斜纹夜蛾幼虫感染莱氏野村菌后的抗氧化酶活性变化

【目的】研究斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura幼虫感染莱氏野村菌Nomuraea rileyi后的抗氧化防御机制。【方法】通过测定斜纹夜蛾各龄幼虫超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)等的活性,探讨染菌后不同侵染阶段,幼虫抗氧化酶活性的变化趋势和不同接种方法对抗氧化酶活性的影响。【结果】在斜纹夜蛾染菌幼虫和未接种幼虫(对照)中均未测出POD活性;各龄幼虫在接种莱氏野村菌后SOD和CAT活性显著高于对照,但随着侵染过程的进行,2-3龄幼虫的SOD和CAT活性在16 h左右达峰值后迅速降低,而4-5龄幼虫SOD和CAT活性自染菌初期增强后,变化较平缓,至60-72 h后才低于对照。喷雾法与浸蘸法接种后,各龄幼虫SOD和CAT活性显著高于对照,且对于2-3龄幼虫,浸蘸法对抗氧化酶活性的影响显著高于喷雾法,而对于4-5龄幼虫而言两处理方式之间活性差异不显著。【结论】斜纹夜蛾感染莱氏野村菌后,其体内抗氧化酶活性变化很大,SOD和CAT活性先升后降,且其变化趋势与幼虫所处的发育阶段密切相关。在体壁接种量相当的情况下,浸蘸法对2-3龄幼虫SOD和CAT活性的影响大于4-5龄幼虫。     

致死中浓度溴氰菊酯对茄无网蚜体内能源物质的影响

【目的】通过LC_(50)溴氰菊酯胁迫1龄茄无网蚜Acyrthosiphon solani测定对其生长发育及能源物质的影响,为研究茄无网蚜抗药性产生提供理论基础。【方法】通过浸渍法用LC_(50)溴氰菊酯处理1龄茄无网蚜,间隔12h观测药剂胁迫后试虫的生长历期,分别用蒽酮法、考马斯亮蓝G-250法,香草醛试剂测定各虫龄试虫蛋白、糖类和总脂质含量并进行数据分析。【结果】药剂胁迫下显著延长了1龄(1.44倍)、2龄(1.26倍)的发育历期(P 0.05);蛋白质比重在2龄(0.75倍)、3龄(0.69倍)、成蚜(1.17倍)有显著差异(P 0.05),其他虫龄有差异但不显著;可溶性糖比重在2龄(1.39倍)差异显著(P 0.05);糖原比重在1龄(3.81倍)、2龄(3.82倍)差异显著;总脂质在1-4龄均有显著差异(P 0.05),分别是对照组的2.04、1.34、1.25、1.30倍。【结论】药剂胁迫对茄无网蚜的生长发育及各虫龄能源物质比重均有不同程度的影响。     

甜菜夜蛾对氯氟氰菊酯抗性的表皮穿透机理

用三种方法测定了采自南京江浦的甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua对氯氟氰菊酯的抗性。结果表明,抗性水平的次序为3龄幼虫点滴法（5 499.5倍）和5龄幼虫点滴法（3 973.2倍）＞3龄幼虫浸叶法（1 041.6倍）＞5龄幼虫叶片夹毒法（24.7倍）,因此该品系触杀毒力的抗性水平至少为胃毒毒力LD50的160倍。用¹⁴C标记氯氟氰菊酯测定甜菜夜蛾抗性和敏感品系5龄幼虫表皮穿透率结果表明,处理后8h,抗性品系5龄幼虫的表皮穿透率仅为敏感品系幼虫表皮穿透率的55.5%。证实表皮穿透率的降低是产生抗性的一个重要机理。     

印楝素乳油对梨小食心虫的防控效果研究

【目的】探索0.3%印楝素乳油对梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta的控制效果。【方法】根据梨小食心虫的生物习性,采用浸渍法和浸虫法对梨小食心虫1日龄、3日龄、5日龄的卵和3龄、5龄幼虫进行了杀虫活性测定,采用药膜法对梨小食心虫初孵幼虫进行毒力测定,并通过田间试验测定0.3%印楝素乳油对梨小食心虫的控制效果。【结果】0.3%印楝素乳油对梨小食心虫1日龄、3日龄和5日龄卵的致死中量分别为6.5195、4.5789、6.6268 mg/L,对初孵幼虫的致死中量为6.0495 mg/L,效果较好,而对3龄和5龄幼虫几乎没有杀伤作用。使用有效成分为2.0 mg/kg~3.0 mg/L的印楝素乳油在田间进行梨小食心虫防治试验时,药后5 d和10 d的防治效果在63.18%~76.22%之间,至药后15 d时,防效则下降到27%以下,果实受害明显,表明该药剂已失去控制作用。【结论】印楝素乳油不能作为防治梨小食心虫的专用药剂,仅可在其发生危害的初期,防治其他害虫时,作为兼治的药剂来使用。     

划分黄毛鼠种群年龄指标的分析比较

黄毛鼠(Ralluslosea)是我国南方农田主要害鼠,如何科学有效地控制农田鼠害已成为植保科技工作者共同关注的课题.为掌握黄毛鼠种群数量变动规律,首先必须研究黄毛鼠的种群年龄结构以及个体年龄的鉴定方法。目前对黄毛鼠的年龄划分大都采用臼齿法和眼球晶体重法。实践证明前者尚有一定的误差,后者则要求仪器精度太高。为寻找一种既科学又简易的划龄方法,我们选择了体重、体长及尾长等生长指标进行分析比较,并根据一定的数学理论,采用定性分析转化为定量研究的手,把臼齿划龄转化为生长指标体重体长法划龄,我出了黄毛鼠划龄的简易而实用的方法。     

渭北旱塬不同龄苹果细根空间分布特征

以渭北旱塬3龄、10龄、15龄和20龄苹果树为对象,采用根钻法,沿3等分园半径方向(径向)、距树干1.0、1.5m和2 0m处设置采样点,研究了不同树龄的细根空间分布特征.结果表明,3龄苹果细根主要分布于径向1.5m以内和垂向0.5m以上,15龄和20龄苹果细根分布超出径向2.0m和垂向1.4m,10龄细根分布范围大于3龄,与15龄和20龄接近.在根系主要分布区内3龄和10龄细根分布稀疏,15龄和20龄细根分布密集;细根空间分布演化过程可分为3个阶段,即3～10龄为细根范围扩张阶段,10～15龄为细根密度扩张阶段,15～20龄为细根密度退化阶段;苹果细根空间分布无明显方向性差异;10龄、15龄和20龄苹果表层(0～20cm)平均根长密度低于下层(20～40cm),高峰值一般出现在40～80cm,此深度以下根长密度随深度递减,3龄苹果表层平均根长密度高于下层;在径向2.0m内随径向距离增大,3龄、15龄和20龄平均根长密度逐渐降低,而10龄根长密度逐渐增加.根长密度在径向变化上存在局部变异现象.     

家蚕幼虫不同龄期体内主要解毒酶及其基因表达的性别差异

为了研究家蚕Bombyx mori性别与抗性的关系,本研究采用Thermo酶活性测定法和实时荧光定量PCR法,比较不同龄期雌雄家蚕起蚕体内解毒酶活性及其基因的表达差异。结果表明：解毒酶及其基因在雌雄个体之间均存在明显差异,谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性及其基因BmGSTe5的表达量在1～3龄表现为雌蚕高于雄蚕,4龄和5龄则表现相反,其中4龄雄蚕酶活性和基因表达量分别是雌蚕的3.65倍和5.11倍,推测与雄蚕精巢在4龄初迅速发育有关。雄蚕乙酰胆碱酯酶活性在2～4龄分别是雌蚕的1.48,1.34和1.40倍;乙酰胆碱酯酶基因Bm-ace1在2龄和3龄性别差异不明显,Bm-ace2在2～4龄为雄性高于雌性,雄性分别是雌性的1.75,2.17和2.40倍,提示Bm-ace2对性别间该酶活性的差异影响较大。羧酸酯酶活性在2龄和3龄雄蚕较高,分别是雌蚕的1.23和1.87倍,4～5龄雌蚕较高,分别是雄蚕的1.23和1.22倍;羧酸酯酶基因BmCarE-5和BmCarE-10在性别间的差异规律均与酶活性相反,即羧酸酯酶表现为较高的基因表达量对应较低的酶活性,推测在家蚕体内可能存在“羧酸酯酶突变”现象。结果为研究基因表达产物的修饰方式及其功能开辟了新的研究路径,为家蚕性别与抗药性的研究提供了重要参考。     

豇豆荚螟在豇豆开花结荚期的为害及虫龄结构

本文采用五点取样法调查了豇豆荚螟Maruca vitrata Fabricius在武汉地区春豇豆开花结荚期的为害情况,并分析了幼虫分布的虫龄结构。结果表明,豇豆荚螟在豇豆开花结荚期对花的危害率显著高于豆荚;百花虫量和百荚虫量最高分别为65头和15头,分别位于盛花末期和盛荚中后期。花器中1龄幼虫比例显著高于3~5龄幼虫,而荚中4龄和5龄幼虫比例显著高于1~3龄幼虫。豇豆花不同部位的虫龄结构存在显著差异,如花药中的1龄幼虫比例显著高于3~5龄幼虫;花萼中1~3龄幼虫比例显著高于4龄和5龄幼虫;而子房中各龄期幼虫分布比例不存在显著差异。花萼中各龄期幼虫的比例均显著高于花药和子房。本研究明确了豇豆荚螟幼虫在豇豆开花结荚期的为害情况及虫龄结构,对于制定该虫的科学防控策略具有重要的指导意义。     

渭北塬区不同龄苹果园土壤微生物空间分布特征

以渭北塬区塬面5、10、15和20龄苹果园为对象,距树干1.0、1.5、2.0 m处用土钻法分层采集0—30 cm土样,稀释平板法测定土壤微生物数量,平行测定土壤有机碳、总氮和总磷,分析不同龄果园土壤微生物的空间分布状况及其与土壤碳、氮、磷的关系。结果表明:土壤真菌数量随树龄增大而增加,龄间差异显著(P0.05);与对照农田相比,各龄果园放线菌数量及5龄和20龄果园细菌数量偏低,10龄和15龄果园细菌数量偏高;各龄果园土壤真菌、细菌和放线菌数量均随深度增加而减小。就相同深度土层而言,真菌数量随果园年限增大而增加,细菌则以10龄和15龄果园较多,同深度土层的放线菌龄间差异随深度增加而减小。在沿树干向外的径向水平方向上,真菌数量随果园年限的增加相应增多;10龄和15龄果园土壤细菌和放线菌高于5龄果园和20龄果园。5龄果园土壤总氮有沿树干向外、沿表层向下逐步降低的趋势,果园从5龄经10龄到15龄,其"高氮点"则逐步向外、向下移动。塬区果园土壤C∶N比偏低。     

青海湖裸鲤生活史类型的研究

用模糊聚类法定量研究了青海湖裸鲤的生活史类型,以平衡产量模式进行了验证,并用世代生物量法探讨了其合理捕捞强度与捕捞年龄.结果表明：青海湖裸鲤属比较典型的k-选择类型鱼类;青海湖裸鲤平衡产量曲线与达氏鳇的平衡产量曲线非常相似;青海湖裸鲤的临界年龄为15.67龄,整个世代生物量在11～16龄达到最大;建议对青海湖裸鲤进行捕捞的最小捕捞年龄为12龄,捕捞强度不超过0.1.     

Juvenile hormone regulation of CYCLIC AMP and cAMP phosphodiesterase activity in Oncopeltus fasciatus.

The fifth instar large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, exhibits fluctuation in both cyclic AMP titre and cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity. Cyclic AMP titres are lowest very early in the instar, increase rapidly to peak at 14% of the instar, and decrease throughout the remainder of the instar. The juvenile hormone (JH) mimic (Law-Williams mixture) treated bugs exhibit a similar pattern for cyclic AMP titres except the peak titre is at 20% of the instar. Phosphodiesterase activity is the greatest at 5% of the instar, decreases during the middle of the instar, and increases again at approximately 90% of the instar. One day corresponds to 14% of the instar in these bugs. Treatment with JH shifts the period of greatest activity to 11% of the instar. One day corresponds to 20% of the instar for JH treated bugs. It is proposed that these findings are due to a stimulatory effect of JH on phosphodiesterase activity.     

转Bt基因抗虫棉对棉铃虫拒食作用及其机理研究

转Bt基因抗虫棉对 3 ,4,5龄棉铃虫幼虫的抗性表现形式为拒食作用 ,且随幼虫龄期的增加拒食作用明显降低 ,其中对 5龄幼虫的拒食作用很低。取食Bt棉后 ,3 ,4,5龄棉铃虫幼虫中肠消化酶比活力均较对照有所减退 ,且随幼虫龄期的增加减退率明显降低 ,其中对 5龄幼虫减退率最低。由此 ,解释了Bt棉对 3龄及 3龄以上棉铃虫幼虫抗性表现形式、抗性随不同幼虫龄期的差异性 ,及其抗性差异性的消化机理。     

拉合尔钝缘蜱不同龄期若蜱超微形态

【目的】本研究旨在阐明新疆地区优势种拉合尔钝缘蜱Ornithodoros lahorensis不同龄期若蜱超微形态及其发育特征，为软蜱的形态特征研究及龄期划分提供形态学依据。【方法】在实验室条件下培养获得拉合尔钝缘蜱1-5龄若蜱虫体，分别通过体视显微镜与扫描电子显微镜对拉合尔钝缘蜱不同龄期若蜱形态特征进行详细观察。【结果】在体视显微镜下，1-5龄若蜱虫体均呈椭圆形，前端稍尖后端钝圆，体表呈淡黄色或黄褐色，有4对足。在扫描电子显微镜下，1-5龄若蜱具有如下相同特征：表皮均呈褶皱样；有瘤突；哈氏器呈横裂样；口下板呈矛形；气门呈半圆形；肛门呈圆形，由叶状肛瓣构成，无肛后横沟。1-5龄若蜱间的不同特征为：1龄若蜱刚毛长且粗，无瘤突，口下板顶端凹陷且齿式为2|2，无气门板；2龄若蜱瘤突不明显，口下板顶端有小凹陷且齿式为3|3，有气门板；3龄若蜱瘤突明显；4龄若蜱肛瓣毛为6对；5龄若蜱肛瓣毛为7对。【结论】拉合尔钝缘蜱1-5龄若蜱在体视显微镜下观察的形态结构基本相似；在扫描电子显微镜下观察的刚毛、瘤突、口下板、齿式、气门、气门板、肛瓣毛、肛前沟和肛中沟等形态特征可作为拉合尔钝缘蜱1-5龄若蜱的鉴定特征。本研究首次详细描述了拉合尔钝缘蜱各龄期若蜱形态结构，为软蜱龄期划分及生活史研究提供依据。     

TMOF-like factor controls the biosynthesis of serine proteases in the larval gut of Heliothis virescens.

Proteolytic enzyme biosynthesis in the midgut of the 4th instar larva of Heliothis virescens is cyclical. Protease activity increases immediately after the molt from the 3rd to the 4th instar larvae and declines just before the molt into the 5th instar. Characterization of the midgut proteases using soybean tryspin inhibitor (SBTI) Bowman Birk Inhibitor (BBI) 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzensulfonylfluoride (AEBSF) and N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethylketone (TPCK) indicate that protease activity is mostly trypsinlike (80%) with a small amount of chymotrypsinlike activity (20%). Injections of late 3rd and 4th instar larval hemolymph into H. virescens larvae inhibited tryspin biosynthesis in the larval midgut. Similar results were obtained when highly purified 4th instar larval hemolymph that crossreacted with Aea-TMOF antisurm using ELISA was injected into 2nd instar larvae. Injections of Aea-TMOF and its analogues into 2nd instar, and Aea-TMOF alone into 4th instar larvae stopped trypsin biosynthesis 24 and 48 h after the injections, respectively. Injections of 4th instar H. virescens larval hemolymph into female Aedes aegypti that took a blood meal stopped trypsin biosynthesis and egg development. These results show that the biosynthesis of trypsin-like enzymes in the midgut of a lepidoptera is modulated with a hemolymph circulating TMOF-like factor that is closely related to Aea-TMOF. Arch.     

小黑瓢虫对高氏瘤粉虱捕食作用的研究

在高氏瘤粉虱不同虫态共存的条件下,小黑标虫对高氏瘤粉虱各虫态的选择次序为卵＞1龄若虫＞2龄若虫＞3龄若虫＞4龄若虫和拟蛹,对卵的捕食率均最高,有明显的嗜好选择;小黑瓢虫幼虫捕食粉虱卵的数量,随着龄期的增长而递增,其中4龄幼虫的捕食量最大,4龄期捕食量平均为1565．42粒,占全幼虫期总食卵量的45．42％,整个幼虫期可捕食高氏瘤粉虱的卵数平均为3446．5粒。小黑瓢虫3龄幼虫对粉虱卵的捕食作用率在所给的猎物密度（1500粒／皿）条件下,随着自身密度的增加而降低。     

Effects of wing-pad removal and corpus allatum implantation on development of wings, flight muscles, and related structures in the striped ground cricket, Allonemobius fasciatus

ABSTRACT. Removal of a hindwing pad from late instar nymphs of the striped ground cricket, Allonemobius fasciatus DeGeer (Gryllidae) inhibits the formation of long-winged adults. All nymphs become short-winged when their hindwing pad is removed during the sixth (penultimate) instar or during the first 2 days of the seventh instar. When a hindwing pad is removed on day 4 of the seventh instar or later, there is no effect on wing development and at least 50% of the crickets emerge as long-winged adults as in controls.
The period sensitive for removal of a hindwing pad varies among different structures, e.g. elytra, hindwings, flight muscles, and the acrotergite of the first abdominal segment. As a result, some intermediate forms are produced when a hindwing pad is removed in the middle of the seventh instar.
Implantation of corpora allata (CA) into late instar nymphs also inhibits formation of long-winged adults. When CA are implanted on day 2 or 3 of the seventh instar, some of the resulting adults have abnormally short elytra. Implantation of CA at an earlier stage produces supernumerary (eighth instar) nymphs.     

Development of the tympanal organ in larvae of the migratory locust (Locusta migratoria)

Summary The tympanal organ of the migratory locust acquires its definitive form during larval development. All the receptor cells (90–100) are present in the 1st instar, whereas the differentiation of the tympanum and the cuticular structures it bears proceeds in steps from one instar to the next. The elevated process is the earliest such structure to appear (2nd instar); it is followed by the pyriform vesicle (3rd instar) and folded body (4th instar). The styliform body first appears in the imago. Although the typical arrangement of the receptor cells is already discernible in the 1st instar, some of the attachment sites change during development, the final configuration appearing only in the imago.Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Ka 498/2)     

Growth and development of Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): effect of host age

The tiny parasitoid wasp, Encarsia formosa, has been used successfully to control greenhouse whiteflies (GHWFs) in greenhouses in many countries throughout the world. Therefore, there has been considerable interest in developing methods for artificially rearing this wasp. However, little information is available concerning the regulation of its development including the host-parasitoid interactions that are required for the parasitoid to complete its life cycle. Here we confirm that parasitoid developmental rates differ significantly based upon the host instar parasitized. Development was faster when 3rd and 4th instar GHWFs were offered for parasitization than when 1st or 2nd instars were used. Our results show that it is primarily the embryo and the first two parasitoid instars that exhibit prolonged developmental times when 1st and 2nd instar whiteflies are parasitized. Although percent emergence was not affected by host age at the time of parasitization, adult longevity as well as adult emergence pattern varied greatly depending upon the instar parasitized. When 3rd and 4th instar GHWFs were selected for oviposition, adult wasps lived significantly longer than when 1st or 2nd instars were used; also, there was a sharp emergence peak on the 2nd day after emergence was first observed (reduced or absent when 1st or 2nd instar GHWFs were parasitized) and the emergence period was reduced from between 8 and 11 days to 5 days. In general, the younger the host instar parasitized, the less synchronous was parasitoid development. Previous reports that E. formosa will not molt to the 2nd instar until the host has reached its 4th instar were not confirmed. When 1st instar host nymphs were parasitized, 2nd instar parasitoids were detected in 3rd instar hosts. Importantly, however, no matter which instar was parasitized, the parasitoid never molted to its last instar until the host had reached Stage 5 of its last instar, a stage in which host pharate adult formation has been initiated. It appears, then, that a condition(s) associated with host pharate adult formation is required for the parasitoid's final larval molt. Results reported here should facilitate the development of in vitro rearing systems for E. formosa.     

Life Cycle and Synchronization of Nymphal Development of the Mayfly Ephoron shigae in Japan (Ephemeroptera: Polymitarcyidae)

The life cycle of E. shigae, including eclosion, nymphal growth, last instar recruitment and adult emergence, was studied in a Japanese river. The synchronization of nymphal development is discussed. Eggs hatched sporadically from mid-March to early April as determined from continuous sampling of eggs from the river substratum. Nymphs attained the last instar in mid- to late August and emerged in mid-September. Size of nymphs at the time of last instar recruitment decreased gradually as did the size of emerging mayflies. Smaller individuals entering the last instar later developed more quickly and required a smaller number of degree-days to complete the last instar than did larger individuals. Consequently, larval development synchronized during the period between last instar recruitment and adult emergence.     

Effect of juvenile hormone on acid phosphatase activity in six tissues of the milkweed bug

After juvenile hormone treatment on day of ecdysis, the haemolymph, salivary glands, gut, cuticle, testes, and fat body of the fifth instar male milkweed bug were assayed for acid phosphatase activity at daily intervals throughout the instar. Increased acid phosphatase activity after juvenile hormone treatment was found in the haemolymph at the beginning of the instar, in the haemolymph and salivary glands in the middle of the instar, and in the testes near the end of the instar. The significance of these findings is discussed.