《分子遗传学》

《分子遗传学》(Molecular genetics)由Peter Smith-Keary著,1991年麦克米伦出版社出版,255页。该书可用做为分子遗传学的教材,但它不包括普通教材中的历史展望、实验技术详细描述、多样化例子、进一步阅读书目,但它含有分子遗传学的基本信息。前11章材料是遗传学和分子遗传学中几乎普遍的内容,第12章介绍了真核生物分子遗传学,第13章勾勒出遗传工程基本领域。     

“表观遗传学研究进展专刊”编者寄语

近年来, 表观遗传学和表观基因组学已经成为生命科学领域的研究热点。为了向广大读者展示国内外最新研究成果与进展, 2012年12月1日在昆明召开的“八届三次《遗传》编委会议”上决定组织出版“表观遗传学研究进展专刊”, 由朱卫国、宋旭、张根发、李绍武等编委负责组稿约稿。大家积极工作, 共组稿30余篇, 经正常程序送审后, 共录用20篇, 定于2014年第3期、第5期分两次出版。     

狂犬病毒反向遗传学技术的研究及应用进展

反向遗传学技术是上世纪90年代在分子病毒学研究领域兴起的新技术,通常也被称为“病毒拯救”。综述了应用反向遗传学技术“拯救”狂犬病毒的主要技术体系以及反向遗传学技术在狂犬病毒致病机理、狂犬病毒疫苗及载体研究中的应用进展。     

基因工程培育可恢复的植物雄性不育系的研究进展

植物雄性不育是植物杂种优势利用的资源, 具有重要的生产利用价值。植物雄性不育可从自然突变、人工诱变和远缘杂交中发现, 现在可通过细胞工程和基因工程等方法来创造。文章综述了利用基因工程方法制备雄性不育品系及其相应的育性恢复策略, 分为“单组分策略”和“双组分策略”。其中利用“单组分策略”制备的不育植株是条件型雄性不育(可逆转的雄性不育), 它能在特定的条件下实现雄性可育与不育的转换, 实践中可直接作为两用系(不育系和保持系)用于两系法杂交制种; “双组分策略”是利用基因互作和亲本杂交直接培育雄性不育系, 或利用基因互作原理分别研制不育系和恢复系, 用于三系法生产杂交种。文章分析了 “单组分策略”和“双组分策略”的基因工程方法培育雄性不育系及其相应育性恢复策略优缺点, 对以上两种技术路线在实际应用中的现状作了分析和展望。     

重提达尔文的遗传学说——泛生论

长期以来, 达尔文的遗传学说--泛生论(Pangenesis)被认为是错误的。一是泛生论解释的一些现象(如嫁接杂交和获得性遗传)的真实性一直被怀疑, 二是高尔顿的兔子输血实验获得了负面结果, 三是达尔文假定的由细胞释放出来的并可以在体内循环的遗传分子“微芽”(Gemmules)缺乏实验证据。但近年科学文献中积累了许多支持获得性遗传和嫁接杂交的实验证据。循环核酸的发现则说明生物体内确实存在可以在细胞间移动的遗传物质。文章简要介绍达尔文的泛生论及其被湮灭的原因, 并结合自己的工作, 介绍支持泛生论的新证据及我们对泛生论的再认识。重新认识达尔文的泛生论, 对遗传学、医学和进化生物学等领域都有重要意义。     

基于CiteSpace干旱区生态系统植被恢复研究进展

气候变化背景下, 干旱区生态系统植被恢复面临着巨大挑战, 具有重要的研究价值, 是生态学的重要研究方向。使用CiteSpace 软件对干旱区生态系统植被恢复的研究进展情况进行了数据挖掘和计量分析, 对该主题下发文数量变化趋势、主要研究力量以及研究主题发展路径进行了展示。研究发现: (1)发文数量整体呈现出显著增加的趋势, 大致经历了慢速、平稳、快速3个增长阶段, 不同阶段的研究热点不同。当前的研究主要集中于“土壤水分”、“弃耕地”、“生物土壤结皮”、“分层土壤”等聚类主题, 与工程学、水文学、地学等相关学科的交叉研究日益增加; (2)中国、美国和西班牙是发文量最多的国家, 中国科学院是发文数量最多的机构, 李新荣等人构成了该研究主题下的核心作者群; (3)气候变化背景下恢复植被抗旱策略、恢复生态系统结构和功能的变化规律可能是近期干旱区生态系统植被恢复的研究热点。     

黄秆乌哺鸡竹转录组EST-SSR分子标记开发与应用

基于黄秆乌哺鸡竹(Phyllostachys vivax McClure f. aureocaulis N. X. Ma)转录组数据,利用生物信息学方法分析其SSR位点分布特征,同时针对“黄秆”和“绿秆”两种类型差异表达基因序列中的SSR位点设计引物,并利用刚竹属(Phyllostachys)材料验证其通用性。结果显示,从黄秆乌哺鸡竹89 874个Unigenes序列中,共鉴定出12 651个SSR位点,分布频率为14.07%;其中单核苷酸重复基序最多(51.02%)、其次为3核苷酸(25.61%)和2核苷酸(21.94%);共发现80种重复基序,其中出现频率最高的为A/T(46.60%),其次是AG/CT(13.97%)和CCG/CGG(9.90%)。在设计的51对引物中,44对(86.27%)能有效扩增,在刚竹属材料中平均通用性为92.41%,其中39对具有多态性,多态性EST-SSR标记能区分同属的不同种,但不能有效区分种内种质资源。     

鱼类基因转移的研究战略

本文总结了八五年以来世界各实验室在鱼类基因转移研究方面的概况。指出生长激素(GH)基因转移已形成第一热点,分析了形成这一热点的原因,提出作为第一主攻方向应进一步解决启动子、“全鱼”基因和生长速度测定等问题。认为抗冻蛋白(AFP)基因转移已形成第二热点。但在我国应把珠蛋白基因转移作为第二主攻方向。文章最后提出了在重视“导弹”技术的同时,应重视和加强“霰弹”技术的研究,以加速鱼类基因转移技术的发展。     

激发学生对遗传学实验学习兴趣的教学方法探索

通过增设研究性较强或由学生自主设计的实验项目, 采用生动有趣的案例式教学和问题式教学, 用“多元性”的教学理念设计实验教学环节, 结合综合性的教学手段, 有效激发了学生对遗传学实验的学习兴趣。     

新疆阿克苏河流域土地生态安全预警演变与时空格局分析

基于改进的NES—PSR模型建立预警指标体系, 并结合GIS技术平台, 分析了阿克苏河流域1999—2018年土地生态安全警情格局变化和区域差异特征, 最后运用障碍度模型探索其障碍因子。结果表明: (1)生态安全状况总体呈变好趋势。土地生态安全级别由“较不安全”提高至“较安全”, 警度亦由“重警”降至“轻警”。(2)生态安全格局差异明显。研究期间流域生态安全高水平区呈东部—西部—南部—北部顺序变化的空间演变特征。(3)生态环境改善是一个循序渐进的过程。流域依然处于“轻警”和“较安全”状态, 流域内生态环境改善任重道远。(4)影响阿克苏河流域土地生态安全的障碍因子是多方面的。工业废水排放达标率、造林面积占地区面积比重、环境污染治理投资占新疆GDP比重、水利环境和公共管理设施业投资是影响流域生态安全改善的主要障碍因子。研究结果可能为阿克苏河流域土地生态安全改善及资源可持续利用提供科学参考。     

Textbook treatments of the genetics of intelligence

Genetics textbooks have been remarkably unaffected by the discovery of fraud in the work of British psychologist Sir Cyril Burt or by the resulting critical review of other classic studies on the genetics of intelligence. Although Burt's name has nearly vanished from current textbooks, his results continue to be cited in textbook discussions of the heritability of intelligence, as do the results of other studies now recognized as methodologically inadequate. Moreover, genetics textbooks consistently employ confused or misleading definitions of the concept of heritability that, together with the reporting of discredited data, perpetuate a fundamentally inaccurate understanding of the genetics of intelligence. This situation is largely attributable to the practice--generic to textbook writing but in this case taken to an extreme--of authors' liberal borrowing from one another or from a few apparently authoritative works (including earlier textbooks). The extent to which authors rely on these sources for their discussions of the genetics of intelligence is apparently a function both of the controversiality of the subject and of authors' technical insecurity, perhaps reinforced by prior assumptions about the influence of genes on variations in intellectual performance.     

Essential Bioinformatics * Jin Xiong * Cambridge University Press; ISBN: 0-521-60082-0; 339pp.; 2006; * {pound}65.00 (hardcover); {pound}29.00 (paperback).

Few would argue the need for today's college biology majorsto have basic skills in bioinformatics. Yet, their undergraduatefaculty faces several challenges in providing these skills,particularly at smaller colleges. First, faculty members whoteach bioinformatics have usually been trained in molecularbiology, genetics or biochemistry. Therefore, most do not haveextensive applied mathematics experience beyond statistics.Second, bioinformatics textbooks for undergraduate biology majorsare rare. Most bioinformatics books are geared to researchers,computer programmers or graduate students. Others are simpleuser manuals, with little coverage of critical evaluation ofthe output. Third, most students today have great ‘point-and-click’computing skills, but minimal understanding or patience forcommand-line computing or programming. In light of these challenges to introducing undergraduate studentsto bioinformatics, it was quite a joy to read and review ProfessorJin Xiong's recent book, Essential Bioinformatics. This compact,economical, first edition of     

MMPs and TIMPs--an historical perspective

There are currently 25 known vertebrate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and 4 tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). This article reviews these proteases from an historical perspective in terms of who discovered each protein, when the sequence was established, when action on protein substrates was demonstrated, and what names have been used. A similar approach is taken for the TIMPS, and their multiple functions in addition to protease inhibition are emphasized. MMPs from invertebrates, plants, and bacteria are also discussed. This review is an outgrowth and update of a chapter by the same name originally published in Matrix Metalloproteinase Protocols, pp. 1–23, edited by I. M. Clark and published by Humana Press in 2001.     

Candidate gene studies of diabetic retinopathy in human

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a multifactorial disease with complex pathophysiology. It is the main cause of blindness among the people in productive age. The purpose of this literature review is to highlight recent achievements in the genetics of diabetic retinopathy with particular focus on candidate gene studies. We summarized most of the available published data about candidate genes for diabetic retinopathy with the goal to identify main genetic aspects. We conclude that genetic studies reported contradictory findings and no genetic variants meet criteria of a diagnostic marker, or significantly elucidate the root of DR development. Based on these findings it is important to continue with the research in the field of DR genetics, mainly due to the fact that currently new possibilities and approaches associated with utilization of next-generation sequencing are available.     

How development changes evolution: conceptual and historical issues in evolutionary developmental biology

Evolutionary developmental biology (Evo-Devo) is a new and rapidly developing field of biology which focuses on questions in the intersection of evolution and development and has been seen by many as a potential synthesis of these two fields. This synthesis is the topic of the books reviewed here. Integrating Evolution and Development (edited by Roger Sansom and Robert Brandon), is a collection of papers on conceptual issues in Evo-Devo, while From Embryology to Evo-Devo (edited by Manfred Laubichler and Jane Maienschein) is a history of the problem of the relations between ontogeny and phylogeny.

Check-list of catarrhina primate hybrids

An up-to-date check-list of nonhuman Primate hybrids has important implications in the areas of taxonomy and phylogeny. A list of this nature could, moreover, provide valuable information for further research into the comparative cytogenetics and genetics of Primates (Chiarelli, 1966).About twelve years ago a first check-list of data on Primate hybrids was published (Chiarelli, 1961). The following is a revised list including more recent data. The Table shows the species hybridized, the vitality (survival period) and fertility of the hybrids, the number of hybrids of each type, the location of the hybrid births and the source of the information.     

Lifetime list of publications by Hiroya Kawanabe

Hiroya Kawanabe produced more than 780 scientific papers, popular articles, governmental reports, chapters in books, edited or co-edited books, encyclopedia entries, and Japanese translations of books from 1952 until the compilation of this bibliography (Fall 1997). He was the sole or first author of 88% of these publications and shared authorship with 286 collaborators. Eighty-nine percent of his publications were in Japanese, others were in English, German, Chinese, Korean and Italian. His publications were devoted mainly to four topics: (1) ecology of freshwater fishes, especially the territorial behavior of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, and interspecific relationships and food segregation among fishes from 1956; (2) fish community ecology in Lake Tanganyika since 1979; (3) political articles on ecological research after 1991; and (4) museum activities after 1996. He also produced a number of newspaper articles (over 25% of total publications) addressing topics not only of science but literature, culture and philosophy. Kawanabe's articles in newspapers were produced mainly when he was the Director of the Center for Ecological Research of Kyoto University, and most of these articles concentrated on promoting the development of ecological research in Japan. The publications are arranged chronologically by year. The decision to add Japanese titles was based on the fact that their English translations, which follow in parentheses, are often too loose and imprecise. Unfortunately, our printers could not insert these titles in the Japanese characters so Roman transliterations had to be substituted.     

中国遗传学教学40年发展及展望

1978年以来,在中国遗传学会的指导和帮助下,中国遗传学教育工作者在遗传学教学体系、教材建设、教学内容、教学研讨、实验教学、新技术应用等方面进行了全面而系统的探索与改革,成效显著,促进了我国遗传学教育教学事业的大发展,为我国经济和社会发展培养了大批优秀的遗传学人才。本文总结了近40年来中国遗传学教学的改革成就,并对其未来的发展提出了建议,期待中国遗传学教学质量在新时代再上新台阶。