中国林蛙属(无尾目:蛙科)一新种——寒露林蛙Rana hanluica sp.nov.

本文报道两栖纲蛙科一新种,新种具林蛙属(Rana)特征,与昭觉林蛙种组(费梁,1999)相近,但与该组成员又有明显区别,被命名为寒露林蛙Rana hanluica sp.nov.。新种有系列特征与峨眉林蛙(R.omeimonts)、昭觉林蛙(R.chaochiaoensis)相似,但又明显不同于后者,如:1)无雄性线;2)蝌蚪唇齿式为Ⅰ:3 3/1 1:Ⅲ;3)股部背侧黑褐色横斑窄,通常整齐、数目较多;4)繁殖季节在农历寒露节前后。这些特征可以与峨眉林蛙、昭觉林蛙准确区别。新种标本采自湖南省双牌县阳明山,模式标本保存在湖南师范大学动物标本馆及中国科学院成都生物研究所。     

从细胞色素b基因序列探讨我国林蛙属动物的系统发生关系

对中国林蛙属动物进行了DNA水平的分子系统发生研究,测定了中国林蛙属7种15个样品,侧褶蛙属2种2个样品Cyt b基因长约360bp片段的序列。对这些序列的系统发生分析表明：（1）中国林蛙甘肃种群与东北种群序列差异较大,但尚难根据序列差异来判断它们是不同的亚种还是不同的物种;（2）7种林蛙中,中国林蛙与黑龙江林蛙的亲缘关系最近,与桓仁林蛙最远;（3）支持将昭觉林蛙,镇海林蛙,峨眉林蛙和长肢林蛙归入日本林蛙种组Rana japonica group。     

中国林蛙的分子系统关系

测定了 6种林蛙和用作外群的 2种侧褶蛙和 1种陆蛙的线粒体 12SrRNA基因序列 393bp。序列两两对位比较表明内外群间的位点替换率是 7 3%到 2 3 1% ,内群中物种间则为 0 0 %到 9 2 %。依据上述DNA序列 ,用距离法和最大简约法的系统发育分析表明 :①研究的 6种林蛙聚为一支 ,构成单系群 ,并有高的BPs值(90 %以上 )支持 ;② 6种林蛙可以分成 2个姐妹群 ,即中国林蛙、黑龙江林蛙和桓仁林蛙为一组 (BPs >94% ) ,峨眉林蛙、昭觉林蛙和镇海林蛙为一组 (BPs >5 0 % ) ;③昭觉林蛙与镇海林蛙有较近的亲缘关系 ;④中国林蛙的榆中种群与牡丹江种群间的遗传分化似乎达到了种级分化水平。     

中国特有两栖动物研究1.山东半岛林蛙的生活史

生活史的研究可以为系统发育研究和珍稀濒危物种的保护和管理对策的制定提供参考资料。林蛙是我国分布比较广泛而复杂多样的一个类群,在山东半岛的昆嵛山和崂山,分别分布有昆嵛林蛙（Rana kunyuensis）和中国林蛙（R．chensinensis）。本文报道我们从1997年到2006年,对这两种林蛙在山东半岛的地理分布、繁殖习性、蝌蚪特征和生长发育以及冬眠等方面的调查和观察研究结果。结果表明昆嵛林蛙和分布于崂山的中国林蛙尽管在栖息地生境方面比较相似,但在生活史方面表现出较大的不同。     

林蛙属3物种皮肤的组织结构比较

利用石蜡切片和H.E染色技术,对蛙科(Ranidae)林蛙属(Rana)高原林蛙(R.kukunoris)、昭觉林蛙(R.chaochiaoensis)和峨眉林蛙(R.omeimontis)的皮肤组织结构进行了观察。应用SPSS 13.0统计软件,对皮肤的厚度、皮肤腺的相对数量和面积作了比较分析。3物种皮肤的基本结构相似,都由表皮和真皮组成。表皮是角质化的复层扁平上皮,由角质层、颗粒层、棘细胞层和生发层构成。真皮又分为疏松层和致密层,疏松层内分布有黏液腺、颗粒腺和脂腺3种类型的皮肤腺,黏液腺在体背和体腹皮肤内基本均匀分布,而颗粒腺主要以团块聚集形式散布在体背皮肤中。在高原林蛙皮肤中还发现了1种与以往描述不同的特殊嗜酸性腺体。皮肤厚度存在种间差异和部位差异。高原林蛙的表皮里有少量毛细血管和发达的色素细胞分布,真皮疏松层里有发达的腺体,这些可能是其对高海拔、低氧、低温和强紫外线辐射生活环境的适应策略。在峨眉林蛙和昭觉林蛙皮肤真皮的疏松层和致密层相邻处,发现有呈波浪条带状的、H.E染色呈蓝色的钙化层结构,体背部的钙化层比体腹部的发达。钙化层的功能可能包括防止体内水分散失、贮存钙离子、构成与体外环境进行物质交换的屏障等方面。     

中国东北地区林蛙属物种的分类学研究(两栖纲:蛙科)

用比较分类学方法和数值分类方法相配合,对我国东北产林蛙属物种多样性和原各命名物种的有效性及与中国林蛙的关系进行了探讨。结果认为：地方名为哈土螨的原中国林蛙的东北居群应属于我国蛙类的一新纪录东北林蛙Ｒ．ｄｙｂｏｗｓｋｉｉ,而Ｒ．ｓｅｍｉｐｌｉｃａｔａ和Ｒ．ｃｈｅｎｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｃｈａｎｇｂａｉｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ（魏刚等,１９９１ａ）为该种的同物异名,重新界定了东北林蛙和中国林蛙的分布区,提出中国     

阿尔泰林蛙的物种有效性及其分类地位——来自系统发育分析的证据

为检验阿尔泰林蛙(Rana altaica)的系统发育地位及其物种有效性,该文运用线粒体细胞色素b基因,应用贝叶斯分析和最大简约方法构建了欧哑人陆分布的部分林蛙的系统发育关系.两种分析方法均支持阿尔泰林蛙在田野林蛙(R.arvalis)这一分支的内部.单倍型网络图显示来自阿尔泰地区和中西伯利亚地区所谓的阿尔泰林蛙与田野林蛙有共享单倍型.通过该文母系遗传发育分析结果显爪阿尔泰林蛙种级地位不成立,是田野林蛙的同物异名.另外,该文实验分析结果提示,对中国分布的林蛙内部种组划分应建立在系统进化关系的基础上重新进行评估.     

贵州桐梓发现大别山林蛙

2019年7月在贵州桐梓黄莲自然保护区(107°2′37.31″E,28°29′31.95″N,海拔1666 m)采集到2号两栖动物标本,经形态特征比较,与大别山林蛙Rana dabieshanensis相似;基于线粒体16S rRNA构建的蛙属Rana部分物种贝叶斯系统发育树显示,此次采集的林蛙标本与大别山林蛙聚为一...     

环渤海区域林蛙资源及其保护

目的对环渤海区域进行物种多样性的调查研究,通过本研究为这一区域的林蛙保护提供科学依据。方法根据多年来的野外调查,结合已有研究进行分析评估。结果本区域分布林蛙有6种,其中黑龙江林蛙、徂徕林蛙和昆嵛林蛙分布区域狭窄,徂徕林蛙和昆嵛林蛙不仅是中国的特有种,也仅分布于本区域的山东省。林蛙作为重要的自然资源,药用价值巨大,养殖产业不断发展。随着养殖业的发展,林蛙保护问题日显突出。结论环渤海区域是中国林蛙属物种多样性最为丰富的地区,也是东北林蛙养殖的主要地区,应加强保护和合理开发利用。     

辽宁沈阳发现韩国林蛙

2021年11月在沈阳市辽中区蒲河湿地公园（41°30′55″ N,122°78′30″ E,海拔30 m）采集到2号无尾两栖类标本,经形态特征比较确认为无尾目（Anura）蛙科（Ranidae）蛙属（Rana）物种,基于线粒体16S rRNA基因对蛙属19个物种的亲缘关系及系统发育进行分析,其与韩国及中国山东文登昆嵛山分布的韩国林蛙（R. coreana）遗传距离最近,并在最大似然树中聚为一支,应属种内关系。综合形态分析和系统发育比较,确定采集到的标本为韩国林蛙,系辽宁省两栖动物分布新记录种。本次发现将辽宁省分布的蛙属物种增至5种。     

昆嵛林蛙蝌蚪口器结构的研究

本文对昆嵛林蛙(Rana kunyuensis)的蝌蚪口部外形和口咽腔形态结构进行了观察,并与长肢林蛙进行了比较。结果表明它们有着基本相似的形态特征,但也存在明显的差别:昆嵛林蛙蝌蚪的上唇齿比长肢林蛙少一行;昆嵛林蛙蝌蚪口腔内突起数量明显少于长肢林蛙;昆嵛林蛙腺区不明显,而长肢林蛙腺区明显。     

ASYMMETRIC COMPETITION IN MIXED POPULATIONS OF TADPOLES OF THE HYBRIDOGENETIC: RANA ESCULENTA COMPLEX

Hybridogenetic Rana esculenta tadpoles display tolerance to extreme environmental conditions and fit criteria of the “general-purpose” genotype. A trade-off between generality and competitive ability is assumed to occur in asexual species, but the evidence remains unclear. The purpose of my experiment was to test the competitive ability of hemiclonal hybrid Rana esculenta tadpoles relative to the parental species Rana lessonae. Mixed and single genotype populations of R. esculenta and R. lessonae tadpoles were reared at three densities in artificial ponds. Survival of R. esculenta was higher than for R. lessonae tadpoles, but did not differ among densities. Body size at metamorphosis was the same between genotypes, but decreased with increasing density. Larval period was not affected by density, but R. esculenta tended to metamorphose earlier than R. lessonae. Percentage of individuals metamorphosing was higher for R. esculenta at both medium and high densities, but the same as R. lessonae at the low density. The difference in survival, body size, and larval period between tadpoles reared in single and mixed genotype populations was unaffected by genotype or density. The difference in the percentage of metamorphs, however, was strongly affected. The percentage of hybrids metamorphosing was 9% above the responses of single genotype populations at the highest density. Conversely, the percentage of R. lessonae metamorphosing was 12% below the responses of single genotype populations at the same density. Hybrid success in this experiment further supports the criterion of a “general-purpose” genotype without assumptions of reduced competitive ability.     

Feeding behaviour, food consumption, and growth efficiency of hemiclonal and parental tadpoles of the Rana esculenta complex

1. Clonally reproducing species are often assumed to lack sufficient genetic variability to evolve specific local adaptations to cope with environmental perturbation and competition from sexual species. Yet, many asexuals are extremely successful judged by abundance and wide range, suggesting high competitive abilities in resource exploitation.
2. In this study, food use and its effects on larval growth in a water frog system consisting of the two parental sexual species, Rana lessonae (Camerano 1882) and Rana ridibunda (Pallas 1771), and three different coexisting hemiclones of their hybrid, Rana esculenta (Linnaeus 1758) were investigated.
3. R. esculenta tadpoles spent 18·6% more time feeding than did tadpoles of either parental species, but feeding time was not affected by interspecific mixture.
4. R. esculenta tadpoles consumed 50·8% more food over the whole test period than did tadpoles of the two parental species.
5. R. esculenta tadpoles exhibited higher growth rates than did tadpoles of either parental species.
6. R. lessonae tadpoles had the highest and R . ridibunda tadpoles the lowest growth efficiencies with the R. esculenta tadpoles ranging between the two parentals.
7. The results obtained indicate that hemiclonal hybridogenetic R . esculenta tadpoles display significant phenotypic variation among coexisting hemiclones as well as out-perform tadpoles of the parental sexual species R. lessonae and R . ridibunda. The primary mechanism for success of the hybrid tadpoles is probably behavioural, through increased feeding time and food consumption, and not physiological via growth efficiency.     

Canopy Closure,Competition, and the Endangered Dusky Gopher Frog

Abstract: A major challenge facing wildlife biologists is understanding why some species go extinct while others persist in the same habitat. To address this question, we investigated whether tree canopy closure over ponds affects growth and survival of rare and common tadpoles within ponds and mediates competitive interactions among species. We conducted 2 experiments to test whether canopy closure and competition may have contributed to the decline of the endangered dusky gopher frog (Rana sevosa), but allowed the persistence of the southern leopard frog (R. sphenocephala). We explored the response of both species to canopy closure in single-species and mixed- (1:1) species treatments of identical total tadpole density. An experiment using aquatic enclosures in temporary ponds showed that canopy closure reduced tadpole growth approximately 20% for both species. Survival of dusky gopher frog tadpoles was higher in mixed-species enclosures than in single-species enclosures. In a complementary experiment using artificial ponds, dusky gopher frogs had lower survival to metamorphosis, reduced size at metamorphosis, and produced a lower total biomass of metamorphosed juveniles in shaded ponds. Southern leopard frogs exhibited reduced body size at metamorphosis only when shaded. These studies suggest that pond canopy closure, not larval competition, may be contributing to the decline of the dusky gopher frog. The different responses to canopy closure suggest a potential mechanism for the loss of dusky gopher frogs and the persistence of southern leopard frogs. Removal of trees from historically open-canopy ponds may help facilitate the recovery of dusky gopher frogs and benefit similar species.     

杀虫双溶液对峨嵋林蛙(Rana omeimontis) 蝌蚪行为的影响

研究了峨嵋林蛙(Rana omeimontis)蝌蚪在杀虫双溶液中半致死浓度及其行为。利用寇氏法(Karber法)计算其96h内的半致死浓度为10．495mg/l,安全浓度为1．0495mg/l;运用方差分析检验了不同浓度中空间分布和活动性等行为的差异性。通过对空间分布型的拟合,可以得出：不论在实验组中还是在对照组中,蝌蚪在水族箱中的空间分布均为负二项分布,并且方差分析结果表明对照组和实验组中聚集度(负二项分布的参数k值)大小差异不显著,说明在此浓度范围内杀虫双对蝌蚪的微空间分布格局没有影响。而蝌蚪在杀虫双溶液中的活动性分析表明,0．25mg／l的杀虫双溶液对蝌蚪的活动性行为已经造成一定的影响,所以建议寻找安全浓度时,应该结合行为方面标的观察结果。     

桓仁林蛙与东北林蛙蝌蚪的形态特征及比较

桓仁林蛙（Rana huanrenensis Liu,Zhang,＆ Liu,1993）为一种与东北林蛙（Rana dybowskii）同域分布的林蛙,但其分布区域较狭窄.通过对其蝌蚪的形态特征描述及测量相关的形态学量度并和东北林蛙比较,发现在体色、体型、尾部形态以及身体各部位量度比值等方面存在显著性差异.桓仁林蛙的蝌蚪外形与流水型的蝌蚪相类似,而东北林蛙的蝌蚪则属于典型的静水型蝌蚪.     

Oral deformities in tadpoles (Ranacatesbeiana) associated with coal ash deposition: effects on grazing ability and growth

1. Tadpoles of the bullfrog ( Rana catesbeiana ) collected in a coal ash deposition basin (contaminated with As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Se and other elements) and a downstream drainage swamp had a reduced number of labial teeth and deformations of labial papillae when compared with tadpoles from reference areas. Tadpoles from the coal ash-affected areas had 90% fewer teeth in anterior tooth row number 2 and 40% fewer teeth in posterior row number 1 than reference animals. In the deposition basins, drainage swamp and reference ponds, respectively, 96.2, 85.1 and 2.9% of tadpoles had oral deformities.
2. Tadpoles with deformities were less able to graze periphyton than were normal tadpoles, when tested in the laboratory. When presented with periphyton as a sole food source, tadpoles with deformed teeth had lower (negative) growth rates than those with normal teeth, which had slightly positive growth rates. When particulate food was also available, tadpoles grew well regardless of deformities.
3. It appears that the morphological deformities associated with this coal ash-polluted environment can have ecological ramifications for the affected organisms by limiting the type of food that can be consumed and the ability to grow when multiple food types are unavailable.     

Oral deformities in tadpoles (Ranacatesbeiana) associated with coal ash deposition: effects on grazing ability and growth

1. Tadpoles of the bullfrog ( Rana catesbeiana ) collected in a coal ash deposition basin (contaminated with As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Se and other elements) and a downstream drainage swamp had a reduced number of labial teeth and deformations of labial papillae when compared with tadpoles from reference areas. Tadpoles from the coal ash-affected areas had 90% fewer teeth in anterior tooth row number 2 and 40% fewer teeth in posterior row number 1 than reference animals. In the deposition basins, drainage swamp and reference ponds, respectively, 96.2, 85.1 and 2.9% of tadpoles had oral deformities.
2. Tadpoles with deformities were less able to graze periphyton than were normal tadpoles, when tested in the laboratory. When presented with periphyton as a sole food source, tadpoles with deformed teeth had lower (negative) growth rates than those with normal teeth, which had slightly positive growth rates. When particulate food was also available, tadpoles grew well regardless of deformities.
3. It appears that the morphological deformities associated with this coal ash-polluted environment can have ecological ramifications for the affected organisms by limiting the type of food that can be consumed and the ability to grow when multiple food types are unavailable.     

A survey of shape variation in keratinized labial teeth of anuran larvae as related to phylogeny and ecology

Labial teeth of anuran tadpoles are keratinized structures derived from the activity of a single epidermal cell of the oral labia; they are not homologous with adult anuran teeth, nor with teeth of other vertebrates. The present study comprises a first approach for studying labial tooth shape variation that will be useful for future studies of comparative development and the functional mechanics of feeding structures. We examined interspecific shape variations in the labial teeth of anuran tadpoles and searched for correlations of these variations with ecomorphological guilds and phylogeny. Species ordination shows that important variations at various taxonomic levels are related mainly to the general curvature of the tooth axis, the angle between the labial tooth base and tip, head length and curvature, and sheath width. The teeth of most basal taxa are broad‐based and curved, although some broad‐based teeth also characterize some phthanobatrachian species. Teeth of hyloids and ranoids differ in the oral angle, overall curvature, and sheath width. A phylogenetically independent ecomorphological effect is significant only for lotic suctorial and gastromyzophorous guilds; teeth in these forms have short, thick and curved heads, wide sheaths, and generally acute oral angles. The lack of a significant correlation between labial tooth shape and trophic guilds suggests that labial tooth harvesting ability has a wide latitude that could be particularly functional only under specific circumstances. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 101 , 609–625.