筛阿鳃金龟的生物学特性及其防治

筛阿鳃金龟是龙眼、荔枝的主要害虫,在广西南宁每年发生1代,以成虫越冬。翌年3月下旬或4月上旬成虫出土取食为害,直至5月中下旬成虫开始交配产卵,8月下旬或9月上旬为幼虫化蛹盛期,9月中下旬为成虫羽化盛期,随之出土取食为害,11月下旬入蛰。其主要以成虫为害植株的新梢嫩叶,而且每年出现两次为害高峰期,分别在当年9～10月和翌年4～5月。用40％氧乐果或50％甲胺磷乳油800～1000倍稀释液喷雾,防治效果显著。     

榆跳象生物学特性及防治

榆跳象是榆树重要食叶害虫之一,在甘肃省张掖地区１年发生１代,以成虫越冬。成虫取食叶肉,幼虫潜叶危害。成虫期根施３％呋喃丹颗粒剂或２５％溴氰菊酯乳油２０００倍稀释液树冠喷雾,防治效果可达９０％。     

赫氏筒天牛的生物学特性及防治

赫氏筒天牛是毛乌素沙地固沙植物塔落岩黄芪的钻蛀性害虫。此虫 2年发生 1代 ,在寄主根部越冬。 5月中旬羽化盛期用 2 5%甲胺磷乳剂 10 0 0倍稀释液喷雾杀成虫 ,防治效果可达 87.4 %。平茬措施可有效抑制该虫的危害     

杜松皑粉蚧的生物学特性及其防治

杜松皑粉蚧是杜松的重要害虫。该虫在内蒙古包头1年发生2代,以2龄若虫越冬。5月中下旬和7月中下旬是若虫危害的两个高峰期。在越冬代若虫活动盛期（5月中旬）喷洒2．5％溴氰菊酯＋40％氧乐果（1：3）1500～2000倍混合稀释液或40％氧乐果＋80％敌敌畏乳油1000倍混合稀释液2～3次,杀虫效果可达95％。     

樱桃瘿瘤头蚜的发生和防治

樱桃瘿瘤头蚜是樱桃春季的主要害虫之一,该蚜在豫西地区每年发生１０－１４代,以受精卵在小枝条的芽腋等处赵冬。越冬卵孵化盛期为落花后至第一片叶展开际,这是防治的有利时机,其防治方法是：（１）４月下旬人工摘除虫叶并集中销毁;（２）喷洒２．５％功夫乳油２５００倍稀释液,缺水地区则用４０％氧乐果乳油５倍稀释液涂干,其保叶效果均在９０％以上。     

芦禾草螟生物学特性及防治

芦禾草螟是山东滨湖芦苇产区主要害虫之一,1年发生1代,以2～3龄幼虫越冬。幼虫分为五龄,历期331天左右。采用烧苇茬、50％甲基对硫磷或50％辛硫磷乳油1000倍稀释液在其孵化初期和盛期2次喷雾,效果达90％以上。     

花椒潜跳甲生物学特性及防治试验

本文报道了花椒潜跳甲 Podagricomela shirahatai(Chuj)在甘肃舟曲１年发生 ２代,以成虫港入树干基部３～５ｃｍ土层内或砂石缝中越冬,越冬成虫春季出土上树时是防治关键时期,成虫产卵前用５０％增效辛硫磷乳油和４０％氧乐果乳油１２００～１５００倍稀释液在成虫期和幼虫期喷洒叶面,杀虫率在９０％～９８．２％。不发生药害,效果显著。     

忍冬细蛾生物学特性及防治

报道了危害金银花的中国新记录种——忍冬细蛾Phyllonorycter lonicerae(Kumata)。对该虫的形态学和生物学特性进行了研究,表明该虫在河南封丘县1年发生4代,以幼虫在金银花老叶内越冬。幼虫潜入叶内取食叶肉,致使叶片失去光合作用能力,严重影响金银花树势和产量。在越冬代、第1代成虫发生盛期,用25％灭幼脲3号胶悬剂3000倍液喷雾;在各代卵孵盛期,用1．8％阿维菌素2000～2500倍液喷雾,防治效果均可。     

山西山楂粉蝶的研究

山楂粉蝶为山西果区早期的主要害虫。年发生—代,以三龄幼虫群集树梢吐丝营巢过冬,每巢平均10.5头。3月下旬平均气温4.2℃时开始出巢活动,4月上旬槟沙果花芽开绽,为出巢盛期。5月中旬为化蛹盛期。5月下旬为成虫羽化盛期。卵的孵化盛期在6月上旬平均孵化率79.62%。 山楂粉蝶各虫态有多种天敌。防治试验以46.6%1605的3000倍液加50%可湿性DDT的300倍液的混合剂,效果更佳。秋季落叶后或早春发芽前彻底剪除越冬巢是一种经济有效的措施。     

麻皮蝽和茶翅蝽对枣树的危害及防治研究

在河南新郑枣区麻皮蝽1年发生1代。茶翅蝽1年1代,少数1年2代。它们对枣树的危害主要是造成缩果和落果,危害程度以茶翅蝽成虫>茶翅蝽若虫>麻皮蝽若虫>麻皮蝽成虫,对不同枣树品种危害有很强的选择性。防治主要抓成虫群集越冬时消灭,秋季树干束草可诱杀越冬成虫。对发生量大的地块可在若虫发生高峰期喷施40％水胺硫磷乳剂1500倍稀释液防冶。     

绿竹密竹链蚧的生物学特性

密竹链蚧Bambusaspis miliaris是危害绿竹(Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro)Keng f.)的一种新害虫。在福建尤溪1年发生1代,以大量的1龄若虫和少部分卵在绿竹秆部、枝条和叶上越冬。每雌产卵量10~105粒,平均43.0粒。产卵、孵化盛期分别在5月下旬和6月下旬。用40%乐果原液2~5 mL秆部注药防治成虫或若虫,防治效果达93.8%以上。     

Temporal patterns of citrus greasy spot‐induced defoliation of sweet orange cultivars in Brazil

Recôncavo Baiano is an area favourable for the occurrence of citrus greasy spot (CGS) (Mycosphaerella citri), but there has been no study of this pathosystem in Brazil. This work aimed to characterise the temporal patterns of CGS‐induced defoliation in sweet orange cultivars ‘Bahia’ (Washington Navel) and ‘Pêra’. Temperature, rainfall and relative humidity were recorded, as well as weekly defoliation (fallen leaves/canopy m² or m³). Considering the mean of fallen leaves per canopy m², and mean canopy area, the total annual defoliation was estimated to be around 32 000 leaves per plant for ‘Bahia’ and 18 500 for ‘Pêra’ sweet orange. Spectral density analysis showed that defoliation has a 5‐week‐long main cycle for both cultivars. The proportion of symptomatic fallen leaves was never below 0.97. The monthly number of fallen leaves per canopy area was positively correlated with the mean CGS incidence on leaves. Defoliation was significant, resulting in a low leaf density throughout the year. Many defoliation cycles and the very high proportion of symptomatic fallen leaves assure a constant inoculum supply. Based on these results, CGS cannot be considered a minor disease, at least in Recôncavo Baiano.     

茉莉花蕾螟生物学特性及其防治初步研究

茉莉花蕾螟是广西横县茉莉花的首要害虫 ,主要危害茉莉花蕾 ,在横县室内每年发生 1 0代 ,世代重叠 ,田间以蛹落于枯叶或土中越冬。卵散产于花萼或花瓣上 ,卵期 5～ 1 2d。幼虫在开花期间匿居在花蕾内取食 ,将花蕾食空后 ,再转蕾危害 ,使受害蕾凋萎或花蕾变为紫红色 ,幼虫期 1 2～ 2 0d,老熟幼虫于落叶上吐丝作茧化蛹 ,蛹期 5～ 8d。成虫寿命 4～ 6d。综合防治比单一农药防治效果显著 ,成本更低     

Browse on mahoe and kamahi leaf-fall as a trigger for possum control

Introduced brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) are controlled over large parts of New Zealand to protect canopy trees. The condition of canopy trees is one of the cues used to trigger possum control, but selecting an indicator of canopy tree condition is difficult because many factors unrelated to possum browsing can affect canopy condition, and indices based on canopy scoring may not always quickly detect real changes in possum herbivory. We therefore investigated the usefulness of the percentage of fallen mahoe (Melicytus ramiflorus) and kamahi (Weinmannia racemosa) leaves browsed by possums (‘fallen-leaf browse’ or ‘FLB’) as a trigger for control aimed at protecting these tree species. We collected leaves falling from kamahi and mahoe trees every two months for two years at two study areas in the central North Island, one with initially high possum abundance (Oriuwaka) and the other with low possum abundance (Otupaka). We classified each of 92 384 leaves as either not-browsed, possum-browsed or insect-browsed. There was a strong and similar seasonal pattern in the mean number of fallen leaves per tree for both mahoe and kamahi at both study areas; fewest leaves fell in winter, and the most leaves fell in spring and early summer. Mahoe and kamahi FLB exhibited a similar seasonal pattern at both areas, being lowest in winter and highest in spring and early summer. FLB for both mahoe and kamahi declined following control of possums to low densities at Oriuwaka. The proportion of fallen mahoe and kamahi leaves browsed by possums was small compared with those browsed by insects or not browsed. We show that spring/early summer (i.e. September–December) is the best period for sampling FLB and that the mean FLB can be estimated with a CV of 20% if one trap is randomly placed under the canopy of each of 24 randomly located trees. However, CVs were much larger in other seasons and when possum abundance was low. We consider FLB to be a sensible trigger for initiating possum control when the objective of control is to protect canopy trees, but further work is needed to determine the relationships between possum abundance, FLB, canopy condition, and key tree demographic rates.     

Receptor cells of different types and quantitative relations between them in the organ of smell of larval and adult specimens of acipenserid fishes]

Three types of olfactory cells: rod-like and cone-like (flagellar olfactory cells) and filamentous (microvillar olfactory cells), which have been described previously in adult Acipenseridae were found in the olfactory organ of the ten-days larval sturgeons (Acipenser güldenst?dti), sevrugas (Acipenser stellatus) and sterlets (Acipenser ruthenus). The flagellar olfactory receptors appeared to predominate in both ten-days larvae and adults of the anadromous sturgeons and sevrugas, while the microvillar olfactory receptors predominate in freshwater sterlets in ten-days larvae as well in adults. The facts obtained confirm the idea that the rod-like, cone-like and filamentous olfactory cells are independent types of olfactory receptors. The different ratios of these cells in the olfactory organs of anadromous and fresh-water Acipenseridae may be a result of their ecological adaptations.     

Marked colour divergence in the gliding membranes of a tropical lizard mirrors population differences in the colour of falling leaves

Populations of the Bornean gliding lizard, Draco cornutus, differ markedly in the colour of their gliding membranes. They also differ in local vegetation type (mangrove forest versus lowland rainforest) and consequently, the colour of falling leaves (red and brown/black in mangrove versus green, brown and black in rainforest). We show that the gliding membranes of these lizards closely match the colours of freshly fallen leaves in the local habitat as they appear to the visual system of birds (their probable predators). Furthermore, gliding membranes more closely resembled colours of local fallen leaves than standing foliage or fallen leaves in the other population''s habitat. This suggests that the two populations have diverged in gliding membrane coloration to match the colours of their local falling leaves, and that mimicking falling leaves is an adaptation that functions to reduce predation by birds.     

杉木人工林凋落物分解对氮沉降的响应

凋落物分解是陆地生态系统养分循环的关键过程,是全球碳（C）收支的一个重要主要组成部分,正受到全球大气氮（N）沉降的深刻影响。探讨大气氮沉降条件下森林凋落物的分解,有利于揭示森林生态系统C平衡和养分循环对全球变化的响应。选择福建沙县官庄林场1992年栽种的杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）人工林为研究对象,自2004年开始野外模拟氮沉降试验,至今12年。氮沉降处理分4个水平,N0、N1、N2和N3分别为0、60、120、240 kg N hm^-2 a^-1。2015年12月开展分解袋试验,对经过氮沉降处理12年的凋落物（叶、枝、果）进行模拟原位分解,每3个月收回一次分解袋样品,为期2年,同时测定凋落物干物质残留量及其C、N和磷（P）含量。结果表明,经2年分解后,氮沉降条件下凋落物叶、枝和果的干物质残留率平均值分别为27.68%、47.02%和43.18%,说明分解速率大小依次为叶 > 果 > 枝。凋落物叶、枝和果的分解系数平均为0.588、0.389和0.455,周转期（分解95%年限）分别为4-5年、6-8年和5-7年。低-中氮处理（N1和N2）均促进凋落物叶、枝和果的分解,以N1的效果更明显,而N3起到抑制作用。N1处理的凋落物叶、枝和果的周转期分别为：4.50年、6.09年和5.85年,N2处理的分别为4.95年、8.16年和6.19年。模拟氮沉降在一定程度上增加了凋落物叶、枝和果分解过程中的N和P含量,但降低了C含量。凋落物叶、枝和果分解过程中C元素呈现释放-富集-释放模式,N和P元素呈现释放与富集交替,除枝的N元素外,其他均表现为释放量大于富集量。     

Effects of terrestrial isopods on the decomposition of woodland leaf litter

Summary The indirect contribution terrestrial isopods make to decomposition processes by stimulating microbial activites has been quantified in laboratory experiments. The extent to which microbial metabolism is enhanced as a result of the passage of Betula pendula leaf litter through the alimentary system of isopods was measured for both freshly fallen and decayed leaves. Faeces derived from 1 g freshly fallen litter lost 75 mg g^-1 D.W. more than did intact leaves, as a result of enhanced microbial metabolism. Faeces derived from 1 g of previously decayed leaves, which were shown to be the preferred food of isopods, lost only 17.5 mg g^-1 D.W. more than intact decaying leaves. The isopod's direct contribution to soil metabolism was calculated to be 151 mg and 138 mg g^-1 litter ingested when fed on freshly fallen and decayed leaves respectively. It is concluded that the physical and chemical changes in the leaf substrate which result from fragmentation and digestion by isopods do not necessarily accelerate the subsequent decomposition of the litter very significantly. Fungal propagule density was 3.2x and 3.6x higher in faeces derived from freshly fallen and decayed leaves respectively than in the intact litter. Numbers of viable bacteria were correspondingly 126x and 34x higher in faeces than in the freshly fallen and the decayed leaves. Levels of microbial inhibitors were lower in the faeces than in the leaves but levels of free amino acids stayed higher for longer in the faeces than they did in intact litter. In the field the physical removal of litter by the soil macrofauna from surface to deeper and moister microsites may be the most important indirect contribution that they make to decomposition processes.     

Phenolic and mineral content of leaves influences decomposition in European forest ecosystems

Summary Factors influencing decomposition in European forests growing on different soils were studied in stands dominated by the European beechFagus sylvatica L. Phenolic contents of freshly fallen leaves ofF. sylvatica growing on nutrient-poor soils (acid sandy soil) were higher than those of similar leaves on nutrient-rich soils (calcareous mull soil). Analysis of fallen leaves of different ages showed rapid decay of phenolics during the first winter on the ground. After 1 year the phenolic content of leaves ofF. sylvatica growing on nutrient-poor soils was still twice as high as in similar leaves on nutrient-rich soils. Field and laboratory experiments showed that a major decomposer (Oniscus asellus, Isopoda) preferred leaves from trees on nutrient-rich soils. Mineral contents of leaves ofF. sylvatica growing on different soils differed: on rich soils leaves had higher contents of Ca, Mg, Na, and K. These elements are important nutrients for decomposers. The distribution of major decomposers reflects the mineral content of their diet, which in turn reflects soil type. Different rates of leaf turnover and nutrient turnover in different forest ecosystems (even when the same tree species is dominant) are due to the decomposing system, which is influenced by the phenolic and mineral contents of the leaves.     

国槐新害虫——国槐林麦蛾的研究

国槐林麦蛾是 1 998年发现的危害国槐和龙爪槐的新害虫。该虫在山东商河 1年发生 3代 ,幼虫卷缀 2～ 9个叶片或粘连花蕾在其中危害。本文首次报道了该虫幼期的形态特征、危害习性、发生与环境的关系。