Chemical leaching of copper-zinc concentrate with ferric iron biosolution

The process of leaching of copper-zinc concentrate with a solution containing biogenic iron, which is a product of the metabolism of iron-oxidizing microorganisms, was studied. The dependence of leaching rate of metals on temperature and pH was determined. It was shown that up to 98% of zinc and 70% of iron could be removed from the concentrate, while up to 7 and 4 g/L of zinc and copper, respectively, were accumulated in the liquid phase, which was sufficient for metal recovery. It was established that a copper concentrate with copper content up to 16% and only 0.5% of zinc could be obtained after chemical leaching for 340 min at 80°C.     

The effects of bioleaching conditions on the nonferrous metals content in copper-zinc concentrate

The effects of pH and ferrous iron concentration in cultural medium on the bioleaching of copper-zinc concentrate by mesophilic and moderately thermophilic acidophilic microorganisms were studied. It was revealed that the optimum pH for bioleaching in presence of 5 g/L of ferrous iron was 1.4–1.5. It was shown that bioleaching under optimal conditions led to an increase in the copper content in solid phase from 10.1 to 14% and a decrease in the zinc content from 7.4 to 1.4%. The results of the present work demonstrate that acidophilic microorganisms can be used for treatment of complex sulfide concentrates containing copper and zinc.     

Microbial leaching of zinc concentrate in fresh‐water microcosms: Comparison between aerobic and oxygen‐limited conditions

Microbially mediated leaching and solubilization of zinc ore concentrate by native aquatic microbial communities incubated under aerobic and oxygen‐limited conditions were examined in static microcosms consisting of stream sediment and water. Sterile controls provided information on abiotic sulfide oxidation and leaching of zinc, lead, cadmium, and copper. The flux of these heavy metals from the sediments to the water column was greatest under biotic oxygen‐limited conditions. When calculated as the percentage of total metal available in zinc concentrate‐amended microcosms, the order of metal solubilization under oxygen‐limited conditions was lead, copper, zinc, and cadmium. Under biotic aerobic conditions, the order of solubilization was zinc, lead, cadmium, and copper. This study indicates that aquatic heterotrophs are capable of leaching and solubilizing metallic sulfides under conditions of neutral to slightly acidic pH and are effective in releasing heavy metals to the water column under oxygen‐limited conditions.     

Selective extraction of metals from zinc concentrate by association of chemolithotrophic bacteria

Ability for selective extraction of copper and zinc from zinc concentrate using association of chemolithotrophic bacteria was investigated. In the presence of bacterial association, the rate of leaching of zinc, copper, and iron was increased 3-fold, 4–5-fold, and 2-fold, respectively. The results indicate the maximum dissolution rate for zinc, then followed by copperand iron. It was revealed that addition of Fe³⁺ 2 g/l resulted in reduction of iron leaching and in 3-fold increase of leaching rate of copper at constant dissolution rate of mineral zinc. It is suggested that the intensification of copper leaching is connected with the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria able to activate the mineral surface via elimination of passivation layer of elemental sulfur. It was concluded that sulfur-oxidizing bacteria play a significant role in copper leaching from zinc concentrate. A unique strain of mesophile sulfur-oxidizing bacteria was isolated from leaching pulp of zinc concentrate; in the perspective, it may serve as efficient candidate for performing of selective extraction of copper from zinc concentrate.     

Effect of anions on selective solubilization of zinc and copper in bacterial leaching of sulfide ores

Bacterial leaching of sulfide ores using Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Thiobacillus thiooxidans, or a combination of the two was studied at various concentrations of specific anions. Selective zinc and copper solubilization was obtained by inhibiting iron oxidation without affecting sulfur/sulfide oxidation. Phosphate reduced iron solubilization from a pyrite (FeS(2))-sphalerite (ZnS) mixture without significantly affecting zinc solubilization. Copper leaching from a chalcopyrite (CuFeS(2))-sphalerite mixture was stimulated by phosphate, whereas chloride accelerated zinc extraction. In a complex sulfide ore containing pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite, both phosphate and chloride reduced iron solubilization and increased copper extraction, whereas only chloride stimulated zinc extraction. Maximum leaching obtained was 100% zinc and 50% copper. Time-course studies of copper and zinc solubilization suggest the possibility of selective metal recovery following treatment with specific anions.     

Kinetics improvement of high-grade sulphides bioleaching by effects separation

Abstract: The kinetics of bioleaching of sulphide concentrates by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans can be improved by performing separately the two operations relating the two effects involved in the indirect contact mechanism, (1) chemical leaching and (2) biological oxidation of the Fe2+ produced in the chemical stage (IBES: Indirect Bioleaching with Effects Separation). This scheme permits the separate enhancement of each stage. On the one hand, the chemical attack of the ferric iron to sulphides can be performed at a higher temperature. On the other hand, the biological oxidation stage is more effective when biofilm models are applied. At the same time, inhibitory phenomena produced as a result of the bacterial breaking caused by the abrasion of the solid particles on microorganisms are prevented. In this work the 1BES process has been applied to a Spanish copper-zinc and a copper sulphide concentrate. The objective has been to selectively dissolve zinc, which may be recovered by solvent exraction, the remaining residue being a copper concentrate suitable for pyrometallurgical treatment. The attributes of moderate temperature, atmospheric pressure, low cost of the leaching agent, flexibility and effectiveness make the process very attractive from an economic point of view.     

Biooxidation of High-Sulfur Products of Ferric Leaching of a Zinc Concentrate

Microbiology - We have previously proposed a highly efficient technology for metal recovery from low-grade zinc sulfide concentrate by two-step treatment including ferric iron leaching and...     

Effect of Activated Carbon Addition on the Conventional and Electrochemical Bioleaching of Chalcopyrite Concentrates

The effect of activated carbon addition on the rate and efficiency of copper mobilization from Sarcheshmeh chalcopyrite concentrate was studied in the presence and absence of a mixed culture of moderately thermophilic microorganisms. Conventional leaching at a 10% (w/v) pulp density in 500-ml Erlenmeyer flasks on a rotary shaker at 150 rpm, and electrochemical bioleaching in a stirred bioreactor at an ORP (oxidation-reduction potential) range of 400 to 430 mV measured against a Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The bioreactor contained ore concentrate at a pulp density of 20%, which was stirred at 600 rpm. All experiments were conducted in the presence and absence of 3 g/L activated carbon, at initial pH 1.5, temperature 50°C, in Norris's nutrient medium with an addition of 0.02% (w/v) yeast extract. The results showed that the addition of activated carbon increased the rate and yield of copper extraction from the concentrate especially in the presence of bacteria. Final recovery after 20 days was 52% and 44% in the shake flask experiments with and without carbon addition, respectively. Enhanced rates of copper mobilization were achieved in the electrochemical bioleaching experiments in which copper was leached selectively relative to iron. Final copper recovery after 10 days was 85% and 77% in the presence and absence of activated carbon, respectively. The positive effect of activated carbon on copper extraction could be related to the galvanic interaction between the inert carbon as cathode and chalcopyrite as anode. The bacterial elimination of sulfur produced on the sulfide minerals during chemical leaching is assumed to intensify the galvanic interaction. It seems that maintaining the ORP at a low potential and efficient mixing improves the bacterial and chemical subsystems in the electro-bioreactor that accelerates the rate of copper mobilization from the concentrate.     

A two-stage technology for bacterial and chemical leaching of copper-zinc raw materials by Fe<Superscript>3+</Superscript> ions with their subsequent regeneration by chemolithotrophic bacteria

A two-stage technology for bacterial and chemical leaching of nonferrous metals in a specifically designed laboratory unit has been proposed. At the first stage of leaching, ferric iron formed during the second stage of oxidation of Fe²⁺ ions by mesophilic chemolithotrophic microorganisms was used. The optimal parameters of the first stage of the process (flow rate, temperature, and the process duration) were 2 l/h, 75°C, and 24 h, respectively. The results of testing of the two-stage technology for leaching copper-zinc raw materials indicated that the depth of zinc and copper leaching can be increased from 70 to 93% and from 40 to 58.8%, respectively, and the process duration can be reduced from 120 to 24 h as compared to the commonly used one-stage technology.     

Fungal biotransformation of zinc silicate and sulfide mineral ores

In this work, several fungi with geoactive properties, including Aspergillus niger, Beauveria caledonica and Serpula himantioides, were used to investigate their potential bioweathering effects on zinc silicate and zinc sulfide ores used in zinc extraction and smelting, to gain understanding of the roles that fungi may play in transformations of such minerals in the soil, and effects on metal mobility. Despite the recalcitrance of these minerals, new biominerals resulted from fungal interactions with both the silicate and the sulfide, largely resulting from organic acid excretion. Zinc oxalate dihydrate was formed through oxalate excretion by the test fungi and the mineral surfaces showed varying patterns of bioweathering and biomineral formation. In addition, calcium oxalate was formed from the calcium present in the mineral ore fractions, as well as calcite. Such metal immobilization may indicate that the significance of fungi in effecting metal mobilization from mineral ores such as zinc silicate and zinc sulfide is rather limited, especially if compared with bacterial sulfide leaching. Nevertheless, important bioweathering activities of fungi are confirmed which could be of local significance in soils polluted by such materials, as well as in the mycorrhizosphere.     

Effect of particle-particle shearing on the bioleaching of sulfide minerals

The biological leaching of sulfide minerals, used for the production of gold, copper, zinc, cobalt, and other metals, is very often carried out in slurry bioreactors, where the shearing between sulfide particles is intensive. In order to be able to improve the efficiency of the bioleaching, it is of significant importance to know the effect of particle shearing on the rate of leaching. The recently proposed concept of ore immobilization allowed us to study the effect of particle shearing on the rate of sulfide (pyrite) leaching by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Using this concept, we designed two very similar bioreactors, the main difference between which was the presence and absence of particle-particle shearing. It was shown that when the oxygen mass transfer was not the rate-limiting step, the rate of bioleaching in the frictionless bioreactor was 2.5 times higher than that in a bioreactor with particle friction (shearing). The concentration of free suspended cells in the frictionless bioreactor was by orders of magnitude lower than that in the frictional bioreactor, which showed that particle friction strongly reduces the microbial attachment to sulfide surface, which, in turn, reduces the rate of bioleaching. Surprisingly, it was found that formation of a layer of insoluble iron salts on the surface of sulfide particles is much slower under shearless conditions than in the presence of particle-particle shearing. This was explained by the effect of particle friction on liquid-solid mass transfer rate. The results of this study show that reduction of the particle friction during bioleaching of sulfide minerals can bring important advantages not only by increasing significantly the bioleaching rate, but also by increasing the rate of gas-liquid oxygen mass transfer, reducing the formation of iron precipitates and reducing the energy consumption. One of the efficient methods for reduction of particle friction is ore immobilization in a porous matrix.     

嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌的高效培养及浸出黄铜矿初探

采用向硫化矿培养基中补加FeSO4的方式以维持Fe2+ 浓度为4～8 g/L,可使嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌菌浓在培养39 h时达到6.25×108 cells/mL,并在比生长速率几乎不降低的前提下提高了转化率和生产强度.然后对低氧化还原电位下低品位黄铜矿的浸出进行初步研究,结果表明经过30 d浸出,铜的浸出率可达28.5%...     

Microbial leaching of metals from sulfide minerals

Microorganisms are important in metal recovery from ores, particularly sulfide ores. Copper, zinc, gold, etc. can be recovered from sulfide ores by microbial leaching. Mineral solubilization is achieved both by 'direct (contact) leaching' by bacteria and by 'indirect leaching' by ferric iron (Fe(3+)) that is regenerated from ferrous iron (Fe(2+)) by bacterial oxidation. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans is the most studied organism in microbial leaching, but other iron- or sulfide/sulfur-oxidizing bacteria as well as archaea are potential microbial agents for metal leaching at high temperature or low pH environment. Oxidation of iron or sulfur can be selectively controlled leading to solubilization of desired metals leaving undesired metals (e.g., Fe) behind. Microbial contribution is obvious even in electrochemistry of galvanic interactions between minerals.     

Microbiological leaching of a zinc sulfide concentrate

The microbiological extraction of zinc from a high-grade zinc sulfide concentrate has been investigated, using a pure strain of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Conditions such as temperature, pH, pulp density, nutrient, concentration, and specific surface of solids have been studied in terms of their effects on zinc extraction rate and in some instances on final zinc concentration in solution. Where appropriate, optimum conditions for leaching have been specified.     

Continuous culture of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans on a zinc sulfide concentrate

A zinc sulfide concentrate was leached microbiologically by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in a continuous stirred tank reactor. A model was developed to predict, the leaching kinetics when the bacterial growth rate was not limited by any substrate other than the zinc concentrate, and it was modified to explain the observed results. Stable steady sates were obtained over a range of dilution rates from 0.0171 to 0.1038 hr^?1. Because a solid substrate was used, the specific growth rate of the bacaeria was not a unique function of the subastrate concentration, and conventional contnuous culture theory based on the Monod equation did not apply to this system. The leaching rates and bacterial growth rates were first order in mineral surface area cocentration.     

Temperature Effects on Bacterial Leaching of Sulfide Minerals in Shake Flask Experiments

The microbiological leaching of a sulfide ore sample was investigated in shake flask experiments. The ore sample contained pyrite, pyrrhotite, pentlandite, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite as the main sulfide minerals. The tests were performed at eight different temperatures in the range of 4 to 37°C. The primary data were used for rate constant calculations, based on kinetic equations underlying two simplified models of leaching, i.e., a shrinking particle model and a shrinking core model. The rate constants thus derived were further used for the calculation of activation energy values for some of the sulfide minerals present in the ore sample. The chalcopyrite leaching rates were strongly influenced by the interaction of temperature, pH, and redox potential. Sphalerite leaching could be explained with the shrinking particle model. The data on pyrrhotite leaching displayed good fit with the shrinking core model. Pyrite leaching was found to agree with the shrinking particle model. Activation energies calculated from the rate of constants suggested that the rate-limiting steps were different for the sulfide minerals examined; they could be attributed to a chemical or biochemical reaction rather than to diffusion control.     

Bioregeneration of Leaching Solutions during Two-Step Processing of Copper-Zinc Concentrate

A comparative study of the oxidation of ferrous iron ions by various cultures of acidophilic chemolithotrophic microorganisms in solutions obtained after ferric leaching of copper-zinc concentrate at 80°C has been carried out. It was shown that the use of a moderately thermophilic culture for bioregeneration of leaching solutions was preferable. At the same time, the oxidation rate of Fe²⁺ ions reached 0.88 g/(L h), or 21.1 g/(L day). We propose that the activity of the moderately thermophilic culture was due to the presence of the mixotrophic bacteria Sulfobacillus spp., which used organic products of the microbial lysis for their growth. These products were formed during high-temperature ferric leaching of the copper-zinc concentrate with the biosolution.     

A growth model for the continuous microbiological leaching of a zinc sulfide concentrate by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

The leaching of a zinc sulfide concentrate by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was investigated in continuous stirred tank reactors. A mathematical model for the growth of T. ferrooxidans on this solid substrate is presented and tested. Experimental leaching studies were done using two reactors in series with and without recycle of solids from the outlet of the first reactor back to its inlet. The proposed model fits the authors' experimental data well. However, comparison of the parameters calculated with those calculated from the data of others showed that a wide variation can exist; thus, the parameters seem to depend on the nature of the substrate. The area occupied on the sulfide surface by a bacterium was found to be 5.4 mum(2). The calculated maximum specific growth rates ranged from 0.20 to 0.31 h(-1), and these values were dependent on whether they were observed in the first or second of the two reactors in series.     

Bioleaching of a Complex Co-Ni-Cu Sulfide Flotation Concentrate by Bacillus megaterium QM B1551 at Neutral pH

Bioleaching of sulfide minerals at neutral pH has been rarely reported. In this study, a bacterium, Bacillus megaterium QM B1551, was isolated from Jinchuan sulfide tailings and used to leach a complex sulfide flotation concentrate for the extraction of Co²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Cu²⁺ at near neutral pH. A total of 38.2% Co, 44.7% Ni and 3.6% Cu were extracted from the sulfide concentrate in 5 days with an initial pH of 6. An enhanced Co²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Cu²⁺ extraction extent was achieved by first bioleaching the concentrate with Bacillus megaterium QM B1551 at 35°C and then followed by chemical leaching with 4 M sulfuric acid at 90°C. As a result, a total of 60.7% Co²⁺, 76.3% Ni²⁺ and 39.8% Cu²⁺ were extracted. On an industrial scale, the profits from the metal recovery by such a combined leaching procedure are optimum if considering the cost-benefit ratio.     

Effect of applied potentials on the activity and growth of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

The effect of applied DC potentials both in the positive and negative range, on the activity and growth of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, is discussed. In general, application of positive potentials up to +1000 mV in an acid bioleaching medium was found to be detrimental to bacterial activity, while the impression of negative potentials enhanced both their activity and growth through electrochemical regeneration of ferrous ions and an increase in the biomass. Ferrous-ferric ratios in a bioleaching medium could be monitored through Eh measurements.Among the base sulfide minerals such as pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite, sphalerite could be selectively bioleached if an impressed potential of -500 mV (SCE) could be maintained in the leaching medium. Electrochemical bioleaching tests carried out under an applied potential of -500 mV with sphalerite in the presence and absence of noble minerals such as pyrite and chalcopyrite indicated enhanced zinc dissolution with negligible copper and iron in solution. Probable mechanisms and advantages of the electrochemical bioleaching process developed in the laboratory are outlined.