光合模型。  相似文献   

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