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1.
外源氮素添加对森林土壤氨基糖转化的影响 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
采用室内模拟培养法研究了不同数量氮素添加条件下森林土壤中3种微生物来源的氨基糖含量的动态变化,并且利用氨基葡萄糖和胞壁酸的比值分析了氮素添加条件下土壤真菌和细菌对土壤氮素转化和积累的相对贡献。结果表明:土壤中氨基糖含量的动态变化与土壤中的养分状况密切相关;当向土壤中添加氮源时,微生物会利用外加氮源合成自身的细胞壁物质,并且高氮处理胞壁酸含量高于低氮处理,而高氮处理氨基葡萄糖含量则低于低氮处理,说明随施氮量的增加更有利于以胞壁酸为代表的细菌残留物在土壤中的积累,不利于以氨基葡萄糖为代表的真菌残留物的积累,氨基半乳糖对氮素添加的响应较小;当土壤中养分缺乏时,氨基糖能够发生不同程度的分解;添加氮源条件下,真菌和细菌来源氨基糖的比值发生变化,细菌对土壤氮素转化的贡献大于真菌,并且高氮处理细菌的贡献更大。本研究表明,氮素添加改变了以氨基糖为代表的土壤氮素的微生物转化过程。 相似文献
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为明确纳米碳在提高烤烟氮素吸收利用方面的效果,在盆栽条件下,研究了纳米碳不同用量对烤烟根系生长发育、干物质积累和氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,在常规肥料中添加纳米碳能够促进烤烟根系生长发育,明显提高烟株根系活力和单株根系生物量,增加植株干物质积累量。施用纳米碳增加了烤烟植株成熟期各器官氮素含量和积累量,而未明显影响氮素在植株不同器官的分配。施用纳米碳不仅增加了植株对肥料氮的吸收量,还增加了对土壤氮的吸收量,这与其促进烤烟根系生长发育、提高根系吸收能力有密切关系。纳米碳无论做基肥还是做追肥,均显著提高了氮肥利用率,提高幅度分别达到14.44%和9.62%,有效降低了氮素土壤残留和损失。 相似文献
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为探究氨基酸氮形态对亚热带土壤氮素含量及转化的影响,选择建瓯市万木林保护区的山地红壤为对象,采用室内培养实验法,通过设计60%和90%WHC两种土壤含水量并添加不同性质氨基酸,测定了土壤中铵态氮、硝态氮、可溶性有机氮的含量和氧化亚氮的释放量,分析了可溶性有机碳、土壤p H值的大小变化及其与氮素的相互关系。结果表明:与对照处理相比,氨基酸添加显著增加了土壤NH_4~+-N含量并使土壤p H值升高,且在一定程度上解除了高含水量(90%WHC)对NH_4~+-N产生的抑制,其中甲硫氨基酸的效果最为明显。酸性、碱性、中性氨基酸对土壤NO_3~--N含量和N_2O释放影响不显著,但甲硫氨基酸可显著抑制土壤硝化从而导致NH_4~+-N的积累,并在培养前期抑制土壤N_2O产生而在培养后期促进N_2O释放,总体上促进N_2O释放。60%WHC的氨基酸添加处理较90%WHC条件下降低土壤可溶性有机氮的幅度更大。氨基酸对土壤氮素转化的影响与带电性关系较小,而可能与其分解产物密切相关。可见,不同性质氨基酸处理对森林土壤氮素含量及转化存在不同程度的影响,且甲硫氨基酸对土壤氮素转化的影响机理值得深入研究。 相似文献
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氮素是植物需求量最大的元素,丛枝菌根真菌与植物形成共生体后能从土壤中获取无机氮、简单的氨基酸,还能利用一些复杂的有机态氮.考虑到NH+4在土壤中的移动性低及丛枝菌根真菌的专性共生菌的特点,丛枝菌根真菌吸收NH+4对植物的贡献较大.近年来的研究发现丛枝菌根真菌内存在与氮素代谢有关的鸟氨酸循环,而精氨酸则是菌丝内氮素转移的主要形式.综述最近的AMF对氮素的吸收、转运、同化、交换等方面的文献,旨在揭示丛枝菌根真菌氮素利用特点,阐明丛枝菌根真菌在氮循环系统中的重要作用. 相似文献
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利用海水配制不同含盐量(0、0.15%、0.3%)的土壤盆栽棉花,在可移动遮雨棚内研究了不同施肥(N、NK、NP、NPK)处理对棉花生长、氮素吸收与利用的影响.结果表明: 盐胁迫和施肥均影响棉花生物产量、棉株氮素农学利用效率、氮素生物利用效率和氮素积累量,且两者存在显著的互作效应.施肥能提高盐胁迫下棉株氮素利用效率及氮素积累量,并显著增产,不同施肥处理中以N、P、K肥料配合施用的效果最好;施肥效果受盐胁迫程度的影响,低盐胁迫(0.15%)下的施肥效果好于中度盐胁迫(0.3%). 相似文献
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近几十年人类活动向大气中排放的含氮化合物激增 ,并引起大气氮沉降也成比例增加。目前 ,氮沉降的增加使一些森林生态系统结构和功能发生改变 ,甚至衰退。近 2 0 a欧洲和北美有关氮沉降及其对森林生态系统的影响方面的研究较多 ,而我国少有涉及。森林土壤氮素转换是森林生态系统氮素循环的一个重要的组成部分 ,而矿化、硝化和反硝化作用是其核心过程 ,氮沉降作为驱动因子势必改变森林土壤氮素转换速度、方向和通量。根据国外近 2 0 a有关研究 ,首先介绍了森林土壤氮素转换过程和强度 ,论述森林土壤氮素在生态系统氮素循环中的作用 ,然后在此基础上 ,介绍了氮沉降对森林土壤氮素循环的研究途径 ,探讨了氮沉降对森林土壤氮素矿化、硝化和反硝化作用的影响及其机理 相似文献
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氮磷添加对亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤氮素矿化的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
设计了2种处理(即氮添加,100 kg N·hm-2·a-1;氮磷添加,100 kgN·hm-2·a-1+50kgP·hm-2·a-1),研究了氮磷添加对亚热带北部常绿阔叶林土壤无机氮和氮素矿化的影响.结果表明,不同处理0 ~ 10 cm和10 ~ 20 cm土层无机氮(铵态氮+硝态氮)含量年平均值分别为:对照7.27和6.80 mg·kg-1、氮添加13.94和8.92 mg·kg-1、氮磷添加11.20和7.13 mg·kg-1,其中铵态氮分别占90.66%和91.15%、65.78%和72.85%、84.64%和85.08%.不同处理0~10 cm和10 ~20 cm土层的净氨化、净硝化和净氮矿化速率具有相似的季节性变化规律,即夏季氮素净转化速率最高,冬季氮素净转化速率最低,春季和秋季氮素净转化速率有一定差异,但不显著.研究表明,养分添加使土壤年平均净氮矿化速率下降,氮添加使土壤硝化速率下降,氨化速率上升;而氮磷添加使硝化速率上升,氨化速率下降.养分添加对森林生态系统的氮动态影响效应尚需长期定位观测. 相似文献
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森林土壤氮转化的微生物功能研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
本文研究了不同林型下土壤(A+6层和A_1层)微生物、土壤酶活性在森林土壤氮转化中的作用。结果表明不同林型下土壤具有不同的固氮作用、反硝化作用、氨化作用和硝化作用速率,即阔叶林>针阔混交林>针叶林。已经证明,固氮作用主要存在于森林土壤的A_1层,反硝化作用主要存在于A_0层。森林土壤存在2种硝化作用过程,即由自养微生物所引起的自养硝化作用过程和异养微生物所引起的异养硝化作用过程。它的存在与林型有关,某些森林土壤中这2种硝化作用过程都存在,如针阔混交林下的A_0层和A_1层。有些林型下土壤,则以异养硝化作用过程为主,如针叶林的A_0层。 相似文献
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Huajun Yin Yufei Li Juan Xiao Zhenfeng Xu Xinyin Cheng Qing Liu 《Global Change Biology》2013,19(7):2158-2167
Despite the perceived importance of exudation to forest ecosystem function, few studies have attempted to examine the effects of elevated temperature and nutrition availability on the rates of root exudation and associated microbial processes. In this study, we performed an experiment in which in situ exudates were collected from Picea asperata seedlings that were transplanted in disturbed soils exposed to two levels of temperature (ambient temperature and infrared heater warming) and two nitrogen levels (unfertilized and 25 g N m?2 a?1). Here, we show that the trees exposed to an elevated temperature increased their exudation rates I (μg C g?1 root biomass h?1), II (μg C cm?1 root length h?1) and III (μg C cm?2 root area h?1) in the unfertilized plots. The altered morphological and physiological traits of the roots exposed to experimental warming could be responsible for this variation in root exudation. Moreover, these increases in root‐derived C were positively correlated with the microbial release of extracellular enzymes involved in the breakdown of organic N (R2 = 0.790; P = 0.038), which was coupled with stimulated microbial activity and accelerated N transformations in the unfertilized soils. In contrast, the trees exposed to both experimental warming and N fertilization did not show increased exudation rates or soil enzyme activity, indicating that the stimulatory effects of experimental warming on root exudation depend on soil fertility. Collectively, our results provide preliminary evidence that an increase in the release of root exudates into the soil may be an important physiological adjustment by which the sustained growth responses of plants to experimental warming may be maintained via enhanced soil microbial activity and soil N transformation. Accordingly, the underlying mechanisms by which plant root‐microbe interactions influence soil organic matter decomposition and N cycling should be incorporated into climate‐carbon cycle models to determine reliable estimates of long‐term C storage in forests. 相似文献
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不同供氮水平对水曲柳苗木生物量、氮分配及其季节变化的影响 总被引:19,自引:3,他引:19
在温室内以水曲柳苗木为材料进行砂培试验,探讨了4种不同氮素浓度处理(1、4、8和16mmol·L^-1)下的水曲柳苗木根系和叶片内氮分配以及对苗木生物量的影响.结果表明,氮素供给浓度显著影响苗木根系氮浓度和叶片氮浓度.随着供氮水平提高,苗木体内根系和叶片氮浓度明显提高.在生长初期(6月)和中期(7、8月),叶片中氮浓度分别高于根系9.40、9.55和4.21mg·g^-1,而在生长末期(9月)叶片中氮浓度低于根系;随着水曲柳幼苗生长发展,体内氮贮量呈明显上升趋势.9月份全株氮贮量比6月份平均增加了4倍.不同氮处理下水曲柳体内氮贮量明显不同.高氮处理下氮贮量平均为N1处理下4倍.氮贮量分配在不同部位有很大不同.分配到叶片中的比例在6月份最高,平均为43%.分配到根系中氮贮量比例随生长而增加,9月份根系氮贮量相对值最高,为81%.如果不考虑氮浓度和季节的作用,根系中分配的氮最多,其次为叶片,茎中最少. 相似文献
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氮(N)有效性增加对森林生态系统结构和功能有重要影响.细根作为树木地下最为活跃的组分,其对N有效性增加的响应已成为森林生态学研究的热点.本文对N有效性增加条件下细根解剖构造、形态和菌根侵染的响应趋势及潜在机制进行了综述.N有效性增加导致细根皮层厚度、皮层层数和皮层细胞直径下降,外皮层上通道细胞数量减少,而中柱和木质部横截面积,以及导管(或管胞)直径、数量和壁厚度均增加,根解剖构造的响应与植物激素浓度变化有关;N有效性增加后菌根侵染率下降,比根长(单位根干质量的长度)在外生菌根树种中普遍下降,而在内生菌根树种中增加;根直径和组织密度的变化趋势则表现出较大的种间差异.这些个体根和树种水平上的结果对于理解森林生态系统水平上的碳和养分循环具有重要意义.最后,根据目前研究中存在的不足提出了今后的研究方向与问题. 相似文献
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大气氮沉降输入会增加森林生态系统氮素有效性,进而改变土壤N_2O产生与排放,然而有关不同氮素离子(氧化态NO_3~--N与还原态NH_4~+-N)沉降对土壤N_2O排放的影响知之甚少。以大兴安岭寒温带针叶林为研究对象,构建了3种类型(NH_4Cl、KNO_3、NH_4NO_3)和4个施氮水平(0、10、20、40 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1))的增氮控制试验,利用流动化学分析仪和静态箱-气相色谱法4次/月测定凋落物层和矿质层土壤无机氮含量、土壤-大气界面N_2O净交换通量以及相关环境因子,分析施氮类型和剂量对土壤氮素有效性、土壤N_2O通量的影响探讨氮素富集条件下土壤N_2O通量的环境驱动机制。结果表明:施氮类型和剂量均显著影响土壤无机氮含量,土壤NH_4~+-N的积累效应显著高于NO_3~--N。施氮一致增加寒温带针叶林土壤N_2O排放,NH_4NO_3促进效应最为明显,增幅为442%-677%,高于全球平均水平(134%)。土壤N_2O通量与土壤温度、凋落物层NH_4~+-N含量正相关,且随着施氮水平增加而增加。结果表明大气氮沉降短期内不会导致寒温带针叶林土壤NO_3~--N大量流失,但会显著促进土壤N_2O的排放。此外,外源性NH_4~+和NO_3~-输入对土壤N_2O排放的促进作用具有协同效应,在未来森林生态系统氮循环和氮平衡研究中应该区分对待。 相似文献
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耐荫性是植物在低光环境下的生存和生长能力,对森林植物群落演替起重要作用,植物对遮荫的适应机制已成为生态学的研究热点.本文综述了森林植物的耐荫性及其在形态和生理方面的适应性,分析了森林植物在生长性状、生物量分配、树冠结构、叶片形态生理、叶片解剖结构、光合参数、碳水化合物分配、水分和养分的利用等方面对遮荫产生的可塑性响应,最后对目前研究存在的问题进行了分析,展望了未来的研究内容和方向. 相似文献
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Biological and chemical methods were used in an attempt to estimate N availability in sewage sludges. The two biological methods, i.e. maize plants grown in pots, and soil-sludge mixtures incubated at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 16 weeks, and the four chemical methods, i.e. autoclave, 0.5 M KMnO4, pepsin and 0.6 M HCl, were compared to determine N availability in twelve sewage sludges in a given soil. In the mineralization test, the aerobically treated sewage sludges gave higher mineralization rates than the anaerobically treated wastes. The simple correlation between available N, estimated from the plant N uptake during 6 weeks and N extracted by chemical methods showed that HCl and pepsin appeared to be the better single indexes. Prediction of availability of N in sewage sludges to plants in the growth chamber improved if N mineralized during the incubation period and extracted by several chemical methods were combined in a multiple regression analysis. 相似文献
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XIANKAI LU JIANGMING MO FRANK S. GILLIAM GUOYI ZHOU YUNTING FANG 《Global Change Biology》2010,16(10):2688-2700
Response of plant biodiversity to increased availability of nitrogen (N) has been investigated in temperate and boreal forests, which are typically N‐limited, but little is known in tropical forests. We examined the effects of artificial N additions on plant diversity (species richness, density and cover) of the understory layer in an N saturated old‐growth tropical forest in southern China to test the following hypothesis: N additions decrease plant diversity in N saturated tropical forests primarily from N‐mediated changes in soil properties. Experimental additions of N were administered at the following levels from July 2003 to July 2008: no addition (Control); 50 kg N ha?1 yr?1 (Low‐N); 100 kg N ha?1 yr?1 (Medium‐N), and 150 kg N ha?1 yr?1 (High‐N). Results showed that no understory species exhibited positive growth response to any level of N addition during the study period. Although low‐to‐medium levels of N addition (≤100 kg N ha?1 yr?1) generally did not alter plant diversity through time, high levels of N addition significantly reduced species diversity. This decrease was most closely related to declines within tree seedling and fern functional groups, as well as to significant increases in soil acidity and Al mobility, and decreases in Ca availability and fine‐root biomass. This mechanism for loss of biodiversity provides sharp contrast to competition‐based mechanisms suggested in studies of understory communities in other forests. Our results suggest that high‐N additions can decrease plant diversity in tropical forests, but that this response may vary with rate of N addition. 相似文献
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Small-scale heterogeneity of plant cover and highly variable precipitation events in dry regions can strongly influence N dynamics. We evaluated the differences in N availability (Ni), N mineralization (Nmin), flush of microbial-N (N-MF) and soil moisture (SM) at 0–20 cm depth among four types of patches characteristic of heavily grazed areas in the northeastern Patagonia steppe of Larrea divaricata and Stipa spp. Soil samples were taken monthly during two years of differing annual precipitation (178 mm in 1994 and 325 mm in 1995). Ni and SM were also measured at 20–40 cm depth. Additionally, we estimated the potential N mineralization (pNmin) during two months in both winter and summer in laboratory incubations at 20% soil moisture and 25°C. Sampled patches included: undisturbed patches of shrubs and perennial grasses (GSP), incipient patches of Larrea divaricata and perennial grasses (IGSP), incipient patches of the perennial grass Stipa tenuis (GP), and bare soil (BS). Mineralization rates were much higher during the wet year, and higher in GSP and IGSP than in GP and BS. The prevailing form of Ni was NH4+–N, but pulses of NO3-–N were measured in field incubations when SM was higher than 10%; NO3-–N was also the main form of Ni in pNmin assays. Flush of microbial-N depended mainly on plant cover, following the sequence: GSP>IGSP>GP=BS. It was not correlated with soil moisture, except in the GSP patches, and exhibited lower values during the wet year. Available N (as NH4+–N) was higher in the subsurface than in the surface samples during the wet year. The relative importance of N-MF and Nmin as indicators of spatial and temporal changes in N dynamics, and the role of deep-rooted shrubs in the recovery of soil N fertility, are discussed. 相似文献
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Soil microbial response in tallgrass prairie to elevated CO2 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Charles W. Rice Fernando O. Garcia Colleen O. Hampton Clenton E. Owensby 《Plant and Soil》1994,165(1):67-74
Terrestrial responses to increasing atmospheric CO2 are important to the global carbon budget. Increased plant production under elevated CO2 is expected to increase soil C which may induce N limitations. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects
of increased CO2 on 1) the amount of carbon and nitrogen stored in soil organic matter and microbial biomass and 2) soil microbial activity.
A tallgrass prairie ecosystem was exposed to ambient and twice-ambient CO2 concentrations in open-top chambers in the field from 1989 to 1992 and compared to unchambered ambient CO2 during the entire growing season. During 1990 and 1991, N fertilizer was included as a treatment. The soil microbial response
to CO2 was measured during 1991 and 1992. Soil organic C and N were not significantly affected by enriched atmospheric CO2. The response of microbial biomass to CO2 enrichment was dependent upon soil water conditions. In 1991, a dry year, CO2 enrichment significantly increased microbial biomass C and N. In 1992, a wet year, microbial biomass C and N were unaffected
by the CO2 treatments. Added N increased microbial C and N under CO2 enrichment. Microbial activity was consistently greater under CO2 enrichment because of better soil water conditions. Added N stimulated microbial activity under CO2 enrichment. Increased microbial N with CO2 enrichment may indicate plant production could be limited by N availability. The soil system also could compensate for the
limited N by increasing the labile pool to support increased plant production with elevated atmospheric CO2. Longer-term studies are needed to determine how tallgrass prairie will respond to increased C input. 相似文献