玉米生长周期内植硅体的变化研究

植物不同组织部位的植硅体形态、组合研究有助于准确鉴定考古地层植硅体来源植物的具体种类以及组织部位;生长周期内植硅体形态、组合变化研究有利于探讨植硅体的形成机制,认识植硅体形态组合变化与环境因子之间的关系,科学解释土壤及沉积物植硅体古植被、古环境信息。玉米变种亚航0919在生长的初期,尤其是前3片真叶,含比重较高的3片以上的多铃型植硅体;随着玉米生长天数增加及生长温度的升高,第4—5片真叶3片以上多铃型植硅体消失,哑铃型植硅体含量逐渐增加,尖型及棒型植硅体含量有所降低,叶片哑铃型植硅体长度(L)及宽度(W)有增加的趋势;相同生长阶段,叶片与叶脉植硅体组合及大小显著不同,叶脉相对叶片含较低比重的哑铃型植硅体、较高比重的十字型和椭圆-哑铃型植硅体,叶脉中哑铃型植硅体小于叶片中的。玉米叶片植硅体形态、组合在生长季节内的变化主要与植物的成熟阶段及生长环境温度的变化有关,其植硅体形态、大小和组合,尤其是哑铃型植硅体大小能够响应温度变化。     

东北地区芦苇植硅体形态的空间差异

笔者对东北地区12个样点的芦苇叶片的植硅体进行了分析,探讨了芦苇植硅体在空间上的分布规律,揭示芦苇植硅体的环境指示意义,为定量恢复古环境提供参考。实验结果表明:12个样点中芦苇植硅体基本类型相同,共有5种主要植硅体类型,即中鞍型、帽型、芦苇扇型、尖型和棒型;但芦苇植硅体的浓度随着纬度的变化而相应的发生变化。总体来说,纬度较低的样点芦苇植硅体的浓度较大,而纬度较高的样点芦苇植硅体的浓度相对较小;随着纬度的变化,芦苇的特征植硅体中鞍型的浓度也呈现波状变化,牡丹江以南的几个样点中鞍型植硅体浓度相对较大,9、10两个月牡丹江以北的几个样点中鞍型植硅体浓度迅速减少。芦苇扇型植硅体则呈现出纬度较高的样点植硅体浓度较大,纬度较低的样点植硅体浓度较小的特点,芦苇扇型植硅体的空间变化规律与扇型植硅体的不同。     

浙江青浜岛现代植物群落和表土植硅体研究及环境意义

在植物分类基础上全面调查了浙江舟山青浜岛分布的植物群落类型,获得8个群丛类型,对青浜岛25种现代植物植硅体进行提取,共鉴定出17种形态类型。帽型、齿型、哑铃型、鞍型和扇型主要见于禾本科植物;蕨类主要产波状棒型和三棱柱型;木本主要产纺锤型和多边形板状型,这表明不同分类位置的植物产生不同的植硅体形态及组合。对横跨整个青浜岛东南—西北坡向的8个群丛样方进行表土植硅体提取分析,共获得14种植硅体形态类型,研究结果显示表土植硅体贡献主要来自禾本科、蕨类、阔叶类和裸子类植物。随着岛屿山体海拔的增加(海拔20—90m),示冷型和示干旱型植硅体增加,青浜岛局部生境(自东南向西北翻过山顶)气候变化表现为温暖湿润—温凉偏干—温暖湿润。表土植硅体组合灵敏地响应了海拔改变而引起的局地植被和环境的变化,是重建第四纪环境变化的可靠代用指标。     

吉林省松原市不同品种玉米穗、叶植硅体形态组合特征研究

玉米(Zea mays L.)作为禾本科一年生的植物,是东北地区最主要的粮食作物之一。本文通过选取吉林省松原市乾安地区21个玉米品种进行植硅体分析,试图探讨玉米不同部位(穗、叶)主要植硅体类型的变化规律。分别在穗中、叶中、整个植株中提取并鉴定植硅体10 311粒、10 466粒、8 530粒。结果表明,21个玉米品种中,植硅体形态基本相同,相比于其它植物玉米十字型植硅体含量十分丰富,常见的还有哑铃型、帽型、棒型等;不同部位植硅体总浓度差异较大,存在有穗中叶中整株中的规律;不同部位不同类型植硅体的百分含量及十字型植硅体的大小有显著差别。穗中十字型含量较多,叶中十字型和帽型含量较多;镜下测量结果显示,叶中十字型植硅体比穗中十字型植硅体大。此外,不同品种中十字型植硅体宽度差异较大,其可能与不同玉米品种的抗逆性有关。本文研究结果可为鉴别玉米与其它禾本科植物提供依据,也为玉米种间差异及抗逆性研究提供了基础资料,同时亦可为探究玉米起源、环境考古等方面的研究提供参考。     

东北地区芦苇植硅体的变化特征

深入研究芦苇(Phragmites australis)不同生长期植硅体的形态变化规律, 对提高古植被重建精度、探讨植硅体形成机理具有重要意义。该文对东北地区12个样点的芦苇叶片进行研究, 选取长势相近、叶片大小一致的芦苇叶片, 用湿式灰化法提取植硅体并对其进行分类和命名。研究发现, 芦苇植硅体主要有5种类型, 在不同生长期内和不同温湿度组合下, 其植硅体类型组合基本无变化, 说明同种植物的植硅体类型组合具有稳定性, 据此可以有效地恢复古植被; 同时芦苇鞍型植硅体百分含量的峰值出现在7月份, 随后稍有减少, 而芦苇扇型植硅体百分含量和浓度的峰值出现在8或9月份, 谷值在7月份。由此推测芦苇鞍型植硅体的形成可能更多地受控于植物的光合作用和蒸腾作用, 芦苇扇型植硅体的形成可能与机动细胞的支撑作用关系密切。实验结果还表明芦苇植硅体浓度并不是随着时间逐渐积累的, 其在8月份达到峰值, 9月份达到谷值, 因此推测植物植硅体浓度的变化规律可能与植物在不同生长期其自身对硅的需求规律相一致。鞍型植硅体浓度的峰值也出现在8月份, 谷值也在9月份, 其浓度变化与芦苇植硅体总浓度的变化趋势相似。     

东北地区草本植物和木本植物植硅体的形态特征鉴别分析

为了鉴别草本植物来源及木本植物来源的植硅体类型,本文从植硅体形态和大小两方面着手,对东北地区常见的57种草本植物和72种木本植物的植硅体进行系统分析。从植硅体形态来看,鞍型、帽型和哑铃型等24类植硅体为草本植物的特征类型,木本植物也鉴定出17类典型植硅体类型,包括立方体、端尖细长棒型和凹口棒型等。同时,进一步通过引入形态参数区分三类形态相似且含量较多的植硅体类型(不规则扁平状、边缘弯曲扁平状、不规则块状)的植物来源,结果显示,长度30μm不规则扁平状、长度50μm边缘弯曲扁平状(包含蕨类植物)、长度30μm不规则块状主要来源于草本植物;长度40μm不规则扁平状、长度50μm边缘弯曲扁平状及长度40μm不规则块状主要形成于木本植物。在利用形态和大小分别区分植硅体植物来源的基础上,本研究还系统总结了东北地区草本类植硅体和木本类植硅体的鉴别标准,并据此识别东北地区表土植硅体的植物来源。该研究能够为本区开展植硅体-古植被重建等研究提供重要的参考。     

青藏高原常见早熟禾亚科植硅体形态特征初步研究

文章对采自青藏高原地区早熟禾亚科（Pooideae）常见的10属19种现代植物进行详细的植硅体形态描述、分类、统计、测量和对比。分析发现：青藏高原现生植物早熟禾亚科（Pooideae）特有的植硅体形态主要包括帽型、齿型、针茅哑铃型和针茅多铃型,同时发育塔型、棒型、尖型、刺球型等其它亚科常见的类型。初步明确了部分属一级的植硅体形态特点,例如,羊茅属（Festuca）、早熟禾属（Poa）等主要发育尖顶帽型;长芒草（Stipa bungeana Trin．）、赖草（Leymus secalinus（Georgi）Tzvel．）等主要发育平顶帽型;针茅属（Stipa）主要发育针茅哑铃型;早熟禾属（Poa）、三毛草属（Trisetum）同时发育较丰富的帽型和齿型。为进一步地深入研究该区草原植被群落的演替过程和规律提供了植硅体形态学分析的基础。     

长白山北坡垂直植被带木本植物的植硅体形态特征及其环境意义

长白山垂直分布的植被是温带到寒带植被的组合,能够很好地反映温度变化趋势,研究其植物的植硅体对于了解长白山气候变迁有重要意义.作者选择长白山9科14属木本植物的叶子,采用湿式灰化法对其进行植硅体分析,计算了不同形态植硅体的百分含量,同时测量了长度和宽度.研究表明:长白山北坡垂直植被带中典型木本植物的叶子具有8种植硅体类型:表面有突起、皱纹的椭圆形、卵形;具有螺旋纹的纺锤状以及导管形、弓形、鸟嘴状、扁棒型、石块状、松树皮状、不确定型.在14种木本植物叶子中都出现了扁棒型植硅体,其含量随海拔升高逐渐增加,说明在长白山区扁棒型植硅体是示冷型植硅体.阔叶类木本植物叶子中,具有螺旋纹的纺锤体及导管形、弓形植硅体占优势;裸子植物叶子中松树皮状、石块状植硅体,其含量随海拔升高逐渐递减,说明松树皮状和石块状植硅体是示暖型植硅体.     

东北地区芦苇植硅体浓度的时空分异规律

芦苇是生态域极广的一种禾本科芦竹亚科植物,且其植硅体含量丰富,基于此,本文探讨了东北地区不同温度带及生长期的不同阶段芦苇植硅体浓度的变化规律,揭示芦苇植硅体的环境指示意义,从而为定量恢复古环境和探讨植硅体形成机理提供相关参考。结果表明:东北地区12个样点芦苇样品中共包含6种主要植硅体类型,其中鞍型的含量最高,是芦苇植硅体的优势类型。同时在不同温度带及生长期芦苇植硅体浓度具有明显差异。在东北地区,从温带到暖温带,芦苇植硅体和鞍型浓度均随温度升高而增多,但在不同湿度区,其随温度的变化趋势并不一致。总的来看,东北地区芦苇植硅体和鞍型浓度与温度的关系密切,可指示环境温度的变化,但其在一定程度上也受湿度的影响。在6—10月,芦苇植硅体和鞍型浓度均在其生长初期较多,而在9、10月相对较少,并推测植物植硅体浓度的变化规律可能与植物生长本身对硅的需求规律相一致。该结果有助于理解植硅体的形成机理,从而促进植硅体分析在古环境研究中的应用。     

水稻和旱稻植硅体形态的对比研究

我国南方丘陵山地地区的原始稻种种类是"旱稻"还是"水稻",一直备受争议。水稻和旱稻是亚洲栽培稻(Oryza sativa)的不同生态型,如何区分史前遗址中两者遗存是解决该争议的关键。植硅体分析方法可有效区分野生稻和栽培稻,在研究水稻驯化过程中取得了重要研究进展,因此旱稻植硅体形态大小和组合变化与水稻可能存在差异。本文对水稻与旱稻的植硅体形态进行统计和对比分析,结果显示虽然两种水稻型所含植硅体形态相似,但旱稻哑铃型和刺棒型植硅体百分含量高于水稻,水稻扇型植硅体百分含量较高,且水稻扇型、哑铃型植硅体个体更大。以上这些差异可能与不同生态型水稻的生长环境、耕作及管理方式、泡状细胞发育程度等因素相关。哑铃型、双斧型、刺棒型的百分含量差异或可作为判别水稻和旱稻的指标,在判别南方丘陵山地史前稻作方式中拥有较大潜力。     

温带地区表土植硅体对温度的响应

植硅体的现代过程研究是利用植硅体这一指标精准恢复区域古植被、古气候的前提和关键环节,探讨表土植硅体组合的空间分布特征及其对环境因子的响应尤为重要.本研究在东北地区沿着年降水量为600 mm等降水线采集54块表土样品,研究单一温度控制下表土植硅体的空间分布规律,以期寻找对温度比较敏感的植硅体类型.结果表明:54块表土样品...     

Do soil phytoliths accurately represent plant communities in a temperate region? A case study of Northeast China

Modern soil phytoliths can potentially provide analogues for phytolith assemblages from archaeological and palaeoecological contexts. To assess the reliability of soil phytoliths for representing different plant communities, we analysed phytoliths in surface soils and parent plants at 65 sites representing five types of regional vegetation in Northeast China. The results demonstrated that surface soil phytolith assemblages could clearly differentiate samples from herbaceous and woody communities, and samples from Poaceae and non-Poaceae communities could be separated statistically. In addition, woody communities could be differentiated into a broadleaf-Poaceae community, a broadleaf-non-Poaceae community and a conifer and broadleaf-non-Poaceae community, except for some overlapping samples. Soil phytolith assemblages are thus able to differentiate regional vegetation types into different plant community types. In the present study, soil phytoliths represented about 30% of the phytoliths present in the aboveground vegetation. In addition, soil phytoliths from different communities reflected the aboveground vegetation with slightly different degrees of accuracy, and in addition different morphotypes exhibited different degrees of representational bias. Some morphotypes (e.g. rondel, elongate psilate, lanceolate) overrepresented the abundance of the associated plant taxa; morphotypes such as tracheid, conical epidermal, stomata and others under-represented the original plant richness; and other morphotypes, e.g. saddle, trapeziform sinuate, scutiform, were in good agreement with the numbers of plant taxa in the plot inventory. Thus, any quantitative palaeovegetation reconstruction using phytoliths should begin with the calibration of soil phytolith assemblages. We conclude that our findings provide improved phytolith analogues for different plant communities, with applications in palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, and they also provide additional insights into the mechanisms of phytolith production and deposition.     

Assessing the importance of environmental factors to phytoliths of Phragmites communis in north-eastern China

Phytoliths have proved to be reliable indicators of environmental conditions both at present and in the past, and can provide evidence for the distribution of taxa or vegetation. Understanding the environmental significance of phytoliths within plants helps in drawing more reliable inferences about palaeovegetation and in reconstructing the palaeo-environment. The present study examined the relationship between phytoliths and environmental factors to assess the environmental significance of different types of phytoliths. Phytoliths were extracted from Phragmites communis growing in xerophytic and aquatic habitats at twelve sampling sites in north-eastern China and their implications for the environment were assessed using quantitative data mainly including phytolith concentration and environmental factors and statistical analyses. Principal component analysis (PCA) of several environmental factors (including the climate, micro terrain, and the physicochemical properties of soils) revealed that other factors being constant, P. communis phytolith concentrations were influenced largely by the average annual temperature and precipitation. Orthogonal experiment analysis and three-way analyses of variance of the concentrations confirmed the reliability of the results of the PCA. More specifically, the concentrations of the saddle and rondel types of phytoliths (the short-cell phytoliths) were closely linked to the average annual temperature whereas those of the elongate, lanceolate, and bulliform phytoliths (the non-short-cell phytoliths) were more sensitive to the variations in water status. The results contribute to further confirming the major environmental implications of phytoliths and, in turn, providing a reference for growth and development of wetland plants. Our findings also provide critical information that could help managers and policymakers assess and modify ecological restoration practices.     

内蒙古典型草原禾本科植硅体形态

运用地层中植硅体组合解释过去草原植被及气候变化的关键之一,是要了解研究区现代植硅体形态及表土植硅体组合与现代植被的关系。文中研究内蒙古典型草原禾本科植物根、茎、叶、芒以及种子等不同部位的植硅体,对其中的12种主要禾本科植物叶表皮短细胞硅酸体进行分类及统计。研究表明：内蒙古典型草原禾本科叶表皮短细胞硅酸体可分为8种特殊形态类型。C3植物早熟禾亚科的叶表皮短细胞硅酸体形态多样。几乎所有早熟禾亚科都能产生圆型硅酸体,以贝加尔针茅(85．5％)、大针茅(89．7％)、克氏针茅(90％)以及芨芨草(96．6％)中的圆型硅酸体含量最丰富。针茅哑铃型主要见于针茅植物叶表皮短细胞中,克氏针茅的针茅哑铃型含量相对较高。羊草中未见针茅哑铃型硅酸体。浴草、披缄草叶表皮短细胞硅酸体以齿型为主,分别含87．3％和57．2％,齿型在硬质早熟禾中也占一定比例。沙生冰草中的脊圆型占优势,含74．4％。C3植物早熟禾亚科的叶表皮短细胞产生的截锥型硅酸体含量较少。C4植物虎尾草亚科中的糙隐子草叶表皮短细胞硅酸体以黍哑铃型、简单哑铃型、鞍型为主;黍亚科狗尾草则以黍哑铃型占优势(82．9％)。     

盐碱条件下刈割干扰对羊草的氮素分配策略及补偿生长的影响

土地盐碱化和过度放牧是制约松嫩平原畜牧业发展的两大因素,羊草是松嫩平原上的优势种,被认为具有较强的耐牧及耐盐碱能力.本文通过田间原位试验,以叶面涂抹标记¹⁵N-尿素的方法,研究了不同盐碱条件下刈割干扰对羊草的氮素分配策略及补偿生长的影响.结果表明: 总体上叶面新吸收的氮60%以上保留在地上部分.与不施盐碱无刈割处理的对照相比,单纯的盐碱胁迫使新吸收的氮在细根中的分配率显著增加了5.1%;而盐碱胁迫下,中度刈割使叶面新吸收的氮在地上部分的分配率增加了11.6%,地上及总生物量发生超补偿生长,但是重度刈割使叶面新吸收的氮在茎基部的分配率显著增加了9.5%,地上、细根及总生物量均表现为欠补偿生长.上述结果表明盐碱胁迫下,中度刈割干扰时羊草采取积极的再生策略,促进其超补偿生长,但在重度刈割时羊草会采取增加氮素在茎基部存储的相对保守的氮素分配和生长策略.     

Teosinte inflorescence phytolith assemblages mirror Zea taxonomy

Molecular DNA analyses of the New World grass (Poaceae) genus Zea, comprising five species, has resolved taxonomic issues including the most likely teosinte progenitor (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis) of maize (Zea mays ssp. mays). However, archaeologically, little is known about the use of teosinte by humans both prior to and after the domestication of maize. One potential line of evidence to explore these relationships is opaline phytoliths produced in teosinte fruit cases. Here we use multidimensional scaling and multiple discriminant analyses to determine if rondel phytolith assemblages from teosinte fruitcases reflect teosinte taxonomy. Our results indicate that rondel phytolith assemblages from the various taxa, including subspecies, can be statistically discriminated. This indicates that it will be possible to investigate the archaeological histories of teosinte use pending the recovery of appropriate samples.     

盐碱胁迫下枸杞和柽柳的水力学特性和碳代谢

盐碱胁迫是全球范围内重要的非生物胁迫形式之一,但目前对植物水力学特性和碳代谢应对盐碱胁迫响应的研究还不多。本研究以耐盐碱植物枸杞（Lycium chinense Miller）和柽柳（Tamarix chinensis Lour.）为对象,测定不同盐碱程度下两种植物的枝条水势和导水损失率（PLC）、叶片光合作用和气孔导度、不同部位的非结构性碳（NSC）浓度以及植株生长情况。结果显示,重度盐碱胁迫显著降低了两种植物凌晨和正午水势、光合速率和枝条PLC,重度胁迫下柽柳的光合速率、气孔导度和枝条PLC下降程度均大于枸杞,重度盐碱胁迫下枸杞不同部位的NSC浓度均显著降低,但柽柳的地上部分NSC浓度显著增加,根部NSC浓度显著减低。两种植物有不同的应对盐碱胁迫策略,枸杞有较强的气孔调节能力,对水力结构的维持有利,但会限制碳摄取,柽柳气孔调节能力弱,水力结构易受影响,但对碳平衡维持有利。     

Morphological characteristics of phytoliths from representative conifers in China

Coniferous phytoliths in sediments are an effective tool for detecting the historical appearance of conifers. However, at the timberline in mountainous areas, such coniferous phytoliths are easily confused with grass phytoliths. This study analyses modern phytoliths from 17 conifer plants. Six common types and six rare types were identified. The conifers studied produce abundant blocky polyhedral and cubic (in the average 30–40 μm size range), blocky scrobiculate (average 30–40 μm), tabular elongate unsculpted (length 50–100 μm, width 10–20 μm), tabular elongate cavate (length 50–150 μm, width ∼10 μm), tabular elongate dendritic (50–100 μm × 10–20 μm), and irregular oblong (20–40 μm) phytoliths. This paper aims to show morphological characteristics of coniferous phytoliths in China, and to show how the common coniferous phytoliths differ from similar grass phytolith types, such as blocky polyhedral coniferous phytoliths from silicified parallelepipedal bulliform cells produced by grass. Blocky polyhedral and cubic phytoliths are the commonest coniferous phytoliths found in the sediments, but need to be carefully distinguished from grass parallelepipedal bulliform cells. This study indicates that clearly protruding ridges and irregular inward edges are essential features of cubic and polyhedral morphotypes produced by conifers. Results of this paper might provide important material for the study of paleovegetation and paleoecology of mountainous areas, especially at the timberline.