原生质体电融合再生柑橘属间体细胞杂种

电场诱导酸橙(CitrusaurantitumL.)叶肉原生质体与澳洲指橘(MicrocitruspapuanaSwingle)悬浮系原生质体融合,融合产物经培养再生出具有三种叶片形态的植株,绝大部分与酸橙叶片完全相似(即叶肉亲本型植株);有2棵植株叶片大且厚;有1棵植株出现二叶和三叶。细胞学检查表明这些植株均为二倍体。采用RAPD标记对前两种植株进行杂种特性分析,共选用4个10-mer随机引物进行扩增。在引物OPAA-17的扩增产物中,再生植株的带型与酸橙一致;在引物OPA-08的扩增产物中,再生植株的带型与酸橙或澳洲指橘相似;而在引物OPA-04和OPA-07的扩增产物中,再生植株的带型出现三种情况,4个引物的扩增结果证明所分析的植株均是体细胞杂种。综合染色体检查和RAPD标记的结果,表明获得了酸橙与澳洲指橘属间二倍体体细胞杂种植株。     

两类柑橘杂种砧木对脐橙幼树生长及若干生理生化指标的影响

以体细胞杂种红橘+枳、红橘+粗柠檬和有性杂种Swingle枳柚、Troyer枳橙(对照)作砧木的脐橙幼树为试材,以盆栽试验研究砧木对幼树的影响。结果表明,体细胞杂种砧木处理和有性杂种Swingle枳柚的树体生长势总体上强于对照;叶片可溶性糖含量较高的是红橘+粗柠檬处理和对照;叶绿素含量最高的是红橘+粗柠檬处理。两年中叶片POD活性分别与当年树冠体积呈负相关。     

不同砧木对柑橘幼树生长和叶片糖含量的影响

以体细胞杂种红橘 枳和红橘 粗柠檬、有性杂种Troyer枳橙和Swingle枳柚、枳(对照)作砧木的‘国庆4号’温州蜜柑2a生嫁接苗为试材,通过盆栽试验研究了砧木对柑橘幼树生长和叶片糖含量的影响。结果表明,4种处理的生长势比对照旺盛;红橘 枳处理的花量极显著多于对照,其余3种砧木处理的则极显著少于对照。在光合色素含量上,Troyer枳橙处理最高,对照最低。不同砧木处理对叶片可溶性糖含量的年变化动态特征影响明显;不同砧木处理的叶片淀粉含量年变化动态特征相似。在不同时期,不同砧木处理对叶片可溶性糖和淀粉含量有明显的影响。初步评价了体细胞杂种红橘 枳和红橘 粗柠檬用作柑橘砧木的利用价值。     

电融合获得用于选择抗CTV砧木的酸橙与甜橙体细胞杂种植株

在已知参数条件下,通过电场诱导酸橙(Citrus aurantium L.)叶肉原生质体和沙漠蒂甜橙(C.sinensis Osbeck cv.Shamouti)的胚性愈伤组织原生质体融合,融合产物经培养再生出40棵植株.染色体检查表明所得到的植株具有36条染色体,为四倍体植株.再生植株具有翼叶,叶片厚,表现出多倍体的特征.采用2个10-碱基随机引物鉴别再生植株的杂种特性.在2个引物的扩增带型中,再生植株的随机扩增带图里出现了融合亲本的特征带.对再生植株染色体计数和RAPD分析的结果表明它们是酸橙和甜橙种间异源四倍体体细胞杂种植株.这些体细胞杂种植株的获得为选择具有酸橙优良性状、同时抗CTV的新型砧木提供了好的试材.     

澳洲指橘与柑橘属间原生质体电融合再生二倍体体细胞杂种

电场诱导粗柠檬（CitrusjambhiriLush,2n＝2x＝18）叶肉原生质体与澳洲指橘（MicrocitruspapuanaSwingle,2n＝2x＝18）悬浮系原生质体融合,融合产物培养后再生出丛芽,经试管嫁接得到完整植株。再生植株的细胞学检查表明它们具有18条染色体,为二倍体;植株的叶片形态与叶肉亲本（粗柠檬）一样;用6个10-mer随机引物分析再生植株的杂种特性：在4个引物（OPA－07、OPAN－07、OPE－05和OPA－08）的扩增带型图中,再生植株的带型与粗柠檬完全一样,澳洲指橘的特征带未在植株中出现;在引物OPS-13和引物OPA－04的扩增带型图中,再生植株都具有澳洲指橘的特征带。细胞学和RAPD分析的结果表明,通过对称融合得到了澳洲指橘与粗柠檬的属间二倍体体细胞杂种植株。这是柑橘属间对称融合再生二倍体叶肉亲本类型植株的首例报道。     

两类杂种砧木资源对柑橘幼树生长和叶片矿质营养含量的影响

以柑橘体细胞杂种砧木资源红橘 枳和红橘 粗柠檬、有性杂种砧木资源Troyer枳橙和Swingle枳柚、枳(对照)作砧木的‘国庆4号’温州蜜柑2年生嫁接苗为试验材料．通过盆栽试验研究了砧木对苗木生长和叶片矿质营养含量的影响。结果表明,4种处理生长势比对照旺盛;红橘 枳处理花量极显著地高于对照,其余3种处理则反之;处理基本上不影响叶片N、K、Ca、Mg和Mn含最年变化动态的特征。而明显影响P、Fe和Zn含量的年变化动态的特征;在各不同时期,不同处理对叶片各矿质营养含量有明显的影响。本文还重点讨论了2类杂种砧小资源的利用价值。     

甘薯同一不亲和群内品种间体细胞杂种

利用PEG融合方法,融合甘薯(Ipomoea batatas ) B不亲和群内品种‘koganesengan’和‘bitambi’的原生质体。将融合处理的原生质体进行培养,共获得45株再生植株。4株再生植株形态上表现出融合双亲的中间特性,其中2株染色体数为融合两亲之和（2n = 12x (2n + 2n) = 180）,另外2株分别为41～103和35～100,因细胞不同而不同。经RAPD分析,这4株再生植株分别具有双亲特异的DNA扩增带或双亲都不具有的新扩增带。鉴定这4株再生植株为杂交不亲和的B群内品种间体细胞杂种。     

柑橘体细胞杂种砧木对脐橙幼树生长及根和叶中抗氧化酶系活性的影响

以体细胞杂种红橘 枳、红橘 粗柠檬和有性杂种Troyer枳橙、Swingle枳柚作砧木的脐橙二年生嫁接苗为试材,于盆栽条件下研究砧木对苗木生长及根和叶中抗氧化酶系活性影响的结果表明,红橘 枳的生长势和花量明显强于和大于其它砧木,红橘 粗柠檬的生长和花量表现介于两种有性杂种之间;砧木不影响叶片中可溶性蛋白含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性年动态变化特征.4、6、8月,叶中POD活性高低分别与各次新梢生长量和树冠体积(8月)大小呈负相关;12月,根系与叶片的SOD和POD活性分别呈正相关,根系可溶性蛋白含量和根系CAT活性呈正相关.     

甘薯同一不亲和群内品种间体细胞杂种

利用PEG融合方法,融合甘薯(Ipomoea batatas)B不亲和群内品种‘koganesengan'和‘bitambi'的原生质体.将融合处理的原生质体进行培养,共获得45株再生植株.4株再生植株形态上表现出融合双亲的中间特性,其中2株染色体数为融合两亲之和(2n=12x(2n 2n)=180),另外2株分别为41～103和35～100,因细胞不同而不同.经RAPD分析,这4株再生植株分别具有双亲特异的DNA扩增带或双亲都不具有的新扩增带.鉴定这4株再生植株为杂交不亲和的B群内品种间体细胞杂种.     

毛花猕猴桃原生质体再生植株根尖染色体数目变异与细胞多核现象

对18株毛花猕猴桃(Actinidia eriantha Benth.)原生质体再生植株的体细胞染色体数做了观察,其中12株为整倍体:二倍体(2n=58)和四倍体(2n=116)各6株;另外6株为混倍体,其染色体数目变化在59～203之间。还发现原生质体再生植株有丝分裂间期细胞存在多核现象,有多核细胞的共10株,细胞核数目以双核和三核较常见,最多的有7个核。对照植株为2n=2x=58,未发现多核细胞。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.