条背萤幼虫不同发育阶段呼吸系统构造的观察和比较

通过显微解剖,结合透射电镜和扫描电镜,观察比较了条背萤Luciola substriata幼虫两个不同发育阶段呼吸系统的差异。结果表明：1～2龄幼虫的呼吸系统中只有气管无气囊,3～6龄幼虫的呼吸系统中气管和气囊并存。1～2龄幼虫的尾气门和3～6龄幼虫的腹部侧气门及尾气门结构没有差异。透射电镜观察提示条背萤1～2龄幼虫体壁上的毛状物为气管鳃。     

Bt玉米(MG95)对粘虫的抗性和拒食作用

在室内以我国自主培育的转Bt基因玉米 (简称 :Bt玉米 )为材料 ,测定了Bt玉米对不同龄期 ( 1～ 4龄 )粘虫PseudaletiaseparataWalker的影响。测定指标包括 :幼虫体重、幼虫发育历期、幼虫死亡率、化蛹率、蛹重、蛹历期、羽化率、产卵量、成虫历期、卵孵化率。结果显示 :用Bt玉米喂养的 1～ 4龄幼虫在处理 6d及 1～ 3龄幼虫在处理 9d时的体重与对照相比均差异显著 ;除 1龄幼虫外 ,2～ 4龄幼虫处理 6d及 2～ 3龄幼虫处理 9d后的死亡率差异不显著 ;用Bt玉米喂养的各龄幼虫发育历期延长 ,与对照相比差异显著 ;1、2龄幼虫的化蛹率与对照相比有显著差异 ,3、4龄则差异不显著 ;1～ 4龄幼虫的蛹重、蛹历期及羽化率均差异显著 ;成虫历期仅 1龄幼虫差异显著 ;与对照相比 ,各龄粘虫的产卵数、卵孵化率均无显著差异。结果表明 ,1龄幼虫对Bt玉米最为敏感。另外 ,拒食实验结果显示 ,在实验开始后的 8,1 6,2 4,3 2及 48h ,非选择性测定的拒食率为 63 2 0 ,64 60 ,48 99,2 3 3 5和 0 5 4% ,选择性测定的拒食率为98 3 3 ,82 43 ,71 5 4,40 1 6和 0 2 7% ,总体趋势是拒食率随时间延长而降低 ,48h后Bt玉米对粘虫幼虫无拒食活性。     

高粱条螟在湘北地区的发生动态

用越冬幼虫及其后代研究了高粱条螟Procerasvenosatus (Walker)的年生活史和未成熟的发育分级特征。结果表明 :卵、幼虫、蛹分级分龄选用的特征比较明显、稳定 ;高粱条螟在湘北地区为兼性滞育昆虫 ,幼虫既能以滞育方式越冬、越夏 ,也能以滞育方式越冬连越夏或者越夏连越冬 ,每年发生 1～ 2代 ;各虫态历期为 :成虫产卵前期 2～ 3d ,卵期 7～ 1 0d ;1龄幼虫期 2～ 3d,2龄 6～ 7d ,3龄 5～ 7d,4龄 9～ 1 1d ,5龄 8～ 1 0d ,6龄 1 1～ 1 2d ,蛹期 9～ 1 1d。     

利用中华甲虫蒲螨防治双条杉天牛幼虫研究

双条杉天牛Semanotus bifasciatus(Motschulsky)是危害柏树类树木的主要蛀干害虫之一,主要以幼虫蛀干危害树木。1～4龄幼虫主要危害韧皮部,4龄后幼虫则开始进入到木质部危害,并且用虫粪堵塞蛀道与外界的联络通道,造成小型天敌进入困难。本文通过利用中华甲虫蒲螨Pyemotes zhonghuajia(YuandZhang)防治双条杉天牛1～2和3～4龄幼虫研究试验,比较了天敌中华甲虫蒲螨不同释放量对双条杉天牛的防治效果。结果表明,当中华甲虫蒲螨释放量为1管/木段时,对1～2龄幼虫防治较好,达83.0%;当中华甲虫蒲螨释放量为2管/木段时,对3～4龄幼虫防治也有较好的防治效果,防治效果高达87.7%;但从防治经济高效的角度出发,最合理高效的投放量为1管蒲螨/木段,防治1～2龄幼虫可行性最高。通过中华甲虫蒲螨对双条杉天牛幼虫的寄生结果比较得知,其对寄生体长为1～2cm的双条杉天牛幼虫有明显的趋向性。     

淡色库蚊(Culex pipiens pallens Coq.)幼虫的不同性别对γ-666敏感度变化的研究

淡色库蚊幼虫从1至4龄都有性别分化的现象。从1至3龄, 其先蜕皮者为雄, 后蜕皮者为雌。4龄则凡先化蛹者为雄, 后化蛹者为雌。不同性别的幼虫对杀虫剂的敏感度也有所不同, 2、3龄雌虫对γ-666的敏感度低于2、3龄的雌虫, 其中也3龄雌雄间的差异较大。4龄则与2、3龄相反, 雌性的敏感度低于雄性。 在2、3、4龄幼虫中, 由于以2龄幼虫雌雄性别间对γ-666的敏感度的差异最小, 因此, 在生物测定中用2龄幼虫为材料时其准确度是较高的。     

竹织叶野螟发育起点温度和有效积温

采用19,22,25,28和31℃5个温度对竹织叶野螟Algedonia coclesalis Walker各虫态(龄)发育起点温度和有效积温进行测定。结果表明,竹织叶野螟的在19～31℃范围内均能正常生长发育,尤其是28～31℃范围最适宜于竹织叶野螟的生长发育。卵、1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫、3龄幼虫、4龄幼虫、5龄幼虫、6龄幼虫、7龄幼虫、蛹、成虫及世代的发育起点温度分别为6.63,12.51,11.18,10.93,10.05,8.01,6.80,5.78,6.20,7.81和8.33℃,有效积温分别为124.19,64.54,72.59,82.08,93.46,136.84,155.42,201.06,211.55,111.49和1235.50日.度。     

^60Coγ辐射对亚洲玉米螟体内保护酶活力的影响

作研究了亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guen．)不同虫态(3～4龄幼虫、1～2d龄蛹、当天羽化成虫)体内过氧化物醇(POD)和过氧化氢醇(CAT)活力在不同^60Coγ辐照条件下的变化。结果表明：亚洲玉米螟不同虫杰的POD活力顺序为;雌成虫>1～2d蛹>雄成虫>3～4龄幼虫;CAT活力为：3～4龄幼虫>雄成虫>雌成虫>1～2d龄蛹。辐照处理后,POD活力随辐照剂量的增加而呈上升趋势,三种虫态均以40Krad处理后曲活力最高;CAT的话力变化较大．3～4龄幼虫、1～2d龄蛹和雄威虫都以30Krad处理曲活力最高,雌戚虫以20Krad处理的最高。本试验结果有助于阐明辐射对昆虫生理生化的效应。     

茄二十八星瓢虫在茄子叶片上垂直方向的附着力

本文采用电子天平称重法对茄二十八星瓢虫的2龄幼虫、3龄幼虫、4龄幼虫、雌成虫和雄成虫在茄子叶片上垂直方向的附着力进行测定,为进一步研发和利用气流控制技术防治农业害虫提供技术参数。研究结果表明,2龄幼虫、3龄幼虫、4龄幼虫、雌成虫和雄成虫垂直方向的最大附着力分别为7.3±0.3 mN,8.6±0.6 mN,12.0±0.3 mN,15.8±1.3 mN和13.0±1.0 mN。茄二十八星瓢虫垂直方向的附着力从大到小的顺序均为:雌成虫雄成虫;4龄幼虫3龄幼虫2龄幼虫。幼虫的附着力/虫体体重系数由大到小的顺序为:2龄幼虫3龄幼虫4龄幼虫,所有处理的附着力与虫体体重的相关性均不显著。附着力/虫体重量的系数范围为47.8-90.8,身体重量占附着力1.1%-2.1%。结果进一步表明,在设计旋风式气流吸虫机的频率等参数时,要考虑茄二十八星瓢虫在茄子叶片上的附着力远大于其体重的情况。     

芦禾草螟生物学特性及防治

芦禾草螟是山东滨湖芦苇产区主要害虫之一,1年发生1代,以2～3龄幼虫越冬。幼虫分为五龄,历期331天左右。采用烧苇茬、50％甲基对硫磷或50％辛硫磷乳油1000倍稀释液在其孵化初期和盛期2次喷雾,效果达90％以上。     

黄玛草蛉对两种蚜虫的捕食效能

实验室条件下研究了黄玛草蛉2龄与3龄幼虫对甘蓝蚜以及玉米蚜成虫的捕食功能反应。结果表明:黄玛草蛉2龄与3龄幼虫对2种蚜虫的捕食量均随着猎物密度的增加而增加,寻找效应随着猎物密度的增加而减小。不同龄期幼虫对2种蚜虫的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ模型,黄玛草蛉2龄与3龄幼虫对玉米蚜最大理论日捕食量分别为120.48头、185.18头;黄玛草蛉2龄与3龄幼虫对甘蓝蚜最大理论日捕食量分别为60.60头、86.95头。在相同猎物种类下,黄玛草蛉3龄幼虫对2种蚜虫的捕食量均高于黄玛草蛉2龄幼虫;在相同猎物密度下,黄玛草蛉2龄幼虫与3龄幼虫对玉米蚜的捕食量均高于甘蓝蚜。     

南方小花蝽对西花蓟马和蚕豆蚜的捕食作用

南方小花蝽Orius similis是多种小型害虫的重要天敌昆虫,为了掌握其控制潜能,本文研究了南方小花蝽对西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis和蚕豆蚜Aphis craccivora的捕食作用。研究结果表明南方小花蝽3～5龄若虫和雌成虫对西花蓟马和蚕豆蚜的功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型方程,南方小花蝽3～5龄若虫和雌成虫对西花蓟马2龄若虫的瞬时攻击率均高于蚕豆蚜。南方小花蝽5龄若虫对蚕豆蚜的控制能力比雌成虫强,而对西花蓟马的控制能力比雌成虫差。南方小花蝽5龄若虫对西花蓟马2龄若虫和蚕豆蚜的捕食率（E）随着捕食者自身的密度（P）的增加而下降,其干扰反应方程分别为E=0.412P-1.623和E=0.416P-1.639。南方小花蝽5龄若虫对西花蓟马2龄若虫和蚕豆蚜有明显的选择性,5龄若虫喜欢取食西花蓟马2龄若虫,但前期取食的猎物对其选择性有明显的影响,更喜欢选择前期取食过的猎物。     

Interactive effect of diet and temperature on instar numbers in Spodoptera litura,with reference to head capsule width and weight

The effects of diet and temperature on instar numbers and head capsule width in Spodoptera litura F. were compared among individuals reared on an artificial diet, lettuce and perilla leaves at 25 and 30 °C. The number of instars that the insect completed varied as diet and temperature were changed. All the larvae developed through seven instars at 25 °C regardless of diet, but at 30 °C, the number of instars varied depending on the diet. All larvae fed on lettuce leaves had six instars, while larvae fed on the artificial diet passed through seven instars. On perilla, 52% of larval individuals had six instars, and the rest had seven instars. Head capsule width could be used effectively to determine the developmental stage of individual larvae. The frequency distribution of head capsule width showed six or seven distinct peaks, depending on diet and temperature conditions. The relationship between mean head capsule width and weight of larvae was described using an exponential model.     

Pre- and postharvest effects of lufenuron on Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

First-, third-, and fifth-instar Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) were exposed to a range of lufenuron concentrations (0-200 ppm) incorporated into synthetic diet and their subsequent development and mortality responses were determined. For all instars the greatest change in mortality response occurred over lufenuron concentrations < or = 3 ppm. However, third and fifth instars displayed an increase in mortality earlier than first instars, and were more sensitive to the lower lufenuron concentrations in this range. Only first and third instars subjected to < or = 2.5 ppm lufenuron survived the 26-d exposure trial. No larvae first exposed to lufenuron as first or third instars survived to pupation if ingesting concentrations of > or = 1 and > or = 3 ppm, respectively. Consumption of lower lufenuron concentrations by these larvae delayed pupation and resulted in pupal deformity. In contrast, fifth instars subjected to 100 ppm were capable of surviving the 26-d trial period and displayed a slower progressive reduction in survival to pupation with increase in lufenuron concentration. Also in contrast to more immature stages, fifth instars exposed to lufenuron developed more rapidly to pupation than larvae not exposed to the insect growth regulator (IGR), and all resulting pupae were normal. Third instars were exposed to sublethal lufenuron concentrations (0-3 ppm) for 4 d and the fourth-instar survivors subjected to a controlled atmosphere cold storage treatment (2% O2, 2% CO2, 0.6 degree C). Larvae ingesting diet containing 0.5 ppm (and to a lesser extent 1 ppm) lufenuron required longer exposure to the postharvest treatment to achieve > or = 95% mortality than larvae not ingesting the IGR. However, the analogous mortality response of larvae exposed to 3 ppm lufenuron was comparable to the control.     

Insecticidal resistance and cross-resistance in populations of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in central Europe

Insecticide bioassays were used to investigate resistance of Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to insecticides with various types of active ingredients. The efficacy baselines of selected insect growth regulators (fenoxycarb), insect growth inhibitors (diflubenzuron and teflubenzuron), organophoshorous insecticides (phosalone), and neonicotinoids (thiacloprid) against the eggs and first and fifth instars of sensitive laboratory strains of codling moth were determined. According to concentration-mortality baseline, 50% lethality concentration values and 90% lethality concentration values were determined for all the tested insecticides. The lethal concentration ratio quantified the relation between the efficacy of selected insecticides against fifth instars found by topical application and against first instars found by diet-treated bioassay. No difference was detected when the efficacy of technical grade diflubenzuron diluted in tetrahydrofuran and diflubenzuron in the formulated product Dimilin 48 SC diluted in water was compared. However, just before the application of insecticide, the integument of larvae must be treated with acetone. Two bioassays were used to monitor the resistance of codling moths collected in 2003-2005 in two apple (Malus spp.) orchards with different intensities of chemical control. Resistance ratios (RRs) to the tested insecticides were determined for both field populations of codling moth. For the population of codling moth from a commercial apple orchard in Velké Bílovice, cross-resistance to fenoxycarb, teflubenzuron, and phosalone was detected after the topical application of insecticides to fifth instars. The population of codling moth from Prague-Ruzyne was slightly resistant to phosalone and teflubenzuron. No resistance to diflubenzuron was detected in either tested population.     

基于网络的昆虫发育进程自动模拟系统

为了有效的预测害虫的发生期,开发了昆虫发育自动模拟系统,该系统基于网络平台,应用PHP丰富的函数库和计算功能设计有效积温运算模块,通过公共气象信息系统建立了气象数据库,并根据实时及预报的公共气象信息,即逐日最高及最低气温,昆虫发育有效积温相关的生物学参数,运用正弦法计算每天的有效积温及一段时间的累计积温,自动模拟昆虫在不同时期的发育虫态和虫龄。服务器端基于Apache+PHP+MySQL架构,操作简单,调试和维护方便。经与2011年江苏通州烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)、灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus(Fallén)系统调查数据比对,符合实际发生情况,可在生产上推广应用。     

Damage to lima beans by Helicoverpa zea larvae treated as different instars with a nucleopolyhedrovirus

Larvae of the corn earworm,Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were caged assecond, third, or fourth instars on lima bean,Phaseolus lunatus L., plants in the fieldwith or without treatment of the plants withlethal concentrations of the H. zeanucleopolyhedrovirus. The virus treatmentprevented over 90% of damage to pods and beansif larvae were second or third instars whenplaced in the cages. Damage to pods and beanswas reduced by 73 and 86%, respectively, ifthe larvae were fourth instars when placed onthe plants. When insects survived to the endof the test (which they did only on controlplants), numbers of pods or beans damaged byeach surviving insect was not affected by thestadium in which the larva was when it wasplaced on the plant. This result indicates thatmost damage was done by fourth or laterinstars. If treatments are to effectivelyprevent damage to lima bean, they should thusbe applied before the insects reach the fourthinstar.     

Susceptibility of Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to tebufenozide.

Dosage-mortality baselines were determined for first and newly molted third instars of the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.), with tebufenozide incorporated into an artificial diet. Using death as an endpoint for these assays, LC50 and LC90 values were estimated to be 0.17 and 0.41 ppm for the first and 0.87 and 3.67 ppm for third instars, respectively. Developmental effects also were observed and were defined to include mortality as well as physical impairment and retarded or prolonged development with absence of feeding. Concentrations causing developmental effects in treated larvae (EC50 and EC90) were 5.8- and 3.8-fold lower than the LC50 and LC90, respectively. The critical time of exposure to tebufenozide was determined for developmentally synchronous third instars to be less than 12 h postecdysis. Mortality through adult emergence significantly decreased from 92% (treatment at 0 h postecdysis) to 30% (treatment at 12 h postecdysis), when exposed to tebufenozide at the EC50. For surviving larvae, length of development time until pupation was significantly increased and female pupal weight significantly decreased when larvae were treated at 0 h postecdysis into the third instar. In addition, to modifying the traditional ways of assessing mortality 0-3 d postapplication, this study points out the value of using other approaches to pesticide assessment, especially where insect growth regulators are involved.     

Intraspecific variability in number of larval instars in insects

The number of larval instars varies widely across insect species. Although instar number is frequently considered to be invariable within species, intraspecific variability in the number of instars is not an exceptional phenomenon. However, the knowledge has remained fragmentary, and there are no recent attempts to synthesize the results of relevant studies. Based on published case studies, we show that intraspecific variability in the number of larval instars is widespread across insect taxa, occurring in most major orders, in both hemimetabolous and holometabolous insects. We give an overview of various factors that have been observed to affect the number of instars. Temperature, photoperiod, food quality and quantity, humidity, rearing density, physical condition, inheritance, and sex are the most common factors influencing the number of instars. We discuss adaptive scenarios that may provide ultimate explanations for the plasticity in instar number. The data available largely support the compensation scenario, according to which instar number increases in adverse conditions when larvae fail to reach a species-specific threshold size for metamorphosis. However, in Orthoptera and Coleoptera, there are some exceptional species in which instar number is higher in favorable conditions. In more specific cases, the adaptive value of the variability in instar number may be in reaching or maintaining the developmental stage adapted to hibernation, producing additional generations in multivoltine species, or increasing the probability of surviving in long-lasting adverse conditions.     

Size compensation in moth larvae: attention to larval instars

Environmental perturbations such as starvation and poor diet often prevent animals from attaining their optimal sizes. When the perturbation has a transient character, compensatory responses are expected in terms of faster growth or a prolonged developmental period. In the case of insect larvae, details of such responses are insufficiently known at the proximate level. Attention to responses at the level of particular larval instars should promote an understanding of insect developmental plasticity also in a more general context. To provide an instar‐specific analysis of compensatory growth, larvae of the moth Orgyia antiqua (L.) are reared on inferior diet during one larval instar. Responses in growth parameters are recorded in the course of the manipulated instars, as well as at the level of the entire larval period. The negative relationship between development time and size in response to the inferior food quality, typical of the entire larval periods, is also observed within the manipulated instars taken separately. The manipulated larvae remain smaller than the larvae of the control group (significant in males only), even by the end of the subsequent instar during which all individuals are provided with superior host. In males, close to full size compensation by the time of pupation is achieved only by means of adding an extra larval instar. The inability of larvae to fully compensate during one and even two instars is considered as an indication of the presence of constraints on the within‐instar growth pattern. An alternative, adaptational explanation for the incomplete compensation could be based on the cost of prolonged development period. Given the ecological context of the species' life history, such an explanation appears less likely.     

Effect of host instar on measuring parasitism of Lygus spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) nymphs by Peristenus spp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

The accurate measurement of insect mortality by parasites is critical in biological control research, both in baseline studies to determine the absence or inadequacy of native parasites and in subsequent efforts to measure the effectiveness of introduced endoparasitic species. Although rearing has been most frequently used to measure parasitism, dissection has been shown to be more accurate in several cases. Selection of the host instar, whether for rearing or dissection, was also found to be important in this study. In two species [Lygus lineolaris (Palisot) and L. hesperus Knight], parasitism by Peristenus digoneutis Loan and P. howardi Shaw, respectively, was highest in instars 3 and 4. Parasitism was underestimated in instars 1 and 2 (because of reduced exposure time) and in instar 5 (because of parasites killing the hosts in instar 4).