Ceratophyllum demersum – phosphorus interactions in nutrient enriched aquaria

High macrophyte density in shallow lakes is often associated with clear water, especially when the non-rooted, submerged angiosperm Ceratophyllum demersum is dominant. Lack of true roots and high surface area:volume ratio suggest that nutrient uptake from the water column by C. demersum may be high. Therefore, possible competition for nutrients, including phosphorus (P), could contribute to phytoplankton inhibition. C. demersum ability to absorb and store P at four nutrient levels (unenriched + three enrichment treatments) was investigated in a 34-day laboratory experiment using agar-based nutrient diffusing substrates (NDSs). P uptake rates and abatement potential by C. demersum were assessed from total phosphorus concentration (TP) patterns in the water column. Changes in C. demersum biomass (wet weight) also were determined. C. demersum took up P quickly. Some P release occurred during the experiment, especially under high nutrient conditions. Initial net P uptake by C. demersum was high, but medium-term (five weeks) average uptake was relatively low. Projected long-term net P uptake approached zero. Plant biomass loss and production of macrodetritus (plant fragments >1 mm) were highest in unenriched aquaria. Biomass loss in the lower enriched treatments was equally divided between loss as macrodetritus and as dissolved organic matter (DOM), but loss as DOM was four times higher than loss as macrodetritus in the highest nutrient treatment. The results suggest that medium- and long-term low phytoplankton biomass in C. demersum-rich lakes is achieved via mechanisms other than direct competition for nutrients from the water column.     

The response of Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Myriophyllum spicatum L. to reduced, ambient, and enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation

The response of Ceratophyllum demersum and Myriophyllum spicatum to three levels of UV-B radiation – reduced (ca. 50% reduction), ambient and enhanced UV-B radiation, simulating 17% ozone depletion – is discussed. The research revealed that UV-B stimulated the production of UV-B absorbing compounds in C. demersum, but not in M. spicatum. The relative amount of UV-B absorbing compounds was about four times lower in C. demersum. Enhanced UV-B also affected respiratory potential in C. demersum (on average 3.7 mg O₂/gDM/h), but no effect on M. spicatum (on average 5.5 mg O₂/gDM/h) was detected. Increased need for energy revealed that UV-B radiation exerted stress in C. demersum. No changes in chlorophyll a and no disturbance to photochemical efficiency due to UV-B were observed in either species.     

金鱼藻的化学成分

从金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum L.)全草的乙醇提取物中分离鉴定了其中7个,分别为:苜蓿素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(1) , naringenin-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(2) ,七叶内酯(3) ,β-谷甾醇(4) , 7α-羟基-β-谷甾醇(5) , 7α-甲氧基-β-谷甾醇(6) ,十六碳脂肪酸(7)。化合物(3)为首次从金鱼藻中分离得到。     

Effect of Hirschmanniella caudacrena on the Submersed Aquatic Plants Ceratophyllum demersum and Hydrilla verticillata

In vitro pathogenicity tests demonstrated that Hirschmanniella caudacrena is pathogenic to Ceratophyllum demersum (coontail). Symptoms were chlorotic tissue, deformed stems, and, finally, death of the plant. Inoculum densities of 500 nematodes per 5-cm-long cutting in a test tube containing 50 ml of water resulted in death and decay of some of the cuttings within 8 weeks; 100 nematodes killed the plants in 12 weeks, and 50 and 25 nematodes killed them in 16 weeks. The lowest inoculum level of 10 nematodes did not seriously affect the plants at 16 weeks when the experiment was terminated. A second test conducted outdoors in glass jars containing 3 liters of water and two cuttings weighing a total of 15 g fresh weight showed damage, but results were not statistically significant. Hydrilla verticillata inoculated with H. caudacrena was not affected seriously.     

不同营养状态下金鱼藻的生理响应

通过静态模拟实验,比较研究了不同营养水平(中营养、富营养、重富营养和Hoagland植物培养液)下培养的金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)的蛋白质、叶绿素含量,过氧化物酶(POD)及超氧化物酶(SOD)活性变化.研究发现,总N、总P的变化会影响金鱼藻的生物合成,当水环境总氮浓度低于1 mg·L^-1,总磷浓度低于0.1 mg·L^-1时,金鱼藻茎叶的叶绿素合成较低,其茎蛋白含量迅速下降.金鱼藻在富营养水平(1 mg TN·L^-1,0.1 mg TP·L^-1)下抗氧化防御酶活跃,POD、SOD活性增高.研究表明,金鱼藻较适应于富营养水环境,水体营养盐继续增加对金鱼藻有胁迫作用,过高营养盐浓度(重富营养和Hoagland 培养液)影响金鱼藻的抗逆能力.     

Secondary metabolites and lipids in Chara globularis Thuill

Sterols, volatiles and lipid fatty acids were analysed in the fresh-water alga Chara globularis. Five sterols, two of them new for the genus, were identified, together with 12 fatty acids from lipids. The volatiles appeared to form a complex mixture, containing mainly acids (part of them chlorinated), terpenoids, ketones, hydrocarbons, etc. No flavonoids have been found. Antibacterial activity of extracts has been tested, unpolar extracts showed moderate activity.     

悬浮泥沙溶液对金鱼藻快速光响应曲线的影响

用粒径小于100μm的泥沙分别配置浊度为30、60、90 NTU的混浊溶液,将金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum dem er-sum)种植于该溶液中,1个月后测定植株叶片的快速光响应曲线,研究悬浮泥沙对金鱼藻光合荧光特性的影响。结果表明,在60、90 NTU的悬浮泥沙溶液中金鱼藻叶片的荧光产量(Ft)、光适应最大荧光产量(Fm′)和有效荧光产量(ΔFv/Fm)都显著低于对照和30 NTU的植株。与对照相比较,在混浊溶液中植株叶片的光化学淬灭(qP)和非光化学淬灭(qN)随光照强度的增加显著降低,光合能力和热耗散能力显著降低。混浊溶液中,随溶液浊度的增加植株最小饱和光强(Ek)和最大相对电子传递效率(rETRm ax)也显著低于对照植株,光合作用受到显著影响。因而,金鱼藻不适于在高浊度的悬浮泥沙溶液中生长。     

金鱼藻营养器官的形态解剖学研究

通过对金鱼藻最常见的营养器官茎和叶的形态解剖观察发现:整个植株脆性较大;茎中通气组织不发达,木质部和机械组织不发达,凯氏带不明显;叶片薄而透明,二歧状分枝,表皮含大量的叶绿体,通气组织特别发达,气腔有端壁且有通道相连,木质部退化.     

Seasonal Changes in the Chemical Composition of Ceratophyllum demersum L. in a Small Pond

Seasonal content of total soluble carbohydrate, total soluble protein, free fatty acids and alkaloids were examined in a population of Ceratophyllum demersum growing in a pond on the southwestern edge of the Canadian Shield. Total soluble carbohydrate and total soluble protein were inversely correlated. Free fatty acids were dominated by (16:0 + 16:1), 18:2 and 18:3. Relative proportions of the different free fatty acids remained roughly constant throughout the season. Alkaloid concentrations showed large fluctuations, with the highest values found during the first half of the season. Carbohydrate and protein contents of associated periphyton were not correlated with host macrophyte metabolism.     

Single and Combined Effects of Exposure Concentration and Duration on Biological Responses of Ceratophyllum demersum L. Exposed to Cr Species

This study aimed to demonstrate the ways in which two chromium species, Cr (III) and Cr (VI), can affect various physiological and biochemical parameters in the plant Ceratophyllum demersum L., and to evaluate the single and combined impact of exposure concentration and duration. C. demersum was exposed to Cr (III) and Cr (VI) at a variety of concentrations (1, 2, 5, and 10 mM) and for differing durations (1, 2, 4, and 7 days), after which Cr accumulation, relative growth rate (RGR), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, electrical conductivity (EC), photosynthetic pigmentation, proline content and antioxidant enzyme activities were examined. The single and combined effects of exposure duration and Cr concentration on each parameter were determined using a two-way analysis of variance. For both the Cr (III) and Cr (VI) applications, it was observed that concentration had a significant effect on all parameters assessed. However, duration had no statistically significant effect on proline content in the Cr (III) application, or on MDA and protein content in the Cr (VI) application. It was determined that concentration exerted greater effects than duration for both Cr species studied. In addition, the results indicated that duration and concentration had a synergistic effect on variations of RGR, EC, protein content, and antioxidant enzyme activities in both the Cr (III) and Cr (VI) applications. These results may be useful when planning further phytoremediation and plant biotechnology studies.     

Concentrations of Trace Metals in Dominant Aquatic Plants of the Lake Provala (Vojvodina, Yugoslavia)

The trace metal (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, Sr, and Cr) contents in the most common submerged and floating aquatic plants Ceratophyllum demersum L., Myriophyllum spicatum L., and Nymphoides flava Hill. of Provala Lake were evaluated. Considerable higher contents of iron, manganese, zinc, nickel, lead and strontium were found in submerged species than in the floating ones. The presence of cadmium and lead in plant tissues points to a certain degree of lake water pollution.     

Long- and short-term Changes of the Macrophyte Vegetation in Strongly Stratified Hypertrophic Lake Verevi

The aim of study was to bring out changes in the macrophyte vegetation, caused by eutrophication, short-term lowering of the water level and the following restoration of equilibrium in L. Verevi. Also biomass and N and P content of shoots of main submergent species were studied in 1999–2001, to follow the temporal and specific differences. Due to strong eutrophication, the type of the lake changed from a Myriophyllum-Potamogeton-Charophyta lake to a Ceratophyllum-Lemna trisulca lake in 1984–1988, obviously owing to the formation of loose organic-rich sediment. Water lowering by 0.7 m during summer months of 1998 facilitated mineralization of sediments, as a consequence of which a mass development of Ranunculus circinatus and a temporary increase in the abundance and biomass of other nutrient-demanding species took place during following years. Our data suggest differences in nutrient supply and release of submerged species and the need for more species-related approach to this group. The problem of nutrient supply of unrooted plants at the time of stratification arises. Regarding the increase of biomass of Ceratophyllum demersum in second half of summer, we suppose that one part of nutrients for this growth may derive from freshly decayed filamentous algae or vascular plants.     

Secondary metabolites produced by callus cultures of various Ruta species

Callus cultures were established from hypocotyl explants of R. bracteosa, R. chalepensis and R. macrophylla. Calli were maintained for more than three years on MS-medium supplemented with 1 mg l^-1 of each 2,4-D and kinetin. Acridone and furoquinoline alkaloids and coumarins have been isolated from four week old calli grown on a hormone containing and hormone-free medium. A new chlorinated acridone alkaloid has been detected.Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - MS medium after Murashige & Skoog [6]     

汞、镉复合污染对金鱼藻的影响及其抗性机制的探讨

研究了金鱼藻在不同浓度 Hg2 +、Cd2 +以及 Hg2 +、Cd2 +共同胁迫下叶绿素含量、叶绿素 a/b值、可溶性蛋白含量、SOD活性和游离脯氨酸含量等的变化。结果表明 :低浓度 Cd2 + (≤ 2 mg.L- 1)对上述指标有激应性反应 ,低浓度 Hg2 + (≤ 0 .5mg.L- 1)对叶绿素含量、叶绿素 a/b值、可溶性蛋白含量、SOD活性也有激应性反应 ;可以认为这是植物的一种保护性机制。但随着 H2 +、Cd2 +处理浓度增大 ,上述生理指标呈下降趋势 ,表明植物细胞遭受伤害。Hg2 + 、Cd2 + 共同胁迫下上述生理指标下降幅度明显增大 ,表现为协同作用。     

Phosphorus removal by the Ceratophyllum/periphyton complex in a south Florida (USA) freshwater marsh

Removal of phosphorus (P) by Ceratophyllum demersum L. and associated epiphytic periphyton was quantified by measuring the disappearance of soluble reactive P (SRP) from microcosms during 1-h in situ incubations conducted over a 1-year period. Initial P concentrations in these incubations ranged from 30 to >10,000 μg P L⁻¹. Phosphorus removal was proportional to initial P concentrations and was weakly correlated with solar irradiance and water temperature. Removal rates (0.6–32.8 mg P m⁻² d⁻¹) and k_v coefficients (0.68–1.93 h⁻¹) from experiments run at low initial P concentrations (up to 200 μg P L⁻¹) were comparable to results reported for other macrophytes. Removal rates from experiments run at the highest (>10,000 μg P L⁻¹) initial P concentrations (5300 and 11,100 mg P m⁻² d⁻¹) most likely represented luxury nutrient consumption and were not thought to be sustainable long term. We were unable to determine a V_max for P removal, suggesting that the nutrient-storage capability of the C. demersum/periphyton complex was not saturated during our short-term incubations. Based on N:P molar ratios, the marsh was P limited, while the C. demersum/periphyton complex was either N limited or in balance for N and P throughout this study. However, despite its tissue stoichiometry, the C. demersum/periphyton complex always exhibited an affinity for P. It appeared that the biochemical mechanisms, which mediate P removal, at least on a short-term basis, were more influenced by increases in ambient P levels than by tissue nutrient stoichiometry.     

Capture of volatile metabolites for tracking the evolution of gibberellic acid in a solid-state culture of Gibberella fujikuroi

The evolution of volatile compounds produced during solid substrate cultivation (SSC) of Gibberella fujikuroi on wheat bran was tracked looking for volatile metabolites related with GA₃ production. Ethyl acetate and isoamyl acetate gave identical profiles and sharp increases that abated as the production of GA₃ began, while ent-kaurene displayed a profile matching that of the development of GA₃. ent-Kaurene is a precursor in the synthesis of gibberellins and was the most abundant compound found.     

Photosynthetic characteristics of the submerged macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum

The photosynthetic and growth characteristics of Ceratophyllum demersum L. were investigated under laboratory conditions which simulated those encountered in the plants' normal environment. The carbon fixation rate of C. demersum measured with ¹⁴C at light and carbon saturation at pH 8.0 was 4.48 mg C (g ash-free dry weight)⁻¹ h⁻¹. It was lower at pH 6.5 than at pH 8.0. The light use efficiencies in quiescent plants and actively growing plants were 6.3 and 8.7 × 10⁻⁹ kg CO₂ J⁻¹, respectively, with corresponding maximum photosynthetic rates of 2.67 and 4.36 mg C (g ash-free dry weight)⁻¹ h⁻¹. Photorespiration in actively growing plants consumed 24% of the carbon fixed. Incubation with DCMU demonstrated that about one-third was refixed. The optimum temperature for carbon fixation was 25°C. The C₃-photosynthetic pathway was the main operational route as indicated by the early photosynthetic products (largely C₃-acids) and the absence of Krantz anatomy and the chlorophyll a:b ratio (2.7). The maximum relative growth rates ranged from 0.025 to 0.041 g ash-free dry weight (g ash-free dry weight)⁻¹ day⁻¹ in the field (Lake Vechten, 1 to 3 m depth classes).     

Secondary metabolites from species of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma

Trichoderma species are free-living fungi that are highly interactive in root, soil and foliar environments and have been used successfully in field trials to control many crop pathogens. Structural and biological studies of the metabolites isolated from Trichoderma species are reviewed. This review, encompassing all the literature in this field up to the present and in which 269 references are cited, also includes a detailed study of the biological activity of the metabolites, especially the role of these metabolites in biological control mechanisms. Some aspects of the biosynthesis of these metabolites and related compounds are likewise discussed.     

Secondary metabolites during ontogenetic phase of reproductive structures in Hypericum maculatum

The distribution patterns of flavonoids hyperoside, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, quercetin, I3,II8-biapigenin and naphtodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin were studied in reproductive structures during ontogenetic phase of flowering in Hypericum maculatum Crantz. Considerable differences in the content of these secondary metabolites, in the particular flower parts were found. The content of all the metabolites studied is stable during the whole period of flowering in green flower parts (sepals). In petals, stamens and pistils their content undergoes considerable change associated with the biological functions of particular metabolites. The most conspicuous changes during ontogenetic phase of flowering were the decrease of hyperoside and isoquercitrin content in petals (average content in buds 1.589 mg g⁻¹ dry weight, average content in overblown flowers 0.891 mg g⁻¹ dry weight), the decrease of the I3,II8-biapigenin content in stamens (in buds 1.189 mg g⁻¹ dry weight, in overblown flowers 0.319 mg g⁻¹ dry weight), and the increase of hypericin and pseudohypericin content in both petals (total average content of hypericins in the buds 0.547 mg g⁻¹ dry weight; in overblown flowers 0.792 mg g⁻¹ dry weight) and stamens (in buds 0.189 mg g⁻¹ dry weight; in overblown flowers 0.431 mg g⁻¹ dry weight). Hypericins are absent in the pistil. The flavonoids hyperoside and isoquercitrin, the content of which decreased during ontogenetic phase of flowering, reach the highest contents in the pistil.     

Secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi isolated from the Chilean gymnosperm Prumnopitys andina (Lleuque)

Two endophytic fungi isolated from the phloem of the Chilean gymnosperm Prumnopitys andinawere cultured in liquid potato-dextrose medium. The secondary metabolites were isolated and identified by spectroscopic methods. The fungus E-3 which could not be identified yielded 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenol, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and the isochromanone mellein. The second fungus, identified as Penicillium janczewskii K.M. Zalessky yielded peniprequinolone and gliovictin, reported for the first time for this species. This is the first report on secondary metabolites produced by endophytic fungi from Chilean gymnosperms.