一例正常献血员Am家系

正常献血员张xx起初定血型为。型。但 他的红细胞与0型血清发生凝集,与抗A血清 在3 7⁰C离心观察不显凝集,而在18℃ 放15分 钟离心显微镜下观察有极弱凝集,与抗B血清 不凝集。因此初步考虑是A亚型。对他的家系 进一步检查分析如下：     

一例正常献血员Am家系

正常献血员张××起初定血型为O型。但他的红细胞与O型血清发生凝集,与抗A血清在37℃离心观察不显凝集,而在18℃放15分钟离心显微镜下观察有极弱凝集,与抗B血清不凝集。因此初步考虑是A亚型。对他的家系进一步检查分析如下:     

Pinocytose und Bewegung von Amöben

Zusammenfassung Während der aktiven Fortbewegung von Amoeba proteus zeigt das Uroid einen charakteristischen Formwandel, der aus vier Stadien besteht. Im Verlaufe dieser sich rhythmisch wiederholenden Phasen treten bei der normalen Wanderung der Zellen Pinocytosevorgänge auf, die lieht- und elektronenmikroskopisch durch die Entstehung schmaler Kanäle charakterisiert sind. Die Lebensdauer der schlauchförmigen Plasmalemm-Einstülpungen beträgt in der Regel nur wenige Minuten. Die Ingestion von Zellmembran am caudalen Pol von Amoeba proteus ist an die amöboide Bewegung der Zellen gebunden. Es wird vorgeschlagen, diesen Vorgang als Permanente Pinocytose zu bezeichnen, um ihn von dem schon länger bekannten Prozeß der induzierten Pinocytose zu unterscheiden. Die Plasmalemminvaginationen der permanenten Pinocytose sind cytomorphologisch mit den Kanälen der induzierten Pinocytose identisch. Unterschiede bestehen lediglich in quantitativer und topographischer Hinsicht.Das Schicksal der durch die permanente und induzierte Pinocytose aufgenommenen Zellmembran ist mit Ausnahme zeitlicher Unterschiede weitgehend identisch.In Übereinstimmung mit der Lokalisation der permanenten Pinocytose in der Uroidregion konnte ein von der Mucoidschicht bewirkter Transport größerer, an der Zelloberfläche adsorbierter Markierungspartikel an das Hinterende der Tiere festgestellt werden.Die an der Mucoidschicht der Zellmembran anhaftenden, aber von den Amöben nicht ingestierten Markierungssubstanzen werden an den Boden des Versuchsgefäßes abgegeben.

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Summary During active locomotion of Amoeba proteus, the uroid shows characteristic changes in shape and behaviour consisting of four different stages. In the course of these rhythmically repeated transformations of the uroid, pinocytotic processes can be demonstrated, which are bound to the normal locomotion of the cells. This sort of pinocytosis is characterised by the formation of small channels as revealed by light- and electron-microscopy. The tube-like invaginations exist only for a few minutes.The ingestion of cell membrane at the caudal pole of A. proteus is bound to the amoeboid movement. In order to distinguish this process from the well known induced pinocytosis, the term permanent pinocytosis is proposed. Cytomorphologically, the plasmalemminvaginations of induced as well as of permanent pinocytosis are identical. The differences found are of quantitative and topographic nature. With the exception of temporal differences, the fate of the cell membrane ingested by permanent and induced pinocytosis is identical as well.In agreement with the localisation of permanent pinocytosis in the uroid region, a transport of particles (adhering to the mucous layer of the cell membrane) to the uroid could be demonstrated.Tracer particles, transported in this way to the uroid, accumulate at the caudal pole of the cell. In the case they are not incorporated by the process of permanent pinocytosis, they are deposited to the bottom of the glass vessel.

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Mit dankenswerter Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft im Rahmen des Schwerpunktprogrammes Molekulare Biologie.     

Pinocytose und Bewegung von Amöben

Zusammenfassung Hyalodiscus simplex zeigt während der normalen Fortbewegung eine auf den Uroidbereich beschränkte permanente Endocytoseaktivität, durch die kontinuierlich Zellmembran und extrazelluläres Milieu ins Innere der Zelle aufgenommen wird. Nach unter-schiedlich langer Inkubation in einer 2.5% igen Thorotrastlösung kann die Markierungssubstanz bei ihrer Passage durch die Zelle morphologisch verfolgt werden. Das endocytierte Thorotrast gelangt in ein intrazelluläres Membransystem, welches für die Verdauung verantwortlich ist und dessen Gesamtoberfläche in der Größenordnung der Zelloberfläche liegt. Verschiedene, funktionell miteinander in Verbindung stehende Vakuolen stellen die charakteristischen Komponenten des intrazellulären Verdauungssystems dar.Die morphometrische Auswertung der Markierungsversuche hat gezeigt, daß der Membran-Turnover etwa 2% pro Minute beträgt. Hyalodiscus simplex benötigt demnach bei normaler Lokomotion zur vollständigen Regeneration der Zellmembran eine Zeit von 7,5–8 Std. Da die Oberfläche trotz permanenter Endocytoseaktivität auch nach unterschiedlich langer Thorotrastinkubation stets konstant bleibt, darf vermutet werden, daß die endocytotisch aufgenommene Zellmembran durch einen noch unbekannten Mechanismus wieder regeneriert wird.

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Pinocytosis and locomotion of amoebaeVII. Quantitative studies on membrane-turnover in Hyalodiscus simplex

Summary During locomotion Hyalodiscus simplex is active in permanent endocytosis at the uroid region. Thereby plasma membrane and extracellular medium are translocated into the cell interior. After different periods of incubation in a 2.5% solution of thorotrast the tracer can morphologically be followed during the passage through the cell. The ingested thorotrast is collected within a vacuolar system. This system is involved in intracellular digestion and composed of different types of vacuoles, which are structurally separated but functionally interconnected. Its total surface area approximately corresponds to the surface area of the entire cell. As demonstrated by morphometric analysis, the membrane turnover is about 2% per minute. Therefore, in the migrating amoebae 7.5–8 hours are required for the complete regeneration of the plasma membrane. Since the surface area of the cell remains constant despite of permanent endocytotic activity the ingested plasma membrane must be continuously regenerated by an unknown mechanism.

Prof. Dr. W. Stockem, Institut für Cytologie und Mikromorphologie der Universität Bonn, 53 Bonn 1, Gartenstr.61a. Das Landesamt für Forschung des Landes NRW unterstützte die Untersuchungen durch eine Sachbeihilfe.     

Where Am I? Niche constraints due to morphological specialization in two Tanganyikan cichlid fish species

Food resource specialization within novel environments is considered a common axis of diversification in adaptive radiations. Feeding specializations are often coupled with striking morphological adaptations and exemplify the relation between morphology and diet (phenotype–environment correlations), as seen in, for example, Darwin finches, Hawaiian spiders, and the cichlid fish radiations in East African lakes. The cichlids' potential to rapidly exploit and occupy a variety of different habitats has previously been attributed to the variability and adaptability of their trophic structures including the pharyngeal jaw apparatus. Here we report a reciprocal transplant experiment designed to explore the adaptability of the trophic structures in highly specialized cichlid fish species. More specifically, we forced two common but ecologically distinct cichlid species from Lake Tanganyika, Tropheus moorii (rock‐dweller), and Xenotilapia boulengeri (sand‐dweller), to live on their preferred as well as on an unpreferred habitat (sand and rock, respectively). We measured their overall performance on the different habitat types and explored whether adaptive phenotypic plasticity is involved in adaptation. We found that, while habitat had no effect on the performance of X. boulengeri, T. moorii performed significantly better in its preferred habitat. Despite an experimental duration of several months, we did not find a shift in the morphology of the lower pharyngeal jaw bone that would be indicative of adaptive phenotypic plasticity in this trait.     

Look What I Am Doing: Does Observational Learning Take Place in Evocative Task-Sharing Situations?

Two experiments were conducted to investigate whether physical and observational practice in task-sharing entail comparable implicit motor learning. To this end, the social-transfer-of-learning (SToL) effect was assessed when both participants performed the joint practice task (Experiment 1 - complete task-sharing), or when one participant observed the other performing half of the practice task (Experiment 2 - evocative task-sharing). Since the inversion of the spatial relations between responding agent and stimulus position has been shown to prevent SToL, in the present study we assessed it in both complete and evocative task-sharing conditions either when spatial relations were kept constant or changed from the practice to the transfer session. The same pattern of results was found for both complete and evocative task-sharing, thus suggesting that implicit motor learning in evocative task-sharing is equivalent to that obtained in complete task-sharing. We conclude that this motor learning originates from the simulation of the complementary (rather than the imitative) action.     

Über die Doppelbrechung des Amöbenplasmas

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Amöboide Formveränderungen der Diatomeen-Plastiden

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Am I seeing my hand? Visual appearance and knowledge of controllability both contribute to the visual capture of a person's own body

When confronted with complex visual scenes in daily life, how do we know which visual information represents our own hand? We investigated the cues used to assign visual information to one''s own hand. Wrist tendon vibration elicits an illusory sensation of wrist movement. The intensity of this illusion attenuates when the actual motionless hand is visually presented. Testing what kind of visual stimuli attenuate this illusion will elucidate factors contributing to visual detection of one''s own hand. The illusion was reduced when a stationary object was shown, but only when participants knew it was controllable with their hands. In contrast, the visual image of their own hand attenuated the illusion even when participants knew that it was not controllable. We suggest that long-term knowledge about the appearance of the body and short-term knowledge about controllability of a visual object are combined to robustly extract our own body from a visual scene.     

人工合成小麦Am3大穗多粒QTL的发掘与利用

穗粒数是小麦的重要产量性状之一,本研究以人工合成双二倍体小麦Am3为供体,普通小麦品种莱州953为受体,培育出了高穗粒数BC5F1导入系,以导入系后代75个BC5F1为材料,利用复合区间作图法对其进行穗部性状的QTL定位。共检测到2个控制穗长、4个控制小穗数、2个控制穗粒数的QTL位点,贡献率分别为1％～22％、1％～9％和1％～15％。其中穗长和穗粒数分别有1个QTL能在两年重复检测到。并且在1A染色体上检测到同时控制小穗数和穗粒数的QTL,穗长和小穗数的QTL被定位在4A染色体上同一个区域,表明这2个位点是与穗部性状有关的热点区域。本研究发现的QTL多为来自Am3的新位点,对于小麦改良将具有重要价值。     

Untersuchungen zum Plasmabau der Amöben,im Hinblick auf die Wabentheorie

Ohne Zusammenfassung Mit 18 Textabbildungen.