深黄被孢霉中微生物油脂的提取工艺

采用微波细胞破胞法处理深黄被孢霉,并对破胞后的菌体进行甲醇萃取油脂过程的研究。通过测量细胞内蛋白质释放量,确定微波处理的较佳条件为微波强度420 W,反应2 min。对微波后菌体进行扫描电镜观察,菌丝出现孔洞和裂纹,结构完全被破坏,达到微波破胞的效果;再直接进行甲酯化反应,通过正交试验考察固液比、反应温度、KOH浓度以及反应时间对甲酯化得率的影响。结果表明微生物油脂甲酯化的最佳条件:固液比(g/mL)1∶5,温度50℃,KOH-甲醇质量分数2.5%,时间2 h,此条件下干菌含油率为51.3%。     

长孢被孢霉利用淀粉质原料发酵产微生物油脂

通过研究长孢被孢霉(Mortierella elongate)的发酵过程,并采用摇瓶分批补料发酵模式考察了起始补料时间及补料基质对长孢被孢霉合成微生物油脂的影响。结果发现该菌株合成油脂主要在发酵48~96 h进行,且N源对菌株的生长有促进作用,采用限氮补料发酵可大幅度提高微生物油脂的产量。最适培养条件:可溶性淀粉20 g/L,玉米浆3 g/L,补料起始时间为发酵48 h,单次补加可溶性淀粉4 g。在此条件下,油脂产量较不补料时增加了521.74 mg,增长率为237.1%。     

丝状真菌深黄被孢霉RNA的提取方法

本文在一步法的基础上,提出了一种适合于富ＲＮａｓｅ和多糖的丝状真菌的ＲＮＡ提取方法,该方法可得到完整,均一的ＲＮＡ样品,且简化了操作,同时建立起一套快速有效的ＲＮＡ样品质量检验的方法。     

丝状真菌深黄被孢霉RNA的提取方法

本文在一步法的基础上,提出了一种适合于富含RNase和多糖的丝状真菌的RNA提取方法。该方法可得到完整、均一的RNA样品,且简化了操作,同时建立起一套快速有效的RNA样品质量检验的方法。     

深黄被孢霉3.3410原生质体的制备和再生研究

目的:为了获得数目较多且稳定性较好的深黄被孢霉原生质体,对影响深黄被孢霉原生质体制备和再生的因素进行了研究.方法:以培养20h的幼嫩菌丝体为材料,在1.5%纤维素酶+0.5%的蜗牛酶+1%溶菌酶混合酶作用下,以0.8mol/L MgSO4·7H2O作渗透压稳定剂于30℃酶解3h,然后用血球计数板计数,计算原生质体产量.结果:在上述条件下,原生质体浓度可达到5.5 × 107个/ml.并对该原生质体在高渗培养基上进行再生实验,其再生率达到25.40%.为深黄被孢霉原生质体诱变及融合育种奠定了基础.     

紫外线诱变深黄被孢霉选育花生四烯酸高产菌株

为获得生长活力较强, 产花生四烯酸能力强的菌株, 以微生物油脂产量和花生四烯酸产量为评价指标, 采用2轮紫外线诱变的方法, 利用单因素试验确定紫外线照射时间, 并采用气相色谱分析花生四烯酸含量。试验结果表明: 紫外灯功率20 W, 照射距离30 cm, 照射时间80 s, 其致死率为76.4%。经过诱变及菌种筛选, 获得1株高产菌株Z80s2-109, 其总油脂含量为16 g/L, 花生四烯酸产量为2.34 g/L, 花生四烯酸产量比原始对照菌株提高377%, 并且遗传性能稳定。     

深黄被孢霉△6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的克隆及序列分析

γ-亚麻酸（GLA,C183△     

深黄被孢霉苹果酸脱氢酶基因的克隆和表达

目的 通过对深黄被孢霉（Mortierella isabellina）M6-22中MDH基因的分离鉴定,为深入了解苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）的生理特性、结构和功能奠定基础,并进一步探讨生物体中MDH的代谢作用。方法 通过基因克隆的方法以深黄被孢霉的cDNA为模板,PCR扩增获得苹果酸脱氢酶基因MIMDH1。结果 测序结果显示该序列长990 bp,分别编码329个氨基酸。序列分析表明该序列与瓜笄霉菌（Choanephora cucurbitarum）MDH的相同性高达77%。将MIMDH1片段连接到表达载体pET32a(+)中构建重组表达质粒pET32aMIMDH1并转化至大肠埃希菌BL21中诱导表达,SDS-PAGE电泳检测在50 kD左右有一条蛋白表达条带,经镍柱亲和层析纯化和酶活分析结果显示所纯化的重组蛋白酶活高达379.28 U/mg。结论克隆的cDNA序列MIMDH1是一个新的苹果酸脱氢酶基因,所编码的蛋白具有MDH的活性。     

深黄被孢霉发酵生产γ—亚麻酸的研究

以深黄色被孢霉ＡＳ３．３４１０（ＭｏｒｔｉｅｒｅａｌｌａｉｓｄｂｅｌｌｉｎａＡｓ３．３４１０）的变异株Ｍ６为出发菌株,γ－亚麻酸含量２１０ｍｇ／Ｌ。经紫外线和微波处理得到变异株Ｍ６－２２,摇瓶发酵γ－亚麻酸含量１１８１ｍｇ／Ｌ,２００升发酵罐发酵γ－亚麻酸含量达到１３５０ｍｇ／Ｌ,对２００升罐发酵的后提取工艺进行了研究,以乙醇和正己烷分步抽提效果最好,脲素包合法的实验结果表明,在７０～７５℃,３ｈ     

深黄被孢霉脂质提取物改善大鼠脂质肾损害

目的：探讨深黄被孢霉脂质提取物能否改善脂质肾损害模型大鼠血脂异常及肾脏损伤。方法：雄性Wis-tar大鼠随机分为4组（n=8）：①对照（N）组;②高脂模型（M）组;③深黄被孢霉脂提物干预（T）组;④辛伐他汀治疗（S）组。N组饲以普通饲料,M组给予高脂饲料喂养,两组均每日灌服生理盐水;T组和S组在高脂饲料喂养同时每日分别灌服深黄被孢霉脂提物和辛伐他汀。于实验前、第4、8、12周检测24h尿蛋白含量,12周时检测血清白蛋白、总蛋白、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Scr）水平;检测肾组织TG、TC、LDL含量;观察肾组织病理及超微结构改变、脂质沉积。结果：实验第12周,T组和S组24h尿蛋白定量、血清及肾组织TC、LDL明显低于模型组,血清白蛋白、总蛋白显著高于模型组,T和S组之间差异无显著性。病理改变显示：M组肾小管间质大量炎症细胞浸润,管腔内有蛋白管型,肾小球系膜细胞轻度增生、系膜基质增宽,T组与S组炎症细胞浸润明显减少,未见蛋白管型及系膜区病理改变;M组肾小球及肾小管内大量脂肪沉积,足细胞足突融合消失;T组与S组未见脂肪沉积;足细胞仅部分足突融合,小管上皮细胞内仅少量脂滴。结论：深黄被孢霉脂质提取物能改善高脂模型大鼠的高胆固醇血症,减少肾组织中胆固醇的沉积、炎症细胞的浸润及足细胞的损伤,减少尿蛋白漏出,对脂质肾损害大鼠肾脏具有保护作用。     

Single-cell oil production by Mortierella isabellina DSM 1414 using different sugars as carbon source

Pure carbon sources, especially carbohydrates which are raw materials deriving from agro-industrial processes, are often used for small-scale single-cell oil production by fermentation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different pure carbon sources on cell growth, lipid accumulation, and γ-linolenic acid (GLA) production by the filamentous fungus Mortierella isabellina DSM 1414 (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen). The sugars utilized in this study are found extensively and abundantly in nature, especially in food raw materials and, in consequence, in agro-food industry wastes or surpluses. Thus, the potential of many waste materials containing these sugars to be used in the production of single-cell oil by fermentation could also be evaluated. The effects of the sugars utilized on cell growth, biomass production, and lipid production were investigated. Fatty acids were also analysed in the lipids produced at the end of the fermentations. Results showed that the maximum biomass production was 10.80 g/L in lactose-based media, while the maximum oil production was 5.44 g/L in maltose-based media. Oleic (20.42%–42.94%), palmitic (14.96%–22.19%), and stearic (9.00%–26.92%) acids were the major fatty acids along with linoleic acid (11.35%–18.67%) and GLA (3.56%–8.04%). The production of GLA as the target fatty acid was remarkable. This study indicates that agro-industrial waste including most of the sugars utilized (except for arabinose and sucrose with lipid production of 0.81 and 0.28 g/L, respectively) can be employed for production of single-cell oil by M. isabellina DSM 1414 which contains a high amount of GLA.     

高产PUFAs深黄被孢霉菌株的筛选

以深黄被孢霉(Mortierella isabellina As3.3410)为出发菌株,经微波诱变和紫外诱变,乙酰水杨酸与低温(15℃)相结合的筛选方法,获得1株高产多不饱和脂肪酸菌株A35-4,其生物量为17.9 g/L,油脂含量为67.8%,油脂产量为12.12 g/L,PUFAs含量为20.3%,PUFAs产量为2.46 g/L,上述指标比原始菌株A0分别增加32.6%、49.8%、98.69%、14.0%和125.7%。连续斜面传代培养证实该菌株具有较好的遗传稳定性。本研究为直接利用该菌株生产PUFAs以及克隆高效PUFAs相关基因,创造高含PUFAs转基因植物材料奠定基础。     

Production of gamma-linolenic acid by disrupted mycelia of Mortierella isabellina

AIMS: To optimize the production of linolenic acid by disrupted mycelia of Mortierella isabellina. METHODS AND RESULTS: Effects of incubation conditions such as incubation time, pH of reaction mixture, concentration of Mg2+ or malate and incubation temperature on production of linolenic acid were studied. The production of gamma-linolenic acid reached 224 mg g-1 dry cells when the reaction mixture was composed of 1.0 g (dry mycelial mass) of disrupted mycelia of M. isabellina, 50 ml (50 mmol l(-1)) potassium phosphate buffer supplemented with 0.312 mmol l(-1) of Mg2+ and 10 mmol l(-1) of malate, pH 7.0 and incubated at 5 degrees C for 1 day. CONCLUSIONS: Incubation temperature, concentration of Mg2+ and malate showed major effects on the increased linolenic acid production. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study highlights conditions for increasing gamma-linolenic acid production by cell-free mycelia of M. isabellina and an insight into rapidly gaining high production of polyunsaturated fatty acids.     

Repression of reserve lipid turnover in Cunninghamella echinulata and Mortierella isabellina cultivated in multiple-limited media

AIMS: To study patterns of reserve lipid biosynthesis and turnover (degradation) in two oleaginous Zygomycetes, namely Cunninghamella echinulata and Mortierella isabellina under various growth conditions. Fatty acid composition of the reserve lipid of both strains was also studied in all growth steps. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cunninghamella echinulata and Mortierella isabellina were grown in carbon-excess batch cultures. In the investigated strains, accumulation of reserve lipid occurred only when the activity of both NAD(+)-isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) and NADP(+)-ICDH were not detectable in the cell-free extract. Specifically, in C. echinulata, NAD(+)-ICDH activity was detected even after depletion of ammonium nitrogen in the medium, resulting in a delay of the initiation of lipid accumulation period. On the contrary, in M. isabellina, lipid accumulation occurred simultaneously with ammonium nitrogen exhaustion in the growth medium, as the activity of both NAD(+)- and NADP(+)-ICDH were not detectable after nitrogen depletion. In C. echinulata reserve lipid was not degraded after glucose had been exhausted. Supplementations of the medium with Fe(3+), yeast extract or Mg(2+) induced, however, reserve lipid breakdown and formation of lipid-free material. In M. isabellina after glucose exhaustion, notable lipid degradation occurred, accompanied by a significant lipid-free material biosynthesis. Nevertheless, in multiple-limited media, in which Mg(2+) or yeast extract, besides carbon and nitrogen, were limiting nutrients, reserve lipid breakdown was repressed. In both strains, the quantity of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) in the reserve lipids [varying between 9 and 16% (w/w) in C. echinulata and 1.5-4.5% (w/w) in M. isabellina] was proportional to lipid-free biomass. CONCLUSIONS: Lipid accumulation period in Zygomycetes is initiated by the attenuation of ICDH activity in the mycelium while the regulation of ICDH from ammonium nitrogen is strain specific. While a single nitrogen limitation was enough to induce lipid accumulation, however, multiple limitations were needed in order to repress lipid turnover in oleaginous Zygomycetes. As for GLA, its biosynthesis in the mycelium seemed proportional to lipid-free biomass synthesis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Several nutrients are indispensable for functioning the mechanisms involved in the mobilization of reserve lipid in oleaginous moulds. Therefore, reserve lipid turnover in oleaginous moulds could be repressed in multiple-limited media.     

高山被孢霉三阶段培养法生产花生四烯酸油脂

为提高高山被孢霉（Mortierella alpina）生物合成花生四烯酸油脂的生产效率,基于花生四烯酸油脂的积累机制,建立了一种三阶段培养法：第一阶段在全培养基中培养促进菌体生物量的快速积累,确定了60 g/L糖初始质量浓度时,最有利于生物量的快速积累;第二阶段在C源丰富而其他营养缺乏的条件下培养,促进油脂快速积累,对糖最佳初始浓度、接种时间、pH和培养时间进行了优化;第三阶段培养诱导油脂中花生四烯酸的高效积累,并确定此阶段培养时间为36 h时为最佳时间。实验结果表明：三阶段培养工艺条件下,菌体生物量、油脂量、花生四烯酸量分别为41.6、26.6和11.4 g/L,本研究相比传统分批发酵工艺在产率和花生四烯酸最终产量方面都有了显著提高。